Skip to main content

Application of Natural Polymers in Engineering

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Natural Polymers

Abstract

This chapter is divided into three parts. The first part describes the role of natural polymers in the nonrenewable energy industry (drilling fluids) and this includes the definition, function, properties, additives, and types of drilling muds. In this part the problems of drilling fluid loss during its circulation at the oil field well and its solution using the natural polymers are also discussed. The second part deals with the role of natural polymers in the renewable energy industry (biomass), this part reviews the types of renewable energy produced from biomass. Finally, the third part focuses on the role of natural polymers in the wastewater treatment technology.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abdou MI, Ahmed HE (2010) Evaluation of low-solids mud rheological behavior during drilling shale formation and their effect on the pay zone productivity. Petr Sci Technol 28(9):934–945

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aboulrous AA, Abdou MI, Mahmoud T (2013) An overview on drilling fluids technology. Lambert Academic Publishing

    Google Scholar 

  • Aboulrous AA, AlSabagh AM, Abdou MI (2013) Polymers for circulation loss inhibition of oil well drilling fluids. Lambert Academic Publishing

    Google Scholar 

  • Abrams A (1977) Mud design to minimize rock impairment due to particle invasion. J Pet Tech 29(5):586–592

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ADAS (1992) The potential of miscanthus as a fuel crop. ETSU Report ETSU B 1354

    Google Scholar 

  • Agarwal M, Srinivasan R, Mishra A (2001) Study on flocculation efficiency of okra gum in sewage waste water. Macromol Mater Eng 286(9):560–563

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Hamadani YAJ, Yusoff MS, Umar M, Bashir MJK, Adlan MN (2011) Application of psyllium husk as coagulant and coagulant aid in semi-aerobic landfill leachate treatment. J Hazard Mater 190(1):582–587

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allen R, Bennetto H (1993) Microbial fuel cells: electricity production from carbohydrates. Appl Biochem Biotech 39(40):27–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alsabagh AM, Aboulrous AA, Khalil AA, Abdou MI, Ahmed HE (2013) Investigation of some copolymers based on acrylic salts as circulation loss control agent. Egyp J Pet 22(4):481–491

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alsabagh AM, Aboulrous AA, Abdou MI, Khalil AA, Ahmed HE (2014) Investigation of some locally water-soluble natural polymers as circulation loss control agents during oil fields drilling. Egypt J Pet 23(1):27–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alsabagh AM, Abdou MI, Ahmed HE, Khalil AA, Aboulrous AA (2016) Evaluation of some natural water-insoluble cellulosic material as lost circulation control additives in water-based drilling fluid, accepted in Egypt J Pet 2014, published in vol 25, unpublished

    Google Scholar 

  • American Petroleum Institute (2004) Recommended practice on drilling fluid processing systems evaluation, 3rd ed. API RP 13C (ISO 13501)

    Google Scholar 

  • American Petroleum Institute (2009) Recommended practice for field testing water based drilling fluids, 4th ed. API 13B-1

    Google Scholar 

  • Anastasakis K, Kalderis D, Diamadopoulos E (2009) Flocculation behavior of mallow and okra mucilage in treating wastewater. Desalination 249(2):786–791

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Audibert A, Argillier JF, Bailey L, Reid PI (1997) Process and water-base fluid utilizing hydrophobically modified cellulose derivatives as filtrate reducers. US Patent 5 669 456

    Google Scholar 

  • Barton SC, Gallaway J, Atanassov P (2004) Enzymatic biofuel cells for implantable and microscale devices. Chem Rev 104(10):4867–4886

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Batelaan JG, van der Horts PM (1994) Method of making amide modified carboxyl-containing polysaccharide and fatty amide-modified polysaccharide so obtainable. WO Patent 9 424 169

    Google Scholar 

  • Beltrán Heredia J, Sánchez Martín J (2009a) Removing heavy metals from polluted surface water with a tannin-based flocculant agent. J Hazard Mater 165(1–3):1215–1218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beltrán Heredia J, Sánchez Martín J (2009b) Municipal wastewater treatment by modified tannin flocculant agent. Desalination 249(1):353–358

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blytas GC, Frank H (1995) Copolymerization of polyether cyclic polyols with epoxy resins. US Patent 5401860

    Google Scholar 

  • Blytas GC, Zuzich AH, Holloway EL, Frank H (1992) Methods of preparing polyether cyclic polyols, EP 505002

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolto B, Gregory J (2007) Review: organic polyelectrolytes in water treatment. Water Res 41(11):2301–2324

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • British Petroleum Company (2014) BP statistical review of world energy data workbook. Available from http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/excel/Energy-Economics/statistical-review-2014/BPStatistical_Review_of_world_energy_2014_workbook.xlsx

  • Burts Jr BD (1992) Lost circulation material with rice fraction. US Patent 5 118 664

    Google Scholar 

  • Burts Jr BD (1997) Lost circulation material with rice fraction. US Patent 5 599 776

    Google Scholar 

  • Burts Jr BD (2001) Well fluid additive, well fluid made therefrom, method of treating a well fluid, method of circulating a well fluid. US Patent 6 323 158

    Google Scholar 

  • Carioca JOB, Pannirselvam PV, Horta EA, Arora HL (1985) Lignocellulosic biomass fractionation: I—solvent extraction in a novel reactor. Biotechnol Lett 7(3):213–216

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cerasi P, Soga K (2001) Failure modes of drilling fluid filter cake. Geotechnique 51(9):777–785

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chang FF, Parlar M (1999) Method and composition for controlling fluid loss in high permeability hydrocarbon bearing formations. US Patent 5 981 447

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang FF, Bowman M, Parlar M, Ali SA, Cromb J (1998) Development of a new crosslinked hec (hydroxyethyl cellulose) fluid loss control pill for highly-overbalanced, high-permeability and/or high temperature formations. In: Proceedings volume, SPE formation damage control international symposium (Lafayette, LA, 2/18–19/98), pp 215–227

    Google Scholar 

  • Courtois-Sambourg J, Courtois B, Heyraud A, Colin-Morel P, Rinaudo-Duhem M (1993) Polymer compounds of the glycuronic acid, method of preparation and utilization particularly as gelifying, thickening, hydrating, stabilizing, chelating or flocculating means. WO Patent 9 318 174

    Google Scholar 

  • Darley HC, Gray GG (1988) Composition and properties of drilling and completion fluids. Gulf Publishing Co., Houston

    Google Scholar 

  • Das R, Panda AB, Pal S (2012) Synthesis and characterization of a novel polymeric hydrogel based on hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose grafted with polyacrylamide. Cellulose 19(3):933–945

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delhommer HJ, Walker CO (1987) Encapsulated oil absorbent polymers as lost circulation additives for oil based drilling fluids. US Patent 4 704 213

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobias B, Stechemesser H (2005) Coagulation and flocculation, 2nd edn. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, United States of America

    Google Scholar 

  • Doolan JG, Cody CA (1995) Pourable water dispersible thickening composition for aqueous systems and a method of thickening said aqueous systems. US Patent 5 425 806

    Google Scholar 

  • Dreveton E, Lecourtier J, Ballerini D, Choplin L (1998) Process using gellan as afiltrate reducer for water-based drilling fluids. US Patent 5 744 428

    Google Scholar 

  • Duhon JJS (1998) Olive pulp additive in drilling operations. US Patent 5 801 127

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellabban O, Abu-Rub H, Blaabjerg F (2014) Renewable energy resources: current status, future prospects and their enabling technology. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 39:748–764

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Faulon J, Carlson GA, Hatcher PG (1994) A three-dimensional model for lignocellulose from gymnospermous wood. Org Geochem 21(12):1169–1179

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fink JK (2003) Oil field chemicals. Gulf Professional Publishing (Elsevier Science), Burlington

    Google Scholar 

  • Fink JK (2012) Petroleum engineer’s guide to oil field chemicals and fluids. Gulf Professional Publishing (Elsevier Science), Waltham, Massachusetts

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuh GF, Morita N, Whitfill DL, Strah DA (1993) Method for inhibiting the initiation and propagation of formation fractures while drilling. US Patent 5 180 020

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerente C, Lee VKC, Le Cloirec P, McKay G (2007) Application of chitosan for the removal of metals from wastewaters by adsorption—mechanisms and models review. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 37(1):41–127

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gockel JF, Gockel CE, Brinemann M (1987) Lost circulation: a solution based on the problem. Paper SPE/IADC 16082 presented at the SPE/IADC drilling conference held in New Orleans, L.A, 15–18 Mar

    Google Scholar 

  • Gotlieb KF, Bleeker IP, van Doren HA, Heeres A (1996) 2-nitroalkyl ethers of native or modified starch, method for the preparation thereof, and ethers derived therefrom. EP Patent 710 671

    Google Scholar 

  • Growcock F, Harvey T (2005) Drilling fluids processing. Elsevier 57, United State of America

    Google Scholar 

  • Guibal E, Roussy J (2007) Coagulation and flocculation of dye-containing solutions using a biopolymer (chitosan). React Funct Polym 67(1):33–42

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gullett PD, Head PF (1993) Materials in corporating cellulose fibres, methods for their production and products incorporating such materials. WO Patent 9 318 111

    Google Scholar 

  • Hen J (1991) Sulfonate-containing polymer/polyanionic cellulose combination for high temperature/high pressure filtration control in water base drilling fluids. US Patent 5 008 025

    Google Scholar 

  • House RF, Cowan JC (2001) Chitosan-containing well drilling and servicing fluids. US Patent 6 258 755

    Google Scholar 

  • House RF, Wilkinson AH, Cowan C (1991) Well working compositions, method of decreasing the seepage loss from such compositions, and additive therefor. US Patent 5 004 553

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard GC, Scott PP Jr (1951) An analysis and the control of lost circulation. Petrol Trans AIME 192:171–182

    Google Scholar 

  • Ivnitski D, Branch B, Atanassov P, Apblett C (2006) Glucose oxidase anode for biofuel cell based on direct electron transfer. Electrochem Commun 8(8):1204–1210

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson M (1996) Fluid systems for controlling fluid losses during hydrocarbon recovery operations. EP Patent 691 454

    Google Scholar 

  • Kabir AM, Gamwo IK (2011) Filter cake formation on the vertical well at high temperature and high pressure: Computational fluid dynamics modeling and simulations. J Pet Gas Eng 2(7):146–164

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khiari R, Dridi-Dhaouadi S, Aguir C, Mhenni MF (2010) Experimental evaluation of eco-friendly flocculants prepared from date palm rachis. J Environ Sci 22(10):1539–1543

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirk-Othmer E (2001) Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology, 4th edn, vol 13. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Klotzbach T, Watt M, Ansari Y, Minteer SD (2006) Effects of hydrophobic modification of chitosan and Nafion on transport properties, ion-exchange capacities, and enzyme immobilization. J Memb Sci 282(1):276–283

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kohn RS (1988) Thixotropic aqueous solutions containing a divinyl sulfone-crosslinked polygalactomannan gum. US Patent 4 752 339

    Google Scholar 

  • Kotelnikov VS, Demochko SN, Melnik MP, Mikitchak VP (1992) Improving properties of drilling solution—by addition of ferrochrome-lignosulphonate and aqueous solution of cement and carboxymethyl cellulose. SU Patent 1 730 118

    Google Scholar 

  • Langlois B (1998) Fluid comprising cellulose nanofibrils and its use for oil mining. WO Patent 9 802 499

    Google Scholar 

  • Langlois B, Guerin G, Senechal A, Cantiani R, Vincent I, Benchimol J (1999) Fluid comprising cellulose nanofibrils and its use for oil mining. EP Patent 912 653

    Google Scholar 

  • Lau HC (1994) Laboratory development and field testing of succinoglycan as a fluid-loss-control fluid. SPE Shell Develop Co J SPE Drill Completion 9(4):221–226

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee CS, Robinson J, Chong MF (2014) A review on application of flocculants in wastewater treatment. Process Saf Environ Prot 92(6):489–508

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li J, Jiao S, Zhong L, Pan J, Ma Q (2013) Optimizing coagulation and flocculation process for kaolinite suspension with chitosan. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Aspects 428:100–110

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Logan BE (2004) Extracting hydrogen and electricity from renewable resources. Environ Sci Technol 38:160A–167A

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luheng Q (2014) The application of polymer mud system in drilling engineering. Procedia Eng 73:230–236

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lundan AO, Lahteenmaki MJ (1996) Stable cmc (carboxymethyl cellulose) slurry. US Patent 5 487 777

    Google Scholar 

  • Lundan AO, Anas PH, Lahteenmaki MJ (1993) Stable cmc (carboxymethyl cellulose) slurry. WO Patent 9 320 139

    Google Scholar 

  • McKendry P (2002) Energy production from biomass (part 1): overview of biomass. Bioresour Technol 83:37–46

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mecheri B, Geracitano A, D’Epifanio A, Licoccia S (2011) A glucose biofuel cell to generate electricity. ECS Trans 35(26):1–8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Minteer SD, Liaw BY, Cooney MJ (2007) Enzyme-based biofuel cells. Curr Opin Biotechnol 18:1–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mishra A, Bajpai M (2005) Flocculation behaviour of model textile wastewater treated with a food grade polysaccharide. J Hazard Mater 118(1–3):213–217

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mishra A, Agarwal M, Yadav A (2003) Fenugreek mucilage as a flocculating agent for sewage treatment. Colloid Polym Sci 281:164–167

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mishra A, Yadav A, Agarwal M, Bajpai M (2004) Fenugreek mucilage for solid removal from tannery effluent. React Funct Polym 59(1):99–104

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moehlenbrock MJ, Minteer SD (2008) Extended lifetime biofuel cells. Chem Soc Rev 37:1188–1196

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore CM, Akers NL, Hill AD, Johnson ZC, Minteer SD (2004) Improving the environment for immobilized dehydrogenase enzymes by modifying Nafion with tetraalkylammonium bromides. Biomacromolecules 5(4):1241

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Munro R, Hanni G, Young A (1993) The economics of a synthetic drilling fluid for exploration drilling in the UK sector of the North Sea. In: Proceedings volume, IBC technical services ltd prevention of oil discharge from drilling operations—the options conference, Aberdeen, Scotland, June 23–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Muzzarelli RAA (1977) Chitin. Pergamon Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Nayberg TM, Petty BR (1986) Laboratory study of lost circulation materials for use in both oil-base and water-base drilling muds. IADC/SPE 14723, IADC/SPE drilling conference, Dallas, USA, 10–12 Feb

    Google Scholar 

  • Negm NA, Tawfik SM, Abdou MI (2014) Evaluation of nonionic surfactants in drilling muds. In: Biresaw G, Mittal KL (eds) Surfactants in tribology, vol 4. CRC Press Taylor and Francis group

    Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen PD, Weaver JD, Cole RC, Schulze CR (1996) Development and field application of a new fluid-loss control material. In: Proceedings volume, annual SPE technical conference (Denver, 10/6–9/96), pp 933–941

    Google Scholar 

  • Özacar M, Åžengıl A (2000) Effectiveness of tannins obtained from valonia as a coagulant aid for dewatering of sludge. Water Res 34:1407–1412

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Özacar M, Åžengıl A (2003) Evaluation of tannin biopolymer as a coagulant aid for coagulation of colloidal particles. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Aspects 229:85–96

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peniston QP, Johnson EL (1970) Method for treating an aqueous medium with chitosan and derivatives of chitin to remove an impurity. U.S. patent 3,533, 940

    Google Scholar 

  • Plank J (1993) Drilling mud composition and process for reducing the filtrate of metal hydroxide mixtures containing drilling mud compositions. WO Patent 9 312 194

    Google Scholar 

  • Price B (1998) Electricity from Biomass. Financial Times Business Ltd., ISBN 1 84083 0735

    Google Scholar 

  • Quintero L (2002) An overview of surfactant applications in drilling fluids for the petroleum industry. J Dis Sci Technol 23:393–404

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raines RH (1986) Use of low m.s. (molar substitution) hydroxyethyl cellulose for fluid loss control in oil well applications. US Patent 4 629 573

    Google Scholar 

  • Rangus S, Shaw DB, Jenness P (1993) Cellulose ether thickening compositions. WO Patent 9 308 230

    Google Scholar 

  • Renault F, Sancey B, Badot PM, Crini G (2009a) Chitosan for coagulation/flocculation processes—an eco-friendly approach. Eur Polym J 45:1337–1348

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Renault F, Sancey B, Charles J, Morin-Crini N, Badot PM, Winterton P, Crini G (2009b) Chitosan flocculation of cardboard-mill secondary biological wastewater. Chem Eng J 155:775–783

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21th century (2010) Renewables global status report 2010. Available from www.ren21.net

  • Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21th century (2011) Renewables global status report 2011. Available from www.ren21.net

  • Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21th century (2012) Renewables global status report 2012. Available from www.ren21.net

  • Rodolfo J, Tailleur R (1955) Oil-in-water emulsions drilling fluid, US Patent 2,713,032

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodrigues AC, Boroski M, Shimada NS, Garcia JC, Nozaki J, Hioka N (2008) Treatment of paper pulp and paper mill wastewater by coagulation–flocculation followed by heterogeneous photocatalysis. J Photochem Photobiol A: Chem 194:1–10

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rojas JC, Bern PA, Ftizgerald BL, Modi S, Bezant PN (1998) Minimizing down hole mud losses. In: IADC/SPE 39398 presented at the IADC/SPE drilling conference, Dallas, Texas, 3–6 Mar

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosa LB, Manuel M, Helden V, Kuindert A, Mathieu H (1995) Emulsifiable oil. US Patent, 9,532,260

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose RA (1996) Method of drilling with fluid including nut cork and drilling fluid additive. US Patent 5 484 028

    Google Scholar 

  • Roussy J, Chastellan P, Van Vooren M, Guibal E (2005) Treatment of ink-containing wastewater by coagulation/flocculation using biopolymers. Water SA Manuscript 31:369–376

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sapra VK (2014) A newer approach to green earth—solar-induced hybrid biomass fuel cell. Am Int J Res Formal Appl Nat Sci AIJRFANS: 41–142

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun Y, Cheng J (2002) Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials for ethanol production: a review. Bioresour Technol 83(1):1–11

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suopajärvi T, Liimatainen H, Hormi O, Niinimäki J (2013) Coagulation–flocculation treatment of municipal wastewater based on anionized nanocelluloses. Chem Eng J 231:59–67

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sydansk RD (1990) Lost circulation treatment for oil field drilling operations. US Patent 4 957 166

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas TJ, Ponnusamy KE, Chang NM, Galmore K, Minteer SD, Membr J (2003) Effects of annealing on mixture-cast membranes of Nafion® and quaternary ammonium bromide salts. J Membr Sci 213(1):55–66

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai YC, Li SC, Chen JM (2005) Cast thin film biosensor design based on a nafion backbone, a multi walled carbon nanotube conduit, and a glucose oxidase function. Langmuir 21:3653–3658

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • United States government—department of labor—Occupational Safety and Health Administration (2015) Available from https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/oilandgas/drilling/wellcontrol.html

  • U.S. Energy Information Administration (2012) International energy statics. Available from: http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/IEDIndex3.cfm?tid=2&pid=2&aid=12

  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1993) Development document for effluent limitation guidelines and new source performance standards for the off-shore subcategory of the oil and gas extraction point source category, final. EPA: 82 l-R-93-003

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Oort E, Lee J, Friedheim J, Toups B (2004) New flat-rheology synthetic based mud for improved deep-water drilling. Paper SPE 90987 presented at the SPE annual technical conference and exhibition, Houston, Texas, 26–29 Sept

    Google Scholar 

  • Waehner, K. (1990) Experience with high temperature resistant water based drilling fluids (erfahrungen beim einsatz hochtemperatur-stabiler wasserbasischer bohrsp¨ulung). Erd¨ol Erdgas Kohle 106(5):200–201

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker CO (1986) Encapsulated lime as a lost circulation additive for aqueous drilling fluids. US Patent 4 614 599

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitfill DL, Kukena Jr E, Cantu TS, Sooter MC (1990) Method of controlling lost circulation in well drilling. US Patent 4 957 174

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkerson JMI, Verstrat DW, Barron MC (1995) Associative monomers.US Patent 5412142

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson R, Turner APF (1992) Glucose oxidase: an ideal enzyme. Biosens Bioelectron 7(3):165–185

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu C, Wang Y, Gao B, Zhao Y, Yue Q (2012) Coagulation performance and floc characteristics of aluminum sulfate using sodium alginate as coagulant aid for synthetic dying wastewater treatment. Sep Purif Technol 95:180–187

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yakovlev SS, Konovalov EA (1987) Plugging mixtures on a base of hydrolyzed poly acrylonitrile. Neft Khoz 4:25–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeh MH (1995) Compositions based on cationic polymers and anionic xanthan gum. EP Patent 654482

    Google Scholar 

  • Zuzich AH, Blytas GC (1994) Polyether cyclic polyols from epihalohydrins, polyhydric alcohols and metal hydroxides or epoxy alcohol and optionally polyhydric alcohols with addition of epoxy resins. US Patent 5286882

    Google Scholar 

  • Zuzich AH, Blytas GC, Frank H (1995) Polyether cyclicpolyols from epihalohydrins, polyhydric alcohols and metal hydroxides or epoxy alcohol and optionally polyhydric alcohols with addition of epoxy resins. US Patent 5428178

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge all staffs of Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute for encouragement and support.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Amany A. Aboulrous .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Aboulrous, A.A., Mahmoud, T., Alsabagh, A.M., Abdou, M.I. (2016). Application of Natural Polymers in Engineering. In: Olatunji, O. (eds) Natural Polymers. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26414-1_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics