Abstract
South Africa is a country in nutrition and economic transition. Undernutrition, particularly stunting and micronutrient deficiencies, coexist with overweight and obesity, which have been on the rise over the past few decades. The dual nature of malnutrition in South Africa comes with a complex series of epidemiological and health care challenges. Overweight and obesity are associated with chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, amongst others. In the context of food insecurity and the HIV pandemic which has been estimated to affect 2.4 % of children aged between 0 and 14 years, undernutrition persists, particularly among young children. Both forms of malnutrition are driven by factors which are biological, behavioural, societal and structural. This chapter addresses the following issues: (1) An overview of the historical context and the current socio-economic and political factors which shape food and nutrition security in South Africa. (2) An overview of the prevalence of over- and undernutrition in South Africa over the past few decades with special emphasis on the current situation. (3) How South Africa has constitutionally guaranteed every South African citizen “the right to have access to sufficient food, and the right to basic nutrition”, and how the State has adopted legislative measures to achieve progressive realisation of these rights.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Blaauw L, Gilson L (2001) Health and poverty reduction policies in South Africa. Johannesburg: centre for health policy. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/17848/. Accessed 12 Jan 2015
Bradshaw D, Groenwald P, Laubscher T et al (2000) Initial burden of diseases estimates for South Africa. S Afr Med J 93(9):682–688
Caradas AA, Lambert EV, Charlton KE (2001) Ethnic comparison of eating attitudes and associated body image concerns in South African schoolgirls. J Hum Nutr Diet 14:111–120
Cordain L, Eaton SB, Sebastian A et al (2005) Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the 21st century. Am J Clin Nutr 81(2):341–354
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (2014) The national policy on food and nutrition security for the Republic of South Africa. http://www.nda.agric.za/docs/media/NATIONAL%20POLICYon%20food%20and%20nutrirition%20security.pdf. Accessed 13 Jan 2015
Department of Education (2009) The national school nutrition programme: a guide for secondary schools. Republic of South Africa. http://www.education.gov.za/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=AzMOJpmC/dE%3D. Accessed 25 Feb 2015
Department of Health (2002) The integrated nutrition programme. National directorate: nutrition and provincial nutrition units. http://www.westerncape.gov.za/text/2003/nutrition_strategic_plan_2001.pdf. Accessed 25 Feb 2015
Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (2005) National food consumption survey fortification baseline. S Afr J Clin Nutr ISSN (Print): 1607-0658, ISSN (Web): 2221–1268
Goedecke J, Jennings CL, Lambert EV (2006) Obesity in South Africa. In: Steyn K, Fourie J, Temple N (eds). Chronic diseases of lifestyle in South Africa: 1995–2005. MRC Technical Report. Cape Town: Medical Research Council
Hawkes C (2002) Marketing activities of global soft drink and fast food companies in emerging markets: a review. In: Globalization, diets, and non-communicable diseases. World Health Organization, Geneva
Health24 (2010) Fat South Africans in denial. http://www.health24.com/news/Weight_management_Obesity/1-955,58238.asp. Accessed 11 Jan 2015
Human Sciences Research Council (2013) The South African national health and nutrition examination survey. Human Sciences Research Council. HSRC press. http://www.hsrc.ac.za/uploads/pageNews/72/SANHANES-launch%20edition%20(online%20version).pdf. Accessed 13 Jan 2015
Igumbor EU, Sanders D, Puoane T et al (2012) “Big food”, the consumer food environment, health, and the policy response in South Africa. PLoS Med 9:e1001253
International Trade Centre (2013) ITC investment map. Market Analysis and Research, International Trade Centre, Geneva. http://legacy.intracen.org/marketanalysis/default.aspx. Accessed 24 Feb 2015
Joosten KF, Hulst JM (2008) Prevalence of malnutrition in pediatric hospital patients. Curr Opin Pediatr 20(5):590–596
Koch J (2011) The food and security policy context in South Africa. International policy centre for inclusive growth. http://www.ipcundp.org/pub/IPCCountryStudy21.pdf. Accessed 11 Jan 2015
Labadarios D, Steyn NP, Maunder E et al (2005) The National Food Consumption Survey (NFCS): South Africa, 1999. Pub Health Nutr 8(5):533–543
Lake A, Townshend T (2006) Obesogenic environments: exploring the built and food environments. J R Soc Promot health 126:262–267
Muzigaba M, Puoane T (2013) Nutrition education and the cost of healthy food—Do they collide? Lessons learned in a predominantly black urban township in South Africa. In: Caron RM, Merrick Joav (eds) Building community capacity: Case examples from around the world New York: Nova
Ndlovu PP, Roos SD (1999) Perceptions of black women of obesity as a health risk. Curationis 22:47–55
Peer N, Steyn K, Lombard C et al (2012) Rising diabetes prevalence among urban-dwelling black South Africans. PLoS ONE 7(9)
Puoane T, Steyn K, Bradshaw D et al (2002) Obesity in South Africa: The South African demographic and health survey. Obes Res 10(10):1038–1048
Puoane T, Fourie MJ, Shapiro M et al (2005) Big is beautiful—An exploration with urban black community health workers in a South African township. SAJCN 18(1):7–15
Puoane T, Tsolekile L, Caldbick et al (2012) Chronic non communicable diseases in South Africa: progress and challenges. S Afr Health Rev. http://reference.sabinet.co.za/webx/access/electronic_journals/healthr/healthr_2012_2013_a11.pdf. Accessed 12 Jan 2015
Saloojee H, De Maayer T, Garenne ML, Kahn K (2007) What’s new? Investigating risk factors for severe childhood malnutrition in a high HIV prevalence South African setting. Scand J Public Health Suppl 69:96–106
South African Human Rights Commission (2004) The right to food. In: 5th Economic and Social Rights Report Series. http://www.sahrc.org.za/home/21/files/Reports/5th_esr_food.pdf. Accessed 13 Jan 2015
Statistics South Africa (2011) General household survey. http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/p0318/p0318april2012.pdf Accessed 12 Jan 2015
Steyn N, Labadarios D (2011) Street foods and fast foods: how much do South Africans of different ethnic groups consume? Ethn Dis 21(4):462–466
Steyn NP, Burger S, Monyeki KD et al (2001) Variation in dietary intake of the adult population of Dikgale. S Afr J Clin Nutr 14(4):140–145
Steyn P, Bradshaw D, Norman R et al (2006) Dietary changes and the health transition in South Africa: implications for Health policy. South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town. http://www.sahealthinfo.co.za/lifestyle/dietaccess.pdf. Accessed 10 Jan 2015
Swart R, Sanders D, McLachaln M (2008) Nutrition: A primary Health Care Perspective. In: Barron P (ed) South African Health Review. Health systems trust, South Africa. http://www.hst.org.za/uploads/files/chap9_08.pdf. Accessed 14 Feb 2015
Terreblanche S (2004) A history of inequality in South Africa, 1652–2002. University of Natal Press and KMM Review Publishing Company, Pietermaritzburg
The Heart and Stroke Foundation South Africa (2015) The Heart and Stroke Foundation Programme portal. http://www.heartfoundation.co.za/our-programmes. Accessed 16 Jan 2015
The World Bank (2015) South Africa: Country at a glance http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/southafrica. Accessed 10 Jan 2015
UNICEF (2009) Tracking progress on child and maternal nutrition. http://www.unicef.org/publications/index.html. Accessed 13 Jan 2015
Wehler CA, Scott RI, Anderson JJ (1992) The community childhood hunger identification project: a model of domestic hunger—Demonstration project in Seattle. Washington. J Nutr Educ 24(1):29S–35S
WHO (2003) Diet, nutrition and prevention of chronic diseases. Report of a joint
World Trade Organization (2009) Trade Policy Review: Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa and Swaziland. Geneva: World Trade Organization. https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp322_crc_e.htm. Accessed Feb 20 2015
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Muzigaba, M., Puoane, T., Sanders, D. (2016). The Paradox of Undernutrition and Obesity in South Africa: A Contextual Overview of Food Quality, Access and Availability in the New Democracy. In: Caraher, M., Coveney, J. (eds) Food Poverty and Insecurity: International Food Inequalities. Food Policy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23859-3_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23859-3_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-23858-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-23859-3
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)