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E-Citizenship Opportunities in the Changing Technological Environment

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The Future of Law and eTechnologies

Abstract

This chapter analyses the change that info technology has and will make to the concept of citizenship. E-citizenship can create new statuses, rights or privileges that we have not had before. Nevertheless, all this creates several challenges to be resolved: security and surveillance issues, residence and rights, tax collection and many more.

The article first explains the concepts of citizenship that might be under further pressure to be changed, the rethinking of rights and duties of the e-citizens and also the identity of the e-citizens. It also explains the benefits of this new type of citizenship that is emerging and developing. Finally, it is also shortly explained how Estonian e-residency can be used as a model to create the European e-citizenship model.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Lips (2006).

  2. 2.

    Joppke (2011), pp. 28–30.

  3. 3.

    Bosniak (2006), p. 162.

  4. 4.

    Dumbrava (2014), p. 131.

  5. 5.

    Marshall (1965).

  6. 6.

    Sassen (1996).

  7. 7.

    See, for example, Kymlicka (1995) and Young (2000).

  8. 8.

    Chadwick (2006).

  9. 9.

    Coleman and Gotze (2001), p. 5.

  10. 10.

    Bentivegna (2006).

  11. 11.

    Van Dijk and Hacker (2003).

  12. 12.

    Mossberger et al. (2008).

  13. 13.

    Karakaya Polat and Pratchett (2013).

  14. 14.

    See, for example, Soysal (1994) and Bauböck (1994).

  15. 15.

    Liechtenstein v Guatemala, Second Phase 1955 ICJ Reports 4 (Judgment of 6 April), 23.

  16. 16.

    Rubio-Marín (2006) and Carens (2010).

  17. 17.

    Bauböck’s (2007).

  18. 18.

    Groot (de) and Vink (2013).

  19. 19.

    Joppke (2008).

  20. 20.

    See Ragazzi (2014) and Collyer (2013).

  21. 21.

    Kelder (2015).

  22. 22.

    See more about e-residency in the chapter written by Särav and Kerikmäe.

  23. 23.

    Identity Documents and State Fees Amendment Act, RT I, 29.10.2014, 1.

  24. 24.

    REGULATION (EU) No 910/2014 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL, of 23 July 2014, on electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in the internal market and repealing Directive 1999/93/EC.

  25. 25.

    Council of Europe’s Recommendation on legal, operational and technical standards for e-voting, Rec (2004) 11, September 2004. http://www.coe.int/T/e/integrated_projects/democracy/02_Activities/02_e-voting/.

  26. 26.

    Quoted in Trechsel and Mendez (2005), p. 4.

  27. 27.

    Previous Treaty Article 8(1) was repealed with “1. Citizenship of the Union is hereby established. Every person holding the nationality of a Member State shall be a citizen of the Union. Citizenship of the Union shall complement and not replace national citizenship.”

  28. 28.

    C 430/10 Hristo Gaydarov, 17 November 2011; C 48/75 Rojer [1967] ECR 497, paras 31–33, C-184/99 Grzelczyk [2001] ECR I-6193.

  29. 29.

    Dzankic (2012).

  30. 30.

    Barry (2006).

  31. 31.

    Ayelet and Bauböck (2014).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Tallinn Law School, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 3, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia

    Lehte Roots

  2. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (Politics), Maastricht University, Tongersestraat 6 Room 3.004, Maastricht, Netherlands

    Costica Dumbrava

  3. Maastricht Centre for Citizenship, Migration and Development (MACIMIDE), Tongersestraat 6 Room 3.004, Maastricht, Netherlands

    Costica Dumbrava

Authors
  1. Lehte Roots
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  2. Costica Dumbrava
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Correspondence to Lehte Roots .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Tallinn Law School, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia

    Tanel Kerikmäe

  2. Tallinn Law School, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia

    Addi Rull

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Roots, L., Dumbrava, C. (2016). E-Citizenship Opportunities in the Changing Technological Environment. In: Kerikmäe, T., Rull, A. (eds) The Future of Law and eTechnologies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26896-5_3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26896-5_3

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