Skip to main content

Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve Entrapment

  • Chapter
Peripheral Nerve Entrapments

Abstract

The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) is a sensory nerve innervating the anterolateral thigh. It is susceptible to entrapment along its course, usually at its exit from the pelvis under the inguinal ligament. The typical presentation of LFCN neuropathy is pain, paresthesia or dysesthesia, and numbness over the anterolateral thigh. Meralgia paresthetica is the name of this clinical syndrome. However, due to the great variation of LFCN distribution, the clinical presentation may be atypical; other causes such as lumbar radiculopathy need to be ruled out. The management of LFCN neuropathy includes treating underlying conditions and providing symptomatic relief with steroid nerve blocks.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Hager W. Neualgia femoria. Resection des nervous cutaneous femoris anterior externus. Heilung Disch Med Wochenschr. 1885;11:218.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Parisi TJ, Mandrekar J, Dyck PJ, Klein CJ. Meralgia paresthetica: relation to obesity, advanced age, and diabetes mellitus. Neurology. 2011;77(16):1538–42.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. van Slobbe AM, Bohnen AM, Bernsen RM, Koes BW, Bierma-Zeinstra SM. Incidence rates and determinants in meralgia paresthetica in general practice. J Neurol. 2004;251(3):294–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Kitchen C, Simpson J. Meralgia paresthetica. A review of 67 patients. Acta Neurol Scand. 1972;48(5):547–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Reichert FL. Meralgia paresthetica; a form of causalgia relieved by interruption of the sympathetic fibers. Surg Clin N Am. 1933;13:1443.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Van Diver T, Camann W. Meralgia paresthetica in the parturient. Int J Obstet Anesth. 1995;4(2):109–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Deal CL, Canoso JJ. Meralgia paresthetica and large abdomens. Ann Intern Med. 1982;96(6 Pt 1):787–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Park JW, Kim DH, Hwang M, Bun HR. Meralgia paresthetica caused by hip-huggers in a patient with aberrant course of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve. Muscle Nerve. 2007;35(5):678–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Kopell HP, Thompson WAL. Peripheral entrapment neuropathies. 2nd ed. Malabar, FL: R. E. Krieger Pub. Co; 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Litwiller JP, Wells Jr RE, Halliwill JR, Carmichael SW, Warner MA. Effect of lithotomy positions on strain of the obturator and lateral femoral cutaneous nerves. Clin Anat. 2004;17(1):45–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Trummer M, Flaschka G, Unger F, Eustacchio S. Lumbar disc herniation mimicking meralgia paresthetica: case report. Surg Neurol. 2000;54(1):80–1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Amoiridis G, Wohrle J, Grunwald I, Przuntek H. Malignant tumour of the psoas: another cause of meralgia paraesthetica. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1993;33(2):109–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Yamout B, Tayyim A, Farhat W. Meralgia paresthetica as a complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 1994;96(2):143–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Dibenedetto LM, Lei Q, Gilroy AM, Hermey DC, Marks Jr SC, Page DW. Variations in the inferior pelvic pathway of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve: implications for laparoscopic hernia repair. Clin Anat. 1996;9(4):232–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Broin EO, Horner C, Mealy K, Kerin MJ, Gillen P, O’Brien M, et al. Meralgia paraesthetica following laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. An anatomical analysis. Surg Endosc. 1995;9(1):76–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Mirovsky Y, Neuwirth M. Injuries to the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve during spine surgery. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000;25(10):1266–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Massey EW. Meralgia paresthetica secondary to trauma of bone graft. J Trauma. 1980;20(4):342–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Yamamoto T, Nagira K, Kurosaka M. Meralgia paresthetica occurring 40 years after iliac bone graft harvesting: case report. Neurosurgery. 2001;49(6):1455–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Feigl GC, Dreu M, Ulz H, Breschan C, Maier C, Likar R. Susceptibility of the genitofemoral and lateral femoral cutaneous nerves to complications from lumbar sympathetic blocks: is there a morphological reason? Br J Anaesth. 2014;112(6):1098–104.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Butler R, Webster MW. Meralgia paresthetica: an unusual complication of cardiac catheterization via the femoral artery. Cathet Cardiovasc Interv Off J Soc Card Angiography Interv. 2002;56(1):69–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Dellon AL, Mont M, Ducic I. Involvement of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve as source of persistent pain after total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2008;23(3):480–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Hospodar PP, Ashman ES, Traub JA. Anatomic study of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve with respect to the ilioinguinal surgical dissection. J Orthop Trauma. 1999;13(1):17–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Ghavanini MR, Ghavanini AA. Meralgia paresthetica as the presenting feature of chronic appendicitis. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2001;80(9):703–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Kho KH, Blijham PJ, Zwarts MJ. Meralgia paresthetica after strenuous exercise. Muscle Nerve. 2005;31(6):761–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Williams PH, Trzil KP. Management of meralgia paresthetica. J Neurosurg. 1991;74(1):76–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Ivins GK. Meralgia paresthetica, the elusive diagnosis: clinical experience with 14 adult patients. Ann Surg. 2000;232(2):281–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Dias Filho LC, Valença MM, Guimarães Filho FA, Medeiros RC, Silva RA, Morais MG, et al. Lateral femoral cutaneous neuralgia: an anatomical insight. Clin Anat. 2003;16(4):309–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Aszmann OC, Dellon ES, Dellon AL. Anatomical course of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve and its susceptibility to compression and injury. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1997;100(3):600–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Keegan JJ, Holyoke EA. Meralgia paresthetica. An anatomical and surgical study. J Neurosurg. 1962;19:341–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Majkrzak A, Johnston J, Kacey D, Zeller J. Variability of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve: an anatomic basis for planning safe surgical approaches. Clin Anat. 2010;23(3):304–11.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Grothaus MC, Holt M, Mekhail AO, Ebraheim NA, Yeasting RA. Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve: an anatomic study. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005;437:164–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Carai A, Fenu G, Sechi E, Crotti FM, Montella A. Anatomical variability of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve: findings from a surgical series. Clin Anat. 2009;22(3):365–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Hopkins PM, Ellis FR, Halsall PJ. Evaluation of local anaesthetic blockade of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve. Anaesthesia. 1991;46(2):95–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Enneking FK, Chan V, Greger J, Hadzic A, Lang SA, Horlocker TT. Lower-extremity peripheral nerve blockade: essentials of our current understanding. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2005;30(1):4–35.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Ghent WR. Further studies on meralgia paresthetica. Can Med Assoc J. 1961;85:871–5.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Ghent WR. Meralgia paraesthetica. Can Med Assoc J. 1959;81:631–3.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Edelson JG, Nathan H. Meralgia paresthetica. An anatomical interpretation. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1977;122:255–62.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Nathan H. Gangliform enlargement on the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh. Its significance in the understanding of the etiology of meralgia paresthetica. J Neurosurg. 1960;17:843–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Jefferson D, Eames RA. Subclinical entrapment of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve: an autopsy study. Muscle Nerve. 1979;2(2):145–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Vinik A, Mehrabyan A, Colen L, Boulton A. Focal entrapment neuropathies in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(7):1783–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Suber DA, Massey EW. Pelvic mass presenting as meralgia paresthetica. Obstet Gynecol. 1979;53(2):257–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Yamamoto T, Kurosaka M, Marui T, Mizuno K. Hemangiomatosis presenting as meralgia paresthetica. J Pediatr Surg. 2001;36(3):518–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Jones RK. Meralgia paresthetica as a cause of leg discomfort. Can Med Assoc J. 1974;111(6):541–2.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Kim S, Choi JY, Huh YM, Song HT, Lee SA, Kim SM, et al. Role of magnetic resonance imaging in entrapment and compressive neuropathy – what, where, and how to see the peripheral nerves on the musculoskeletal magnetic resonance image: part 1. Overview and lower extremity. Eur Radiol. 2007;17(1):139–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Petchprapa CN, Rosenberg ZS, Sconfienza LM, Cavalcanti CFA, Vieira RLR, Zember JS. MR imaging of entrapment neuropathies of the lower extremity. RadioGraphics. 2010;30(4):983–1000.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Chhabra A, Del Grande F, Soldatos T, Chalian M, Belzberg AJ, Williams EH, et al. Meralgia paresthetica: 3-Tesla magnetic resonance neurography. Skelet Radiol. 2013;42(6):803–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Seror P, Seror R. Meralgia paresthetica: clinical and electrophysiological diagnosis in 120 cases. Muscle Nerve. 2006;33(5):650–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Shin YB, Park JH, Kwon DR, Park BK. Variability in conduction of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve. Muscle Nerve. 2006;33(5):645–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Deimel GW, Hurst RW, Sorenson EJ, Boon AJ. Utility of ultrasound-guided near-nerve needle recording for lateral femoral cutaneous sensory nerve conduction study: does it increase reliability compared with surface recording? Muscle Nerve. 2013;47(2):274–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Boon AJ, Bailey PW, Smith J, Sorenson EJ, Harper CM, Hurdle MF. Utility of ultrasound-guided surface electrode placement in lateral femoral cutaneous nerve conduction studies. Muscle Nerve. 2011;44(4):525–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Coert JH, Dellon AL. Documenting neuropathy of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve using the pressure-specified sensory testing device. Ann Plast Surg. 2003;50(4):373–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Nahabedian MY, Dellon AL. Meralgia paresthetica: etiology, diagnosis, and outcome of surgical decompression. Ann Plast Surg. 1995;35(6):590–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. van Eerten PV, Polder TW, Broere CA. Operative treatment of meralgia paresthetica: transection versus neurolysis. Neurosurgery. 1995;37(1):63–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Harney D, Patijn J. Meralgia paresthetica: diagnosis and management strategies. Pain Med. 2007;8(8):669–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Pennekamp W, Krumova EK, Feigl GP, Frombach E, Nicolas V, Schwarzer A, et al. Permanent lesion of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve after low-volume ethanol 96% application on the lumbar sympathetic chain. Pain Physician. 2013;16(4):391–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Dureja GP, Gulaya V, Jayalakshmi TS, Mandal P. Management of meralgia paresthetica: a multimodality regimen. Anesth Analg. 1995;80(5):1060–1.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Grossman MG, Ducey SA, Nadler SS, Levy AS. Meralgia paresthetica: diagnosis and treatment. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2001;9(5):336–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Sharrock NE. Inadvertent “3-in-1 block” following injection of the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh. Anesth Analg. 1980;59(11):887–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Capdevila X, Biboulet P, Bouregba M, Barthelet Y, Rubenovitch J, d’Athis F. Comparison of the three-in-one and fascia iliaca compartment blocks in adults: clinical and radiographic analysis. Anesth Analg. 1998;86(5):1039–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Shannon J, Lang SA, Yip RW, Gerard M. Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve block revisited. A nerve stimulator technique. Reg Anesth. 1995;20(2):100–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Choi HJ, Choi SK, Kim TS, Lim YJ. Pulsed radiofrequency neuromodulation treatment on the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve for the treatment of meralgia paresthetica. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2011;50(2):151–3.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Philip CN, Candido KD, Joseph NJ, Crystal GJ. Successful treatment of meralgia paresthetica with pulsed radiofrequency of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve. Pain Physician. 2009;12(5):881–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Hurdle MF, Weingarten TN, Crisostomo RA, Psimos C, Smith J. Ultrasound-guided blockade of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve: technical description and review of 10 cases. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;88(10):1362–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Tagliafico A, Serafini G, Lacelli F, Perrone N, Valsania V, Martinoli C. Ultrasound-guided treatment of meralgia paresthetica (lateral femoral cutaneous neuropathy): technical description and results of treatment in 20 consecutive patients. J Ultrasound Med. 2011;30(10):1341–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Soneji N, Peng PW. Ultrasound-guided pain interventions – a review of techniques for peripheral nerves. Korean J Pain. 2013;26(2):111–24.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Ng I, Vaghadia H, Choi PT, Helmy N. Ultrasound imaging accurately identifies the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve. Anesth Analg. 2008;107(3):1070–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Kim JE, Lee SG, Kim EJ, Min BW, Ban JS, Lee JH. Ultrasound-guided lateral femoral cutaneous nerve block in meralgia paresthetica. Korean J Pain. 2011;24(2):115–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Tagliafico A, Bodner G, Rosenberg I, Palmieri F, Garello I, Altafini L, et al. Peripheral nerves: ultrasound-guided interventional procedures. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2010;14(5):559–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Khalil N, Nicotra A, Rakowicz W. Treatment for meralgia paraesthetica. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;12:Cd004159.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Trescot AM. Cryoanalgesia in interventional pain management. Pain Physician. 2003;6(3):345–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. del Rey ML, Canuel JF, Skouvakis D. Successful treatment of bilateral meralgia paresthetica using pulsed radiofrequency. NYNJSIPP annual meeting; Jersey City; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Wu H, Groner J. Pulsed radiofrequency treatment of articular branches of the obturator and femoral nerves for management of hip joint pain. Pain Pract. 2007;7(4):341–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Abejon D, Garcia-del-Valle S, Fuentes ML, Gomez-Arnau JI, Reig E, van Zundert J. Pulsed radiofrequency in lumbar radicular pain: clinical effects in various etiological groups. Pain Pract. 2007;7(1):21–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Balogh SE. Transcutaneous application of pulsed radiofrequency: four case reports. Pain Pract. 2004;4(4):310–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Van Zundert J, Brabant S, Van de Kelft E, Vercruyssen A, Van Buyten JP. Pulsed radiofrequency treatment of the Gasserian ganglion in patients with idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia. Pain. 2003;104(3):449–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Kim YH, Lee CJ, Lee SC, Huh J, Nahm FS, Kim HZ, et al. Effect of pulsed radiofrequency for postherpetic neuralgia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2008;52(8):1140–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Wilkes D, Ganceres N, Solanki D, Hayes M. Pulsed radiofrequency treatment of lower extremity phantom limb pain. Clin J Pain. 2008;24(8):736–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Cohen SP, Sireci A, Wu CL, Larkin TM, Williams KA, Hurley RW. Pulsed radiofrequency of the dorsal root ganglia is superior to pharmacotherapy or pulsed radiofrequency of the intercostal nerves in the treatment of chronic postsurgical thoracic pain. Pain Physician. 2006;9(3):227–35.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Barna SA, Hu MM, Buxo C, Trella J, Cosgrove GR. Spinal cord stimulation for treatment of meralgia paresthetica. Pain Physician. 2005;8(3):315–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Slavin KV. Peripheral nerve stimulation. Lunsford LD, editor. Pittsburgh: Karger; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  81. de Ruiter GC, Wurzer JA, Kloet A. Decision making in the surgical treatment of meralgia paresthetica: neurolysis versus neurectomy. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2012;154(10):1765–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lisa Rochelle Witkin MD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Electronic Supplementary Material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Physical exam of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (MOV 29000 kb)

Landmark-guided injection of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (MOV 34295 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Witkin, L.R., Gulati, A., Zhang, T., Karl, H.W. (2016). Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve Entrapment. In: Trescot, A.M. (eds) Peripheral Nerve Entrapments. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27482-9_61

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27482-9_61

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-27480-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-27482-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics