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Carbon Acquisition by Microalgae

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The Physiology of Microalgae

Part of the book series: Developments in Applied Phycology ((DAPH,volume 6))

Abstract

Autotrophic assimilation of inorganic C in cyanobacteria and eukaryotic microalgae involves the use of CO2 by ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (Rubisco) and the Photosynthetic Carbon Reduction Cycle. The kinetic characteristics of the Form IB and Form ID Rubiscos of a few eukaryotic microalgae allow photosynthesis using diffusive entry of CO2 to Rubisco from present-day CO2 levels in air, with concomitant Rubisco oxygenase activity and phosphoglycolate metabolism by (typically) the Photorespiratory Carbon Oxidation Cycle (PCOC). All cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates, and most other eukaryotic microalgae, have CO2 concentrating mechanisms (CCMs). These are generally biophysical CCMs involving active transport across (a) membrane(s) of one or more of HCO3 −, CO2 and H+. There is very limited evidence for a biochemical CCM based on (possibly) C3–C4 intermediate-like photosynthetic C metabolism. CCM expression and operation interact with the supply of light and other resources needed for growth. CCMs (with residual Rubisco oxygenase and PCOC activity) have a significant energy cost, as does the alternative of diffusive CO2 entry and consequent Rubisco oxygenase and PCOC activity. Some cyanobacteria and eukaryotic microalgae can take up dissolved organic matter (osmochemoorganotrophy or combined with photosynthesis in osmomixotrophy) or, for some eukaryotic microalgae, phagochemoorganotrophy or, combined with photosynthesis, in phagomixotrophy. Regardless of whether the organic carbon needed for growth is obtained by photolithotrophy or (mixo)chemoorganotrophy, anaplerotic inorganic C assimilation is needed to supply C skeletons for synthesis of a range of cell components; this (as ‘dark fixation’) is the only inorganic C assimilation occurring in the dark.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Wherever possible the currently accepted names for species are used. The name used in the paper cited is also indicated. For details of names see chapter “Systematics, Taxonomy and Species Names: Do They Matter?” of this book (Borowitzka 2016).

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Acknowledgements

The University of Dundee is a registered Scottish charity, No. SC015096. John Beardall’s work on inorganic carbon acquisition has been supported by the Australian Research Council.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia

    John Beardall

  2. Division of Plant Biology, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK

    John A. Raven

  3. Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia

    John A. Raven

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Correspondence to John Beardall .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Algae R&D Centre, Murdoch, West Australia, Australia

    Michael A. Borowitzka

  2. School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

    John Beardall

  3. Division of Plant Biology, University of Dundee at the James Hutton, Dundee, United Kingdom

    John A. Raven

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Beardall, J., Raven, J.A. (2016). Carbon Acquisition by Microalgae. In: Borowitzka, M., Beardall, J., Raven, J. (eds) The Physiology of Microalgae. Developments in Applied Phycology, vol 6. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24945-2_4

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