Abstract
Although the relationship between stressors and psychopathology has been firmly established in adolescence, the heterogeneous context and characteristics of immigration, settlement, and reception confer specific stressors for immigrant youth above and beyond developmentally normal stressors faced by most youth. A conceptual model for understanding the relationship between stressful experiences and psychopathology in immigrant youth is crucial in order to implement effective treatment within this vulnerable population. This chapter defines immigrant youth life stressors as frequent environmental events or conditions that pose a risk to physical and psychological health and may compound the risk associated with previous trauma exposure. Based on a review of the literature, a categorization of immigrant youth life stressors is proposed. This chapter reviews and organizes research on immigrant youth and, based on the findings, advocates for a broader and more collaborative approach to treatment. A case example highlights how categorizing stressors holds clinical utility in guiding clinical case formulation and prioritizing intervention.
An erratum to this chapter can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24693-2_10
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Grant KE, McMahon SD, Carter JS, Carleton RA, Adam EK, Chen E. The influence of stressors on the development of psychopathology. In: Lewis M, Rudolph KD, editors. Handbook of developmental psychopathology. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2014. p. 205–24.
Grant KE, Compas BE, Stuhlmacher AF, Thurm AE, McMahon SD, Halpert JA. Stressors and child and adolescent psychopathology: moving from markers to mechanisms of risk. Psychol Bull. 2003;129(3):447–66. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.447.
Gillock KL, Reyes O. Stress, support, and academic performance of urban, low-income, Mexican-American adolescents. J Youth Adolesc. 1998;28(2):259–82.
Suárez-Orozco C, Carhill A, Chuang SS. Immigrant children: making a new life. In: Chuang SS, Moreno RP, editors. Immigrant children: change, adaptation, and cultural transformation. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books; 2010. p. 7–26.
Pratt LI, Barling J. Differentiating between daily events, acute and chronic stressors: a framework and its implications. In: Hurrell Jr JJ, Murphy LR, Sauter SL, Cooper CL, editors. Occupational stress: issues in research and development. Philadelphia, PA: Taylor and Francis; 1988. p. 41–53.
Sapolsky RM. Why zebras don’t get ulcers: the acclaimed guide to stress, stress-related diseases, and coping. New York: Henry Holt and Company; 2004.
Kubiak SP. Trauma and cumulative adversity in women of a disadvantaged social location. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2005;75(4):451–65.
Hahn SE, Smith CS. Daily hassles and chronic stressors: conceptual and measurement issues. Stress Med. 1999;15:89–101.
Aroian KJ, Templin TN, Hough ES. Longitudinal study of daily hassles in adolescents in Arab Muslim immigrant families. J Immigr Minor Health. 2014;16:831–8. doi:10.1007/s10903-013-9795-7.
Stefanek E, Strohmeier D, Fandrem H, Spiel C. Depressive symptoms in native and immigrant adolescents: the role of critical life events and daily hassles. Anxiety Stress Coping. 2012;25(2):201–17.
Dubois DL, Felner RD, Brand S, Adan AM, Evans EG. A prospective study of life stress, social support, and adaptation in early adolescence. Child Dev. 1992;63:542–57.
Motto-Stefanidi F, Asendorpf JB, Masten AS. The adaptation and well-being of adolescent immigrants in Greek schools: a multilevel, longitudinal study of risks and resources. Dev Psychopathol. 2012;24:451–73.
Oppedal B, Røysamb E. Mental health, life stress and social support among young Norwegian adolescents with immigrant and host national background. Scand J Psychol. 2004;45:131–44.
Sirin SR, Ryce P, Gupta T, Rogers-Sirin L. The role of acculturative stress on mental health symptoms for immigrant adolescents: a longitudinal investigation. Dev Psychol. 2013;49(4):736–48.
Smokowski PR, Rose RA, Bacallao ML. Influence of risk factors and cultural assets on Latino adolescents’ trajectories of self-esteem and internalizing symptoms. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2010;41(2):133–55.
Suárez-Morales L, Lopez B. The impact of acculturative stress and daily hassles on pre-adolescent psychological adjustment: examining anxiety symptoms. J Prim Prev. 2009;30:335–49.
Suárez-Orozco C, Gaytan FX, Bang HJ, Pakes J, O’Connor E, Rhodes J. Academic trajectories of newcomer immigrant youth. Dev Psychol. 2010;46(3):602–18. doi:10.1037/a0018201.
Miller KE, Rasco LM. An ecological framework for addressing the mental health needs of refugee communities. In: Miller KE, Rasco LM, editors. The mental health of refugees: ecological approaches to healing and adaptation. London: Lawrence Erlbaum; 2004.
Suárez-Orozco C, Bang HJ, Onaga M. Contributions to variations in academic trajectories amongst recent immigrant youth. Int J Behav Dev. 2010;34(6):500–10. doi:10.1177/0165025409360304.
Miller KE, Rasmussen A. War exposure, daily stressors, and mental health in conflict and post-conflict settings: bridging the divide between trauma-focused and psychosocial frameworks. Soc Sci Med. 2010;70(1):7–16. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.09.029.
Grant KE, Compas BE, Thurm AE, McMahon SD, Gipson PY. Stressors and child and adolescent psychopathology: measurement issues and prospective effects. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2004;33(2):412–25.
Lustig SL, Kia-Keating M, Knight WG, Geltman P, Ellis H, Kinzie JD, Keane T, Saxe GN. Review of child and adolescent refugee mental health. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004;43(1):24–36.
García-Coll C, Marks A, editors. The immigrant paradox in children and adolescents: Is becoming American a developmental risk? Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2011.
Child Trends. Immigrant children; 2014. Retrieved from http://www.childtrends.org/?indicators=immigrant-children-sthash.BQBQK7tl.dpuf
Berry JW. Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Appl Psychol. 1997;46(1):5–34.
Berry JW, Phinney JS, Sam DL, Vedder P. Immigrant youth: acculturation, identity, and adaptation. Appl Psychol. 2006;55(3):303–32.
Ramirez Garcia JI, Manongdo JA, Cruz-Santiago M. The family as mediator of the impact of parent-youth acculturation/enculturation and inner-city stressors on Mexican American youth substance use. Cult Divers Ethn Minor Psychol. 2010;16(3):404–12.
Rogers-Sirin L, Ryce P, Sirin SR. Acculturation, acculturative stress, and cultural mismatch and their influences on immigrant children and adolescents’ well-being. In: Dimitrova R, Bender M, van de Vijver F, editors. Global perspectives on well-being in immigrant families. New York, NY: Springer; 2014. p. 11–30.
Nair RL, White RMB, Roosa MW, Zeiders KH. Cultural stressors and mental health symptoms among Mexican Americans: a prospective study examining the impact of the family and neighborhood context. J Youth Adolesc. 2012;42:1611–23.
Zeiders KH, Umana-Taylor AJ, Updegraff KA, Jahromi LB. An idiographic and nomothetic approach to the study of Mexican-origin adolescent mothers’ socio-cultural stressors and adjustment. Prev Sci. 2015;16(3): 386–396.
Prado G, Huang S, Schwartz SJ, Maldonado-Molina MM, Bandiera FC, de la Rosa M, Pantin H. What accounts for differences in substance use among U.S.-born and immigrant Hispanic adolescents?: results from a longitudinal prospective cohort study. J Adolesc Health. 2009;45(2):118–25.
Hussey JM, Hallfors DD, Waller MW, Iritani BJ, Halpern CT, Bauer DJ. Sexual behavior and drug use among Asian and Latino adolescents: association with immigrant status. J Immigr Minor Health. 2007;9:85–94.
Blake SM, Ledsky R, Goodenow C, O’Donnell L. Recency of immigration, substance use, and sexual behavior among Massachusetts adolescents. Am J Public Health. 2001;91(5):794–8.
Flook L, Fuligni AJ. Family and school spillover in adolescents’ daily lives. Child Dev. 2008;79(3):776–87.
Suárez-Orozco C, Rhodes J, Milburn M. Unraveling the immigrant paradox: academic engagement and disengagement among recently arrived immigrant youth. Youth Soc. 2009;41(2):151–85. doi:10.1177/0044118X09333647.
Grant KE, Behling S, Gipson PY, Ford RE. Adolescent stress: the relationship between stress and mental health problems. Prev Res. 2005;12(3):1–4.
American Psychological Association, Presidential Task Force on Immigration. Crossroads: the psychology of immigration in the new century; 2012. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/topics/immigration/report.aspx
Nielsen SS, Norredam M, Christiansen KL, Obel C, Hilden J, Krasnik A. Organisational factors influencing asylum-seeking children’s mental health. BMC Public Health. 2008;8:293.
Alegria M, Canino G, Shrout PE, Woo M, Duan N, Vila D, Torres M, Chen CN, Meng X. Prevalence of mental illness in immigrant and nonimmigrant U.S. Latino groups. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165:359–69. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07040704.
Kim YM, Newhill C, López F. Latino acculturation and perceived educational achievement: evidence for a bidimensional model of acculturation among Mexican-American children. J Hum Behav Soc Environ. 2013;23(1):37–52.
Fazel M, Reed RV, Panter-Brick C, Stein A. Mental health of displaced and refugee children resettled in high-income countries: Risk and protective factors. Lancet. 2012;379:266–82. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60051-2.
Mares S, Jureidini J. Psychiatric assessment of children and families in immigration detention—clinical, administrative and ethical issues. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2004;28(6):520–6.
Teicher MH, Andersen SL, Polcari A, Anderson CM, Navalta CP, Kim DM. The neurobiological consequences of early stress and childhood maltreatment. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2003;27(1):33–44.
Betancourt TS, Newnham EA, Layne CM, Kim S, Steinberg AM, Ellis H, Birman D. Trauma history and psychopathology in war-affected refugee children referred for trauma-related mental health services in the United States. J Trauma Stress. 2012;25:682–90. doi:10.1002/jts.21749.
Ellis BH, MacDonald HZ, Lincoln AK, Cabral HJ. Mental health of Somali adolescent refugees: the role of trauma, stress, and perceived discrimination. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2008;76(2):184–93. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.76.2.184.
Barowsky EI, McIntyre T. Migration and relocation trauma of young refugees and asylum seekers: Awareness as prelude to effective intervention. Child Educ. 2010;86(3):161–8. doi:10.1080/00094056.2010.10523138.
Bronstein I, Montgomery P. Psychological distress in refugee children: a systematic review. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2011;14:44–56. doi:10.007/s10567-010-0081-0.
Bean T, Derluyn I, Eurelings-Bontekoe E, Broekaert E, Spinhoven P. Comparing psychological distress, traumatic stress reactions, and experiences of unaccompanied refugee minors with experiences of adolescents accompanied by parents. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2007;195(4):288–97.
Heptinstall E, Sethna V, Taylor E. PTSD and depression in refugee children: associations with pre-migration trauma and post-migration stress. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004;13(6):373–80. doi:10.1007/s00787-004-0422-y.
Fazel M, Wheeler J, Danesh J. Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7000 refugees resettled in western countries: a systematic review. The Lancet. 2005;365:1309–14.
Geltman PL, Grant-Knight W, Mehta SD, Lloyd-Travaglini C, Lustig S, Landgraf JM, Wise PH. The “lost boys of Sudan”: functional and behavioral health of unaccompanied refugee minors resettled in the United States. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159(6):585–91.
Hodes M, Jagdev D, Chandra N, Cunniff A. Risk and resilience for psychological distress amongst unaccompanied asylum seeking adolescents. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2008;49(7):723–32.
Porter M, Haslam N. Predisplacement and postdisplacement factors associated with mental health of refugees and internally displaced persons: a meta-analysis. J Am Med Assoc. 2005;294(5):602–12.
Gonzales NA, George PE, Fernandez AC, Huerta VL. Minority adolescent stress and coping. Prev Res. 2005;12(3).
Betancourt TS, McBain R, Newnham EA, Brennan RT. Trajectories of internalizing problems in war-affected Sierra Leonean youth: examining conflict and postconflict factors. Child Dev. 2013;84(2):455–70.
Ehntholt KA, Yule W. Practitioner review: assessment and treatment of refugee children and adolescents who have experienced war-related trauma. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2006;47(12):1197–210. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01638.x.
Fernando GA, Miller KE, Berger DE. Growing pains: the impact of disaster-related and daily stressors on the psychological and psychosocial functioning of youth in Sri Lanka. Child Dev. 2010;81(4):1192–210.
Rasmussen A, Nguyen L, Wilkinson J, Vundla S, Raghavan S, Miller KE, Keller AS. Rates and impact of trauma and current stressors among Darfuri refugees in eastern Chad. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2010;80(2):227–36. doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01026.x.
Miller KE, Omidian P, Rasmussen A, Yaqubi A, Daudzai H. Daily stressors, war experiences, and mental health in Afghanistan. Transcult Psychiatry. 2008;45(4):611–38. doi:10.1177/1363461508100785.
Kia-Keating M, Ellis BH. Belonging and connection to school in resettlement: young refugees, school belonging, and psychosocial adjustment. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2007;12:29–43.
UNHCR. UNHCR statistical yearbook. Geneva: UNHCR; 2001.
Derluyn I, Broekaert E. Unaccompanied refugee children and adolescents: the glaring contrast between a legal and a psychological perspective. Int J Law Psychiatry. 2008;31:319–30.
Michelson D, Sclare I. Psychological needs, service utilization, and provision of care in a specialist mental health clinic for young refugees: a comparative study. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2009;14(2):273–96.
Sourander A. Behavior problems and traumatic events of unaccompanied refugee minors. Child Abuse Negl. 1998;22(7):719–27.
Seglem KB, Oppedal B, Raedar S. Predictors of depressive symptoms among resettled unaccompanied refugee minors. Scand J Psychol. 2011;52:457–64.
Al-Krenawi A, Lev-Wiesel R, Mahmud AS. Psychological symptomatology among Palestinian adolescents living with political violence. Child Adolesc Mental Health. 2008;12(1):27–31. doi:10.1111/j.1475-3588.2006.00416.x.
Miller KE, Fernando GA, Berger DE. Daily stressors in the lives of Sri Lankan youth: a mixed methods approach to assessment in a context of war and natural disaster. Intervention. 2009;7(3):187–203.
Thabet AA, Vostanis P. Post traumatic stress disorder reactions in children of war: a longitudinal study. Child Abuse Negl. 2000;24(2):291–8.
O’Leary AO. Undocumented immigrants in the United States: an encyclopedia of their experience. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood; 2014.
Sommers-Flanagan J, Sommers-Flanagan R. Clinical interviewing. 4th ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley; 2009.
Matsumoto D, Juang L. Culture and psychology. 3rd ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning; 2004.
Pomerantz AM. Clinical psychology: science, practice, and culture: DSM-5 update. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 2014.
Bernal G, Sáez-Santiago E. Culturally centered psychosocial interventions. J Community Psychol. 2006;34(2):121–32. doi:10.1002/jcop.20096.
Sue S, Zane N, Nagayama Hall GC, Berger LK. The case for cultural competency in psychotherapeutic interventions. Annu Rev Psychol. 2009;60(1):525–48. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych60.110707.163651.
Katz V. Children as brokers of their immigrant families’ health-care connections. Soc Probl. 2014;61(2):194–215. doi:10.1525/sp.2014.12026.
Morales A, Yakushko OF, Castro AJ. Language brokering among Mexican-immigrant families in the Midwest: a multiple case study. Couns Psychol. 2012;40(4):520–53. doi:10.1177/0011000011417312.
Rainey VR, Flores V, Morrison RG, David E, Silton RL. Mental health risk factors associated with childhood language brokering. J Multiling Multicult Dev. 2014;35(5):463–78. doi:10.1080/01434632.2013.870180.
Bauer AM, Alegría M. Impact of patient language proficiency and interpreter service use on the quality of psychiatric care: a systematic review. Psychiatr Serv. 2010;61(8):765–73. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.61.8.765.
Searight HR, Searight BK. Working with foreign language interpreters: recommendations for psychological practice. Prof Psychol Res Pr. 2009;40(5):444–51. doi:10.1037/a0016788.
Morales A, Hanson WE. Language brokering: an integrative review of the literature. Hisp J Behav Sci. 2005;27(4):471–503. doi:10.1177/0739986305281333.
Patel SG, Tabb KM, Strambler MJ, Eltareb F. Newcomer immigrant adolescents and ambiguous discrimination the role of cognitive appraisal. J Adolesc Res. 2015;30(1):7–30.
Patel SG, Clarke AV, Eltareb F, Macciomei EE, Wickham R. Newcomer immigrant adolescents: a mixed-methods examination of family stressors and school outcomes. Sch Psychol Q. 2016;31(2):163–80.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Staudenmeyer, A., Macciomei, E., Del Cid, M., Patel, S.G. (2016). Immigrant Youth Life Stressors. In: Patel, S., Reicherter, D. (eds) Psychotherapy for Immigrant Youth. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24693-2_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24693-2_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-24691-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-24693-2
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)