Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Recent Evaluation of Early Radioactive Disposal Practice

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Natural Resources and Control Processes

Part of the book series: Handbook of Environmental Engineering ((HEE,volume 17))

Abstract

Developing safe radioactive waste disposal practice is a crucial issue worldwide due to the large amounts of generated wastes of wide chemical, physical, and radiological characteristics that accompany research and application of nuclear sciences and technology in different fields. This work aims to identify learned lessons from early radioactive disposal practice and how these lessons improved the design of disposal facilities. Within this context, early approaches toward safe disposal of radioactive wastes will be summarized. The principals of these approaches and its applications with a special reference to major events in its evolution will be presented. Old regulations and methods for regulating these practices will be addressed, and recent evaluation of these approaches will be given by emphasizing the need for corrective action procedures.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Beginning in 2000, new regulatory requirements in the Russian Federation specify that Radon facilities are licensed to “store” rather than “dispose” the waste.

References

  1. Rhodes R (1995) The making of the atomic bomb. Simon & Schuster, New York

    Google Scholar 

  2. IAEA (2009) Classification of radioactive waste: safety guide, GSG-1.IAEA safety standards series. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna

    Google Scholar 

  3. IAEA (2007) Estimation of global inventories of radioactive waste and other radioactive materials, IAEA-TECDOC-1591. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna

    Google Scholar 

  4. Europeans and Nuclear Safety Report (2010) TNS opinion & social. Special eurobarometer 324, Mar 2010, Avenue Herrmann Debroux, 40, 1160 Brussels

    Google Scholar 

  5. Calmet DP (1989) Ocean disposal of radioactive waste: status report. A number of studies are being done to more fully assess the impact of sea disposal. IAEA Bullet 4/1989:47–50

    Google Scholar 

  6. IAEA (1999) Inventory of radioactive waste disposals at sea, IAEA-TECDOC-1105. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna

    Google Scholar 

  7. Ryan MT, Lee MP, Larson HJ (1999) History and framework of commercial low-level radioactive waste management in the United States, NUREG-1853. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission/Advisory Committee on Nuclear Waste, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  8. Hamblin JD (2006) Hallowed lords of the sea: scientific authority and radioactive waste in the United States, Britain, and France. Osiris 21:209–228

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Yablokov AV (2001) Radioactive waste disposal in seas adjacent to the territory of the Russian Federation. Mar Pollut Bull 43(1–6):8–18

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. U.S. EPA (1980) Fact sheet on ocean dumping of radioactive waste materials. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  11. Dumping of radioactive waste at sea, DSC-Env1, Issue 3.0 – 21 Aug 2006 http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/76CA4EF7-EED5-491E-9519-DC3058BC7C26/0/seadumpradwastebrf.doc

  12. Hagen A, Ru B (1986) Deep-sea disposal: scientific bases to control pollution: a status report on the technical work of the IAEA and NEA. IAEA Bullet 28:29–32

    Google Scholar 

  13. Povinec PP, Aarkrog A, Buesseler KO, Delfanti R, Hirose K, Hong GH (2005) 90Sr, 137Cs and 239,240Pu concentration surface water time series in the Pacific and Indian Oceans – WOMARS results. J Environ Radioact 81(1):63–87

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Hirose K, Amano H, Baxter MS, Chaykovskaya E, Chumichev VB, Hong GH, Isogai K, Kim CK, Kim SH, Miyao T, Morimoto T, Nikitin A, Od K, Pettersson HBL, Povinec PP, Seto Y, Tkalin A, Togawa O, Veletova NK (1999) Anthropogenic radionuclides in seawater in the East Sea/Japan Sea: results of the first-stage Japanese-Korean-Russian expedition. J Environ Radioact 43:1–13

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Gwynn JP, Nikitin A, Shershakov V, Heldal HE, Lind B, Teien HC, Lind OC, Sidhu RS, Bakke G, Kazennov A, Grishin D, Fedorova A, Blinova O, Sværen I, Liebig PL, Salbu B, Wendell CC, Strålberg E, Valetova N, Petrenko G, Katrich I, Logoyda I, Osvath I, Levy I, Bartocci J, Pham MK, Sam A, Nies H, Rudjord AL (2015) Main results of the 2012 joint Norwegian Russian expedition to the dumping sites of the nuclear submarine K-27 and solid radioactive waste in Stepovogo Fjord, Novaya Zemlya. J Environ Radioact 151:1–10. doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2015.02.003

    Google Scholar 

  16. Noshkin VE, Wong KM (1980) Plutonium in the North Equatorial Pacific, processes determining the input behavior and fate of radionuclides and trace elements in continental shelf environments. (Abstract workshop, Gaithersburg, 1979), Conf-790382, 11 (SPENCER D, Convener), U.S. Department Energy, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  17. Hirose K (1997) Complexation scavenging of plutonium in the ocean, Radionuclides in the Oceans Part 1, Inventories, behaviour and processes. In: Radioprotection-colloques, vol 32 C2 (Germain, P., et al., Eds), p 225

    Google Scholar 

  18. Noshkin VE, Wong KM, Jokela TA, Brunk JL, Eagle RJ (1983) Comparative behavior of plutonium and americium in the equatorial Pacific. Lawrence Livermore National Lab, Livermore, UCRL-88812

    Google Scholar 

  19. Robison WL, Noshkin VE (1999) Radionuclide characterization and associated dose from long-lived radionuclides in close-in fallout delivered to the marine environment at Bikini and Enewetak Atolls. Sci Total Environ 237/238:311–328

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Landers DH (ed) (1995) Ecological effects of arctic airborne contaminants. Sci Total Environ 160/161 (xvii–xviii):870

    Google Scholar 

  21. Kang DJ, Chung CS, Kim SH, Kim KR, Hong GH (1998) Distribution of 137Cs and 239, 240Pu in the surface waters of the East Sea (Sea of Japan). Mar Pollut Bull 35:305–312

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Yablokov AV, Karasev VK, Rumyantsev BM, Kokeev ME, Petrov OI, Lystov VN, Yemelyanenkov AF (1993) Facts and problems related to radioactive waste disposal in seas adjacent to the territory of the Russian Federation. Office of the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow

    Google Scholar 

  23. Champ MA, Makeyevt VV, Brooks JM, Delaca TE, Van Der Horst KM, Englett MV (1998) Assessment of the impact of nuclear wastes in the Russian arctic. Mar Pollut Bull 35(7–12):200–221

    Google Scholar 

  24. ANWAP (Arctic Nuclear Waste Assessment Program) (1995) Annual report (FY 1993–1994). Office of Naval Research (ONR). ONR 322-95-5. Code 322. Room 207, BCT 3, 8011 N. Quincy Street, Arlington, 22217–5660. 247 pp, plus appendices

    Google Scholar 

  25. Hamilton TF, Ballestra S, Baxter MS, Gastaud J, Osvath I, Parsi P, Provinec PP, Scott EM (1994) Radiometric investigations of Kara Sea sediments and preliminary radiological assessment related to dumping of radioactive wastes in the Arctic Seas. J Environ Radioact 25(1–2):113–134

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Strand P, Nikitin A, Rudjord AL, Salbu B, Christensen G, Foyn L, Krysbev II, Chumichcv VB, Dahlgaard H, Holm E (1994) Survey of artificial radionuclides in the Barents Sea and the Kara Sea. J Environ Radioact 25(1–2):99–112

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Forman SL, Polyak L, Smith J, Ellis K, Matishov G, Bordikov Y, lvanov G (1995) Radionuclides in the Barents and Kara Sea bottom sediments, distribution, sources, and dispersal pathways. In: Morgan J, Codispoti L (eds) Department of Defense Nuclear Waste Assessment Program (ANWAP), FY’s 1993–94, ONR 322-95-5, Office of Naval Research, pp 67–72

    Google Scholar 

  28. Timms SJ, Lynn NM, Mount ME, Sivintsev Y (1995) Modeling the release to the environment in the Kara Sea from radioactive waste in the dumped reactor compartment of the icebreaker Lenin. In: Preller RH, Edson R (eds) Proceedings of the ONR/NRL workshop on modeling the dispersion of nuclear contaminants in the Arctic Seas, Rep NRIJMR/7322-95-7584, Naval Research Laboratory, pp 268–293

    Google Scholar 

  29. Trapeznikov A, Aarkrog A, Pozolotina V, Nielsen SP, Polikarpov G, Molchanova I, Karavaeva E, Yushkov P, Trapcznikova V, Kulikov N (1994) Radioactive pollution of the Ob river system from urals nuclear enterprise ‘MAJAK’. J Environ Radioact 25(1–2):85–98

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Baskaran M, Asbill S, Santschi P, Davis T, Brooks JM, Champ MA, Makleyev V, Khlebovich V (1995) Distribution of 239, 241 and 238Pu concentrations in sediments from the Ob and Yenisey Rivers and the Kara Sea. Appl Radiat Isot 46(11):1109–1119

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Baskaran M, Asbill S, Santschi P, Brooks JM, Champ MA, Adkinson D, Colmer MR, Makeyev VV (1996) Pu, 137Cs, and excess 210Pb in the Russian Arctic sediments. Earth Sci Letter 140:243–257

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Brooks JM, Champ MA (1995) An overview of GERG’s 1993 and 1994 Russian Arctic ANWAP cruises. Arctic Nuclear Waste Assessment Workshop, May 1tt95, Woods ltole Oceanographic Institution

    Google Scholar 

  33. Champ MA, Brooks JM, Makeyev VV, Wade TL, Kennicutt MC II, Baskaran M (1995) Preliminary results of studies of industrial and nuclear contaminants in the Ob and Yenisey Rivers and the Kara Sea to assess the environmental and human health risks in the Russian Arctic. In: Kirk CD (ed) Ocean pollution in the Arctic North and tile Russian Far East. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, DC, pp 28–65

    Google Scholar 

  34. Paluszkiewicz T, Hibler LF, Richmond MC, Becker P (1995) An assessment of the flux of radionuclide contamination through the Ob and Yenisey Rivers and estuaries to the Kara Sea. Arctic Nuclear Waste Assessment Program (ANWAP) Workshop, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, May 1995

    Google Scholar 

  35. Beasley TM, Cooper LW, Grebmeier JM (1995) Gamma ray spectroscopy, transuranic radionuclides, iodine-129 and technitium-99. In: Morgan J, Codispoti L (eds) Department of Defense Nuclear Waste Assessment Program, FY’s 1993–94, Arlington, AV. ONR 322-95-5, Office of Nawd Research Department, p 2–13

    Google Scholar 

  36. Meese D, Tucker WB (1995) Radionuclide contaminants in Central Arctic Sea ice. In: Preller RH, Edson R (eds) Proceedings of the ONR/NRL workshop on modeling the dispersion of nuclear contaminants in the Arctic Seas, Rep NRL/MR/7322-95-7584, Naval Research Laboratory, pp 53–59

    Google Scholar 

  37. Cooper LW, Grebmeier JM, Larsen IL, Ravina K, Beasley TM (1995) Radionuclide contamination of the Arctic Basin. In: Morgan J, Codispoti L (eds) Department of Defense Nuclear Waste Assessment Program, FY’s 1993–94, ONR 322-95-5, Office of Naval Research, pp 42–51

    Google Scholar 

  38. Beasley TM, Cooper LW, Grebmeier JM, Orlandini K and Kelley JM (1995) Fuel reprocessing plutonium in the Canadian Basin. Arctic Nuclear Waste Assessment Workshop, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, May 1995

    Google Scholar 

  39. Alexander C, Windhom H (1995) Particle bound radionuclide transport to the Bering Sea in the Anadyr River. In: Morgan J, Codispoti L (eds) Department of Defense Nuclear Waste Assessment Program, FY’s 1993–94, ONR 322-95-5, Office of Naval Research Department, pp 112-115

    Google Scholar 

  40. Radvanyi J (1995)1 Workshop results: Japan-Russia United States study group on dumped nuclear waste in the Sea of Japan, Sea of Okhotsk and the North Pacific Ocean. Arctic Nuclear Waste Assessment Program (ANWAP) workshop, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, May 1995

    Google Scholar 

  41. Layton D, Edson R, Varela (Engle) M, Napier B (1997) Radionuclides in the Arctic Seas from the former SovietUnion: potential health and ecological risks. Arctic Nuclear Waste Assessment Program (ANWAP), Office of Naval Research

    Google Scholar 

  42. Villa M, López-Gutiérrez JM, Suh KS, Min BI, Periáñez R (2015) The behaviour of 129I released from nuclear fuel reprocessing factories in the North Atlantic Ocean and transport to the Arctic assessed from numerical modeling. Mar Pollut Bull 90:15–24

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Cota GF, Cooper LW, Darby DA, Larsen IL (2006) Unexpectedly high radioactivity burdens in ice-rafted sediments from the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Sci Total Environ 366(1):253–261

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Stepanets O, Borisov A, Ligaev A, Solovjeva G, Travkina A (2007) Radioecological investigations in shallow bays of the Novaya Zemlya Archipelago in 2002–2005. J Environ Radioact 96(1–3):130–137

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. U.S. DOI (2001) Search for containers of radioactive waste on the sea floor beyond the Golden Gate— oceanography, geology, biology, and environmental issues in the Gulf of the Farallones, U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey

    Google Scholar 

  46. Ikeuchi Y, Amano H, Aoyama M, Berezhnov VI, Chaykovskaya E, Chumichev VB, Chung CS, Gastaud J, Hirose K, Hong GH, Kim CK, Kim SH, Miyao T, Morimoto T, Nikitin A, Oda K, Pettersson HB, Povinec PP, Tkalin A, Togawa O, Veletova NK (1999) Anthropogenic radionuclides in seawater of the Far Eastern Seas. Sci Total Environ 237/238:203–212

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Blake JA, Maciolek NJ, Ota AY, Williams IP (2009) Long-term benthic infaunal monitoring at a deep-ocean dredged material disposal site off Northern California. Deep-Sea Res 56:1775–1803

    Google Scholar 

  48. IAEA (2005) Worldwide marine radioactivity studies (WOMARS) radionuclide levels in oceans and seas final report of a coordinated research project, IAEA-TECDOC-1429. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna

    Google Scholar 

  49. IAEA (2005) Upgrading of near surface repositories for radioactive waste. Technical reports series, No 433. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna

    Google Scholar 

  50. IAEA (2007) Retrieval and conditioning of solid radioactive waste from old facilities, Technical reports series, No. 456. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna

    Google Scholar 

  51. IAEA (1995) Model inter-comparison using simple hypothetical data (test case 1), First report of NSARS, IAEA-TECDOC-846. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna

    Google Scholar 

  52. IAEA (2004) Safety assessment methodologies for near surface disposal facilities, results of a coordinated research project, volume 1: review and enhancement of safety assessment approaches and tools, IAEA-ISAM. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna

    Google Scholar 

  53. IAEA (2004) Safety assessment methodologies for near surface disposal facilities, results of a coordinated research project, volume 2: test cases, IAEA-ISAM. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna

    Google Scholar 

  54. IAEA (2002) Safety assessment methodologies (ASAM), coordinated research project on application of safety assessment methodologies for near-surface radioactive waste disposal facilities. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna

    Google Scholar 

  55. Hossain S, Grimwood PD (1997) Results of the IAEA co-ordinated research programme on the safety assessment of near surface radioactive waste disposal facilities. In: Proceedings of an international symposium on experience in the planning and operation of low level waste disposal facilities, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 17–21 June 1996, pp 453–467

    Google Scholar 

  56. ASAM News No 1, IAEA, Vienna, 2003

    Google Scholar 

  57. PRISM: practical illustration and use of the safety case concept in the management of near-surface disposal. http://www-ns.iaea.org/projects/prism/default.asp?s=8&l=67

  58. USNRC (2000) A performance assessment methodology for low-level radioactive waste disposal facilities, NUREG-1573. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  59. NCRP (2005) Performance assessment of low-level waste disposal facilities, Report of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP), report 152. NCRP, Bethesda

    Google Scholar 

  60. Kozak MW, Chu MSY, Mattingly PA (1990) A performance assessment methodology for low-level waste facilities. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC, Sandia National Laboratories

    Google Scholar 

  61. IAEA (2005) Upgrading of near surface repositories for radioactive waste, Technical reports series, No 433. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna

    Google Scholar 

  62. Prozorov L, Guskov A, Tkachenko A, Litinsky Y (2005) The loading and monitoring system in large diameter boreholes: the first experience of borehole application as a LILW repository at the MosNPO “Radon”. In: Proceedings – 10th international conference on environmental remediation and radioactive waste management, ICEM’05, pp 1264–1268

    Google Scholar 

  63. Abdel Rahman RO, Rakhimov RZ, Rakhimova NR, Ojovan MI (2014) Cementitious materials for nuclear waste immobilisation. Wiley, New York, pp 201–219

    Google Scholar 

  64. Gault G (2007) Safety evaluation report for the old and new hydrofracture facilities, hazards assessment document, SER-HAD-GROUT-SBT-03-59, REV 2

    Google Scholar 

  65. Compton KL, Novikov V, Parker FL (2000) Deep well injection of liquid radioactive waste at Krasnoyarsk-26. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg

    Google Scholar 

  66. U.S. DOE (2008) Oak ridge environmental management program, Melton valley remediation completed. DOE, Oak Ridge

    Google Scholar 

  67. Rybalchenko AI, Pimenov MK, Kurochkin VM, Kamnev EN, Korotkevich VM, Zubkov AA, Khafizov RR (2005) Deep injection disposal of liquid radioactive waste in Russia, 1963–2002: results and consequences. Dev Water Sci 52:13–19

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Baydariko EA, Rybalchenko AI, Zinin AI, Zinina GA, Ulyushkin AM, Zagvozkin AL (2005) Deep-well injection modeling of radioactive and nonradioactive wastes from russian nuclear industry activities, with examples from the injection disposal sites of SSC RF–NIIAR and Chepetsk mechanical plants, deep injection disposal of liquid radioactive waste in Russia, 1963–2002: results and consequences. Dev Water Sci 52:501–509

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Balakhonov BG, Zubkov AA, Matyukha VA, Noskov MD, Istomin AD, Zhiganov AN, Egorov GF (2005) Safety assessment of deep liquid-organic radioactive waste disposal, deep injection disposal of liquid radioactive waste in Russia, 1963–2002: results and consequences. Dev Water Sci 52:481–485

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Rempe NT (2007) Permanent underground repositories for radioactive waste. Prog Nucl Energy 49:365–374

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Brewitz W, Rothfuchs T (2007) Concepts and technologies for radioactive waste disposal in rock salt. Acta Montan Slovaca 12(1 Special Issue):67–74

    Google Scholar 

  72. Kienzler B, Metz V, Lützenkirchen J, Korthaus E, Fanghänel T (2007) Geochemically based safety assessment. J Nucl Sci Technol 44(3):470–476

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Haverkamp B, Biurrun E (2006) Closure of the Richard underground repository for low and intermediate level radioactive waste – application of the hydraulic cage concept. ATW – InternationaleZeitschrift fur Kernenergie 51(12):797–802

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Abdel Rahman RO, El Kamash AM, Zaki AA, El Sourougy MR (2005) Disposal: a last step towards an integrated waste management system in Egypt. International conference on the safety of radioactive waste disposal, IAEA-CN-135/81, IAEA, Tokyo, 3–7 Oct 2005, pp 317–324

    Google Scholar 

  75. Abdel Rahman RO, El-Kamash AM, Zaki AA, Abdel- Raouf MW (2005) Planning closure safety assessment for the Egyptian near surface disposal facility. International conference on the safety of radioactive waste disposal, IAEA-CN-135/09, IAEA, Tokyo, 3–7 Oct 2005, pp 35–38

    Google Scholar 

  76. Abdel Rahman RO, Zaki AA, El-Kamash AM (2007) Modeling the long-term leaching behavior of (137)Cs, (60)Co, and (152,154) Eu radionuclides from cement clay matrices. J Hazard Mater 145(3):372–380

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Abdel Rahman RO (2012) Planning and implementing of radioactive waste management system. In: Abdel Rahman RO (ed) Radioactive waste. InTech, Rijeka, pp 3–18. doi:10.5772/39056, http://www.intechopen.com/books/radioactive-waste/planning-and-implementation-of-radioactive-waste-management-system. ISBN 978-953-51-0551-0

    Google Scholar 

  78. Abdel Rahman RO, Ibrahim HA, Abdel Monem NM (2009) Long-term performance of zeolite Na A-X blend as backfill material in near surface disposal vault. Chem Eng J 149:143–152

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Abdel Rahman RO, Kozak MW, Hung YT (2014) Radioactive pollution and control. In: Hung Y-T, Wang LK, Shammas NK (eds) Handbook of environment and waste management. World Scientific Publishing, Singapore, pp 949–1027, http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814449175_0016

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  80. Abdel Rahman RO (2011) Preliminary evaluation of the technical feasibility of using different soils in waste disposal cover system. Environ Prog Sustainable Energy 30(1):19–28

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Hot Lab. Centre, Atomic Energy Authority of Egypt, Inshas, Cairo, 13759, Egypt

    Rehab O. Abdel Rahman

  2. Division for Safety of Fuel Cycle Facilities, Scientific and Engineering Centre for Nuclear and Radiation Safety, 11-8 ul. KrasnayaPresnya, Moscow, 123242, Russian Federation

    Andrey Guskov

  3. INTERA Inc., 1933 Jadwin Ave, Suite 130, Richland, WA, 99354, USA

    Matthew W. Kozak

  4. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cleveland State University, 16945 Deerfield Dr, Strongsville, OH, 44136-6214, USA

    Yung-Tse Hung

Authors
  1. Rehab O. Abdel Rahman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Andrey Guskov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Matthew W. Kozak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Yung-Tse Hung
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rehab O. Abdel Rahman .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Newtonville, New York, USA

    Lawrence K. Wang

  2. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Newtonville, New York, USA

    Mu-Hao Sung Wang

  3. Cleveland State University , Cleveland, Ohio, USA

    Yung-Tse Hung

  4. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Pasadena, California, USA

    Nazih K. Shammas

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Abdel Rahman, R.O., Guskov, A., Kozak, M.W., Hung, YT. (2016). Recent Evaluation of Early Radioactive Disposal Practice. In: Wang, L., Wang, MH., Hung, YT., Shammas, N. (eds) Natural Resources and Control Processes. Handbook of Environmental Engineering, vol 17. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26800-2_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26800-2_8

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-26798-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-26800-2

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation