Skip to main content

Inadequate Weight Loss after Gastric Bypass and Sleeve Gastrectomy

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Bariatric Surgery Complications and Emergencies

Abstract

Despite a multidisciplinary approach and an emphasis on long-term follow-up, 5–15 % of patients are found to have inadequate weight loss (IWL) after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) or sleeve gastrectomy (SG). The etiology is multifactorial and involves anatomic, behavioral, and socioeconomic components. Weight regain after SG can be effectively treated with conversion to RYGB or duodenal switch. Selected patients with weight regain after RYGB may benefit from pouch revision or limb lengthening procedures. The decision to modify the existing anatomy must be made after a careful evaluation of possible causes. The following chapter aims to provide strategies to evaluate and treat IWL based on current available evidence.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Salem L, Jensen CC, Flum DR. Are bariatric surgical outcomes worth their cost? A systematic review. J Am Coll Surg. 2005;200(2):270–8. PubMed: 15664103.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Christou NV, Look D, MacLean LD. Weight gain after short- and long-limb gastric bypass in patients followed for longer than 10 years. Ann Surg. 2006;244(5):734–40. PubMed: 17060766.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Ma Y, Pagoto SL, Olendzki BC, Hafner AR, Perugini RA, Mason R, et al. Predictors of weight status following laparoscopic gastric bypass. Obes Surg. 2006;16(9):1227–31. PubMed: 16989709.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Dunkle-Blatter SE, St Jean MR, Whitehead C, Strodel III W, Bennotti PN, Still C, et al. Outcomes among elderly bariatric patients at a high-volume center. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2007;3(2):163–70. PubMed: 17331804.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Lutfi R, Torquati A, Sekhar N, Richards WO. Predictors of success after laparoscopic gastric bypass: a multivariate analysis of socioeconomic factors. Surg Endosc. 2006;20(6):864–7. PubMed: 16738971.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Anderson WA, Greene GW, Forse RA, Apovian CM, Istfan NW. Weight loss and health outcomes in African Americans and whites after gastric bypass surgery. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007;15(6):1455–63. PubMed: 17557983.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Melton GB, Steele KE, Schweitzer MA, Lidor AO, Magnuson TH. Suboptimal weight loss after gastric bypass surgery: correlation of demographics, comorbidities, and insurance status with outcomes. J Gastrointest Surg. 2008;12(2):250–5. PubMed: 18071836.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Carbonell AM, Wolfe LG, Meador JG, Sugerman HJ, Kellum JM, Maher JW. Does diabetes affect weight loss after gastric bypass? Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2008;4(3):441–4. PubMed: 18065289.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Jamal MK, DeMaria EJ, Johnson JM, Carmody BJ, Wolfe LG, Kellum JM, et al. Impact of major co-morbidities on mortality and complications after gastric bypass. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2005;1(6):511–6. PubMed: 16925280.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Evans RK, Bond DS, Wolfe LG, Meador JG, Herrick JE, Kellum JM, et al. Participation in 150 min/wk of moderate or higher intensity physical activity yields greater weight loss after gastric bypass surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2007;3(5):526–30. PubMed: 17903772.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Roberts K, Duffy A, Kaufman J, Burrell M, Dziura J, Bell R. Size matters: gastric pouch size correlates with weight loss after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Surg Endosc. 2007;21(8):1397–402. PubMed: 17332953.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Gould JC, Beverstein G, Reinhardt S, Garren MJ. Impact of routine and long-term follow-up on weight loss after laparoscopic gastric bypass. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2007;3(6):627–30. PubMed: 17950045.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Harper J, Madan AK, Ternovits CA, Tichansky DS. What happens to patients who do not follow-up after bariatric surgery? Am Surg. 2007;73(2):181–4. PubMed: 17305299.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Campos GM, Rabl C, Mulligan K, Posselt A, Rogers S, Westphalen A, et al. Factors associated with weight loss after gastric bypass. Arch Surg. 2008;143(9):877–83. PubMed: 18794426.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Flier J, Maratos-Flier E. Energy homeostasis and body weight. Curr Biol. 2000;10(6):R215–7. PubMed: 10744985.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Kahn BB, Flier JS. Obesity and insulin resistance. J Clin Invest. 2000;106(4):473–81. PubMed: 10953022.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33) [published correction appears in Lancet. 1999; 354 (9178): 602]. Lancet. 1998;352(9131):837–53. PubMed: 9742976.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Purnell JQ, Weyer C. Weight effect of current and experimental drugs for diabetes mellitus: from promotion to alleviation of obesity. Treat Endocrinol. 2003;2(1):33–47. PubMed: 15871553.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Carver C. Insulin treatment and the problem of weight gain in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Educ. 2006;32(6):910–7. PubMed: 17102158.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Eldor R, Stern E, Milicevic Z, Raz I. Early use of insulin in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2005;68 Suppl 1:S30–5. PubMed: 15955372.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Rosenstock J, Hassman DR, Madder RD, Brazinsky SA, Farrell J, Khutoryansky N, Repaglinide Versus Nateglinide Comparison Study Group, et al. Repaglinide versus nateglinide monotherapy: a randomized, multicenter study. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(6):1265–70. PubMed: 15161773.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Marbury T, Huang WC, Strange P, Lebovitz H. Repaglinide versus glyburide: a one-year comparison trial. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1999;43(3):155–66. PubMed: 10369424.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Vasudevan AR, Balasubramanyam A. Thiazolidinediones: a review of their mechanisms of insulin sensitization, therapeutic potential, clinical efficacy, and tolerability. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2004;6(6):850–63. PubMed: 15684639.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Yki-Järvinen H. Thiazolidinediones. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(11):1106–18. PubMed: 15356308.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Madan AK, Harper JL, Tichansky DS. Techniques of laparoscopic gastric bypass: on-line survey of American Society for Bariatric Surgery practicing surgeons. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2008;4(2):166–73. PubMed: 18069071.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Alvarado R, Alami RS, Hsu G, Safadi BY, Sanchez BR, Morton JM, et al. The impact of preoperative weight loss in patients undergoing laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Obes Surg. 2005;15(9):1282–6. PubMed: 16259888.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Buffington CK, Marema RT. Ethnic differences in obesity and surgical weight loss between African-American and Caucasian females. Obes Surg. 2006;16(2):159–65. PubMed: 16469217.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Gallagher D, Albu J, He Q, Heshka S, Boxt L, Krasnow N, et al. Small organs with a high metabolic rate explain lower resting energy expenditure in African American than in white adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83(5):1062–7. PubMed: 16685047.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Egede LE, Dagogo-Jack S. Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes: focus on ethnic minorities. Med Clin North Am. 2005;89(5):949–75. viii. [PubMed: 16129107].

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Albert MA, Torres J, Glynn RJ, Ridker PM. Perspective on selected issues in cardiovascular disease research with a focus on black Americans. Circulation. 2004;110(2):e7–12. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000135583.40730.21. PubMed: 15249517.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Fischer JE, Bland, KI, Callery MP. Mastery of surgery (Volume 1). Part VII: the gastrointestinal tract. p. 988.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Pucci A, Finer N. New medications for treatment of obesity: metabolic and cardiovascular effects. Can J Cardiol. 2015;31(2):142–52. Pubmed: 25661549.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Brethauer SA, Kothari S, Sudan R, Williams B, English WJ, Brengman M, et al. Systematic review on reoperative bariatric surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2014;10(5):952–72. PubMed: 24776071.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Brethauer SA, Nfonsam V, Sherman V, Udomsawaengsup S, Schauer PR, Chand B. Endoscopy and upper gastrointestinal contrast studies are complementary in evaluation of weight regain after bariatric surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2006;2(6):643–8. Pubmed: 17020823, Discussion 9–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Thompson CC, Chand B, Chen YK, Demarco DC, Miller L, Schweitzer M, et al. Endoscopic suturing for transoral outlet reduction increases weight loss after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Gastroenterology. 2013;145(1):129–37. Pubmed: 23567348.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Leitman IM, Virk CS, Avgerinos DV, Patel R, Lavarias V, Surick B, et al. Early results of trans- oral endoscopic plication and revision of the gastric pouch and stoma following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. JSLS. 2010;14(2):217–20. Pubmed: 20932372.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Himpens J, Coromina L, Verbrugghe A, Cadiere GB. Outcomes of revisional procedures for insufficient weight loss or weight regain after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Obes Surg. 2012;22(11):1746–54. Pubmed: 22990874.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Dakin GF, Eid G, Mikami D, Pryor A, Chand B, American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS) Emerging Technology and Procedures Committee. Endoluminal revision of gastric bypass for weight regain — a systematic review. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2013;9(3):335–42. Pubmed: 23561960.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Yimcharoen P, Heneghan H, Chand B, Talarico JA, Tariq N, Kroh M, et al. Successful management of gastrojejunal strictures after gastric bypass: is timing important? Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2012;8(2):151–7. Pubmed: 21441074.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Heneghan HM, Yimcharoen P, Brethauer SA, Kroh M, Chand B. Influence of pouch and stoma size on weight loss after gastric bypass. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2012;8(4):408–15. Pubmed: 22055390.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Shimizu H, Annaberdyev S, Motamarry I, Kroh M, Schauer PR, Brethauer SA. Revisional bariatric surgery for unsuccessful weight loss and complications. Obes Surg. 2013;23(11):1766–73. Pubmed: 23828032.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Vijgen GH, Schouten R, Bouvy ND, Greve JW. Salvage banding for failed Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2012;8(6):803–8. Pubmed: 23041427.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Irani K, Youn HA, Ren-Fielding CJ, Fielding GA, Kurian M. Midterm results for gastric banding as salvage procedure for patients with weight loss failure after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2011;7(2):219–24. Pubmed: 21130044.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Keshishian A, Zahriya K, Hartoonian T, Ayagian C. Duodenal switch is a safe operation for patients who have failed other bariatric operations. Obes Surg. 2004;14(9):1187–92. Pubmed: 15527632.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Rawlins ML, Teel D, Hedgcorth K, Maguire JP. Revision of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass to distal bypass for failed weight loss. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2011;7(1):45–9. Pubmed: 21111688.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. National Conference of State Legislatures [home page on the Internet]. State employee health benefits. http://www.ncsl.org/issues-research/health/state-employee-health-benefits-ncsl.aspx#Agencies.

  47. Cesana G, Uccelli M, Ciccarese F, Carrieri D, Castello G, Olmi S. Laparoscopic re-sleeve gastrectomy as a treatment of weight regain after sleeve gastrectomy. World J Gastrointest Surg. 2014;6(6):101–6. PubMed: 24976903.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Bohdjalian A, Langer FB, Shakeri-Leidenmühler S, Gfrerer L, Ludvik B, Zacherl J, et al. Sleeve gastrectomy as sole and definitive bariatric procedure: 5-year results for weight loss and ghrelin. Obes Surg. 2010;20(5):535–40. PubMed: 20094819.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Sieber P, Gass M, Kern B, Peters T, Slawik M, Peterli R. Five-year results of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2014;10(2):243–9. Pubmed: 24139922.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Greenstein AJ, Jacob BP. Placement of a laparoscopic adjustable gastric band after failed sleeve gastrectomy. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2008;4(4):556–8. Pubmed: 18586565.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Rebibo L, Fuks D, Verhaeghe P, Deguines JB, Dhahri A, Regimbeau JM. Repeat sleeve gastrectomy compared with primary sleeve gastrectomy: a single-center, matched case study. Obes Surg. 2012;22(12):1909–15. Pubmed: 23001573.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Dapri G, Cadière GB, Himpens J. Laparoscopic repeat sleeve gastrectomy versus duodenal switch after isolated sleeve gastrectomy for obesity. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2011;7(1):38–43. Pubmed: 21115409.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Noel P, Nedelcu M, Nocca D, Schneck AS, Gugenheim J, Iannelli A, et al. Revised sleeve gastrectomy: another option for weight loss failure after sleeve gastrectomy. Surg Endosc. 2014;28(4):1096–102. PubMed: 24170068.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Iannelli A, Schneck AS, Noel P, Ben Amor I, Krawczykowski D, Gugenheim J. Re-sleeve gastrectomy for failed laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: a feasibility study. Obes Surg. 2011;21(7):832–5. Pubmed: 20924713.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Langer FB, Bohdjalian A, Shakeri-Leidenmuhler S, Schoppmann SF, Zacherl J, Prager G. Conversion from sleeve gastrectomy to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass – indications and outcome. Obes Surg. 2010;20(7):835–40. Pubmed: 20393810.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Cottam D, Qureshi FG, Mattar SG, Sharma S, Holover S, Bonanomi G, et al. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy as an initial weight-loss procedure for high-risk patients with morbid obesity. Surg Endosc. 2006;20(6):859–63. Pubmed: 16738970.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Eid GM, Brethauer S, Mattar SG, Titchner RL, Gourash W, Schauer PR. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy for super obese patients: forty-eight percent excess weight loss after 6 to 8 years with 93% follow-up. Ann Surg. 2012;256(2):262–5. Pubmed: 22791102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Carmeli I, Golomb I, Sadot E, Kashtan H, Keidar A. Laparoscopic conversion of sleeve gastrectomy to a biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch or a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass due to weight loss failure: our algorithm. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2015;11(1):79–85. Pubmed: 25304833.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Parikh M, Pomp A, Gagner M. Laparoscopic conversion of failed gastric bypass to duodenal switch: technical considerations and preliminary outcomes. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2007;3(6):611–8. Pubmed: 17936087.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Dapri G, Cadiere GB, Himpens J. Laparoscopic conversion of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass to sleeve gastrectomy as first step of duodenal switch: technique and preliminary outcomes. Obes Surg. 2011;21(4):517–23. Pubmed: 20838919.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Stacy A. Brethauer MD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Shah, M.M., Brethauer, S.A. (2016). Inadequate Weight Loss after Gastric Bypass and Sleeve Gastrectomy. In: Herron, D. (eds) Bariatric Surgery Complications and Emergencies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27114-9_19

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27114-9_19

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-27112-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-27114-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics