Abstract
Floating offshore wind turbines (FOWT) need to maintain their position even during the most extreme events or energetic storms. The mooring and anchoring systems are the responsible to provide the station-keeping of the FOWT so, the effect of their behaviour affects directly to the dynamics of the floating platform and it has to be carefully assessed during all the design stages. Although the station-keeping of vessels and offshore structures has been carried out for centuries, FOWT represent a relatively recent field of application with specific requirements and challenges. Existing experience from the offshore oil and gas industry, as formulated in a number of design criteria and guidelines published by American Petroleum Institute (API), International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and classification societies, can be adapted for this specific application but taking into consideration the existing differences. A general overview regarding mooring and anchoring systems applied to FOWT is provided in this chapter, taking into account the most usual system configurations and their associated types of anchor, likewise materials. A range of requirements that should be considered for the design of FOWT mooring and anchoring systems is included. Finally, methods for structural analysis and the main specific mooring system guidelines are identified.
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Appendix 1: Mooring and Anchoring Guidelines
Appendix 1: Mooring and Anchoring Guidelines
Standard | Year | Issuing organisation |
|---|---|---|
Guidance notes on the application of fibre rope for offshore mooring (August 2011 and updated February 2014) | 2014 | American Bureau of Standards (ABS) |
Floating offshore wind turbine installations (January 2013 and updated July 2014) | 2014 | American Bureau of Standards (ABS) |
Design guideline for station-keeping systems of floating offshore wind turbines (June 2013) | 2013 | American Bureau of Standards (ABS) |
Design and analysis of station-keeping systems for floating structures (API RP 2SK) | 2008 | American Petroleum Institute (API) |
Recommended practice for design, manufacture, installation and maintenance of synthetic fibre ropes for offshore mooring (API RP 2SM) | 2014 | American Petroleum Institute (API) |
Mooring chain (API Spec 2F) | 2010 | American Petroleum Institute (API) |
Classification of mooring systems for permanent offshore units (NR 493 DT R02 E) | 2012 | Bureau Veritas |
Certification of fibre ropes for deepwater offshore services (NI 432 DTO R01E) | 2007 | Bureau Veritas |
Rules for the classification of offshore loading and offloading buoys (NR 494 DT R02 E) | 2006 | Bureau Veritas |
Classification and certification of floating offshore wind turbines (NI 572 DT R00 E) November 2010 | 2010 | Bureau Veritas |
Position mooring (DNVGL-OS-E301) | 2015 | DNV GL |
Offshore mooring chain (DNV-OS-E302) | 2013 | DNV GL |
Offshore fibre ropes (DNV-OS-E303) | 2013 | DNV GL |
Offshore mooring steel wire ropes (DNV-OS-E304) | 2009 | DNV GL |
Design and installation of fluke anchors (DNV-RP-E301) | 2012 | DNV GL |
Design and installation of plate anchors in clay (DNV-RP-E302) | 2002 | DNV GL |
Geotechnical design and installation of suction anchors in clay (DNV-RP-E303) | 2005 | DNV GL |
Environmental conditions and environmental loads (DNV-RP-C205) | 2010 | DNV GL |
Design of floating wind turbine structures (DNV-OS-J103) | 2013 | DNV GL |
Certification of tidal and wave energy converters (DNV-OSS-312) | 2012 | DNV GL |
Guidelines on design and operation of wave energy converters | 2005 | DNV and EMEC |
Guidelines for marine energy converter certification schemes | 2009 | European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) |
Guidelines for design basis of marine energy conversion systems | 2009 | European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) |
Guidelines for reliability, maintainability and survivability of marine energy conversion systems | 2009 | European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) |
Technical policy board—guidelines for moorings | 2010 | GL Noble Denton |
Floating production system JIP FPS mooring integrity. | 2006 | GL Noble Denton |
Guidelines for the survey of offshore mooring chains cable in use | 2010 | International Association of Classification Societies (IACS) |
International standard. Wind turbines. Part 3. Design requirements (IEC-61400-3) | 2009 | International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) |
Marine energy—Wave, tidal and other water current converters—Part 10: Assessment of mooring system for Marine Energy Converters (MECs). (IEC TS 62600-10:2015) | 2015 | International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) |
Petroleum and natural gas industries: Specific requirements for offshore structures. Part 7: Station-keeping systems for floating offshore structures and mobile offshore units (ISO19901-7:2013) | 2013 | International Standards Organisation (ISO) |
Shipbuilding and marine structures: Mooring winches (ISO3730:2012) | 2012 | International Standards Organisation (ISO) |
Fibre ropes for offshore station-keeping: Polyester (ISO18692:2007) | 2007 | International Standards Organisation (ISO) |
Fibre ropes for offshore station-keeping: High modulus polyethylene (HMPE) (ISO/TS14909:2012) | 2012 | International Standards Organisation (ISO) |
Ships and marine technology: Stud link anchor chains (ISO1704:2008) | 2008 | International Standards Organisation (ISO) |
Nº 1066: The design of floating aid to navigation moorings | 2010 | International Association of Lighthouse Authorities (IALA) |
Nº 1040: The maintenance of buoys and small aids to navigation structures | 2008 | International Association of Lighthouse Authorities (IALA) |
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Arias, R.R., Ruiz, Á.R., de Lena Alonso, V.G. (2016). Mooring and Anchoring. In: Castro-Santos, L., Diaz-Casas, V. (eds) Floating Offshore Wind Farms. Green Energy and Technology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27972-5_6
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