Skip to main content

Hepatocellular Carcinoma

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Surgical Oncology Manual

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent primary tumor of the liver and its incidence is growing. Most HCC arise on cirrhotic livers and the treatment options depend on the tumor stage as well as the underlying liver function. Liver resection is usually offered to patients with a single tumor and well-compensated cirrhosis while liver transplantation represents the best treatment option for those patients with decompensated cirrhosis and/or multifocal disease. Other treatment options such as radiofrequency ablation, transarterial chemoembolization, sorafenib, and stereotactic body radiation may also be applied and are very useful in several clinical scenarios. In this chapter we resume what is the current state of the art for the management of HCC.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Canadian Cancer Society’s Steering Committee on Cancer Statistics. Canadian Cancer Statistics 2013. Toronto: Canadian Cancer Society; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Vauthey JN, Lauwers GY, Esnaola NF, et al. Simplified staging for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(6):1527–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Livraghi T, Meloni F, Di Stasi M, et al. Sustained complete response and complications rates after radiofrequency ablation of very early hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: is resection still the treatment of choice? Hepatology. 2008;47(1):82–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Mazzaferro V, Regalia E, Doci R, et al. Liver transplantation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(11):693–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Mulier S, Ni Y, Jamart J, et al. Local recurrence after hepatic radiofrequency coagulation: multivariate meta-analysis and review of contributing factors. Ann Surg. 2005;242(2):158–71.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Chen MS, Li JQ, Zheng Y, et al. A prospective randomized trial comparing percutaneous local ablative therapy and partial hepatectomy for small hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg. 2006;243(3):321–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Zhou Y, Zhao Y, Li B, et al. Meta-analysis of radiofrequency ablation versus hepatic resection for small hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Gastroenterol. 2010;10:78.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Wang Y, Luo Q, Li Y, Deng S, Wei S, Li X. Radiofrequency ablation versus hepatic resection for small hepatocellular carcinomas: a meta-analysis of randomized and nonrandomized controlled trials. PLoS One. 2014;9(1):e84484.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Llovet JM, Real MI, Montaña X, et al. Arterial embolisation or chemoembolisation versus symptomatic treatment in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;359(9319):1734–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Lo CM, Ngan H, Tso WK, et al. Randomized controlled trial of transarterial lipiodol chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 2002;35(5):1164–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Liau KH, Ruo L, Shia J, et al. Outcome of partial hepatectomy for large (>10 cm) hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 2005;104(9):1948–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Kim PT, Jang JH, Atenafu EG, et al. Outcomes after hepatic resection and subsequent multimodal treatment of recurrence for multifocal hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Surg. 2013;100(11):1516–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Roayaie S, Obeidat K, Sposito C, et al. Resection of hepatocellular cancer ≤2 cm: results from two Western centers. Hepatology. 2013;57(4):1426–35.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Shi M, Guo RP, Lin XJ, et al. Partial hepatectomy with wide versus narrow resection margin for solitary hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective randomized trial. Ann Surg. 2007;245(1):36–43.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Yao FY, Ferrell L, Bass NM, et al. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: expansion of the tumor size limits does not adversely impact survival. Hepatology. 2001;33(6):1394–403.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. DuBay D, Sandroussi C, Sandhu L, et al. Liver transplantation for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma using poor tumor differentiation on biopsy as an exclusion criterion. Ann Surg. 2011;253(1):166–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Llovet JM, Ricci S, Mazzaferro V, et al. Sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(4):378–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Bruix J, Sherman M, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update. Hepatology. 2011;53(3):1020–2.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. European Association For The Study Of The Liver, European Organisation For Research And Treatment Of Cancer. EASL-EORTC clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2012;56(4):908–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Clavien PA, Lesurtel M, Bossuyt PM, et al.; OLT for HCC Consensus Group. Recommendations for liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: an international consensus conference report. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13(1):e11–22.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gonzalo Sapisochin M.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 University of Toronto General Surgery Oncology Program

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Sapisochin, G., Greig, P.D., Jayaraman, S., Kim, P.T.W., Law, C.H.L., Wei, A.C. (2016). Hepatocellular Carcinoma. In: Wright, F., Escallon, J., Cukier, M., Tsang, M., Hameed, U. (eds) Surgical Oncology Manual. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26276-5_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26276-5_12

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-26274-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-26276-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics