Abstract
Route directions research has mostly focused on urban space so far, highlighting human concepts of street networks based on a range of recurring elements such as route segments, decision points, landmarks and actions. We explored the way route directions reflect the features of space and activity in the context of mountaineering. Alpine route directions are only rarely segmented through decision points related to reorientation; instead, segmentation is based on changing topography. Segments are described with various degrees of detail, depending on difficulty. For landmark description, direction givers refer to properties such as type of surface, dimension, colour of landscape features; terrain properties (such as snow) can also serve as landmarks. Action descriptions reflect the geometrical conceptualization of landscape features and dimensionality of space. Further, they are very rich in the semantics of manner of motion.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Allen, G.L.: Spatial abilities, cognitive maps, and wayfinding: Bases for individual differences in spatial cognition and behavior. In: Golledge, R. (ed.) Wayfinding Behavior: Cognitive Maps and Other Spatial Processes, pp. 46–80. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore (1999)
Allen, G.L.: Principles and practices for communicating route knowledge. Appl. Cogn. Psychol. 14(4), 333–359 (2000)
Bainbridge, S.: Romantic writers and mountaineering. Romanticism 18(1), 1–15 (2012)
Beavers, J., Levin, B., Tham, S.W.: The typology of motion expressions revisited. J. Linguist. 46(02), 331–377 (2010)
Bromhead, H.: Ethnogeographical categories in English and Pitjantjatjara/Yankunytjatjara. Lang. Sci. 33(1), 58–75 (2011)
Brosset, D., Claramunt, C., Saux, E.: Wayfinding in natural and urban environments: a comparative study. Cartographica: Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Geovisualization 43(1), 21–30 (2008)
Bubenhofer, N., Scheurer, P.: Warum man in die Berge geht. Das kommunikative Muster ‘Begründen’ in alpinistischen Texten. In: Hauser, S., Kleinberger U., Kersten S.R. (eds.) Musterwandel – Sortewandeln. Aktuelle Tendenzen der diachronen Text(sorten)linguistik, pp. 245–275. Peter Land, Bern (2014)
Bubenhofer, N., Schröter, J.: Die Alpen. Sprachgebrauchsgeschichte–Korpuslinguistik–Kulturanalyze. In: Historische Sprachwissenschaft. Erkenntnisinteressen, Grundlagenprobleme, Desiderate. Studia Linguistica Germanica, vol. 110, pp. 63–287 (2012)
Clark, H.H.: Using Language. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1996)
Comber, A.J., Wadsworth, R.A., Fisher, P.F.: Using semantics to clarify the conceptual confusion between land cover and land use: the example of ‘forest’. J. Land Use Sci. 3(2–3), 185–198 (2008)
Crampton, J.: A cognitive analysis of wayfinding expertise. Cartographica: Int. J. Geog. Inf. Geovisualization 29(3), 46–65 (1992)
Denis, M.: The description of routes: a cognitive approach to the production of spatial discourse. Cahiers de psychologie cognitive 16(4), 409–458 (1997)
Denis, M., Pazzaglia, F., Cornoldi, C., Bertolo, L.: Spatial discourse and navigation: An analysis of route directions in the city of Venice. Appl. Cogn. Psychol. 13(2), 145–174 (1999)
Derungs, C., Purves, R.S.: From text to landscape: locating, identifying and mapping the use of landscape features in a Swiss Alpine corpus. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci. 28(6), 1272–1293 (2014)
Egenhofer, M.J., Mark, D.M.: Naive geography. In: Frank, A.U., Kuhn, W. (eds.) COSIT 1995. LNCS, vol. 988, pp. 1–15. Springer, Berlin (1995)
Hirtle, S.C., Timpf, S., Tenbrink, T.: The effect of activity on relevance and granularity for navigation. In: Egenhofer, M., Giudice, N., Moratz, R., Worboys, M. (eds.) COSIT 2011. LNCS, vol. 6899, pp. 73–89. Springer, Heidelberg (2011)
Hirtle, S., Richter, K.F., Srinivas, S., Firth, R.: This is the tricky part: When directions become difficult. J. Spatial Inf. Sci. 1, 53–73 (2015)
Holton, G.: Differing conceptualizations of the same landscape: the Athabaskan and eskimo language boundary in Alaska. In: Mark, D.M., Turk, A.G., Burenhult, N., Stea, D. (eds.) Landscape in Language: Transdisciplinary Perspectives, pp. 225–239. John Benjamins Publishing, Amsterdam (2011)
Hölscher, C., Tenbrink, T., Wiener, J.M.: Would you follow your own route description? Cognitive strategies in urban route planning. Cognition 121(2), 228–247 (2011)
Jackendoff, R.S.: Semantics and Cognition. MIT Press, Cambridge (1983)
Jett, S.C.: Landscape Embedded in Language: the Navajo of Canyon de Chelly, Arizona, and their named places. In: Mark, D.M., Turk, A.G., Burenhult, N., Stea, D. (eds.) Landscape in Language: Transdisciplinary Perspectives, pp. 327–343. John Benjamins Publishing, Amsterdam (2011)
Kearns, G.: The imperial subject: geography and travel in the work of Mary Kingsley and Halford Mackinder. Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr. 22(4), 450–472 (1997)
Kray, C., Fritze, H., Fechner, T., Schwering, A., Li, R., Anacta, V.J.: Transitional spaces: between indoor and outdoor spaces. In: Tenbrink, T., Stell, J., Galton, A., Wood, Z. (eds.) COSIT 2013. LNCS, vol. 8116, pp. 14–32. Springer, Heidelberg (2013)
Klippel, A., Winter, S.: Structural salience of landmarks for route directions. In: Cohn, A.G., Mark, D.M. (eds.) COSIT 2005. LNCS, vol. 3693, pp. 347–362. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)
Krippendorff, K.: Content Analysis: An Introduction to its Methodology, 2nd edn. Sage, London (2004)
Levinson, S.C.: Landscape, seascape and the ontology of places on Rossel Island, Papua New Guinea. Lang. Sci. 30(2–3), 256–290 (2008)
Lakusta, L., Landau, B.: Starting at the end: The importance of goals in spatial language. Cognition 96(1), 1–33 (2005)
Landau, B., Jackendoff, R.: “What” and “Where” in spatial language and spatial cognition. Behav. Brain Sci. 16(2), 217–265 (1993)
Lovelace, K.L., Hegarty, M., Montello, D.R.: Elements of good route directions in familiar and unfamiliar environments. In: Freksa, C., Mark, D.M. (eds.) COSIT 1999. LNCS, vol. 1661, pp. 65–82. Springer, Heidelberg (1999)
Mackinder, H.J.: A journey to the summit of Mount Kenya, British East Africa. Geogr. J. 15(5), 453–476 (1900)
Mark, D.M., Turk, A.G., Burenhult, N., Stea, D. (eds.): Landscape in Language: Transdisciplinary Perspectives. John Benjamins, Amsterdam (2011)
Montello, D.R.: Scale and multiple psychologies of space. In: Campari, I., Frank, A.U. (eds.) COSIT 1993. LNCS, vol. 716, pp. 312–321. Springer, Heidelberg (1993)
Montello, D.R.: Cognitive geography. In: Kitchin, R., Thrift, N. (eds.) International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, vol. 2, pp. 160–166. Elsevier Science, Oxford (2009)
Montello, D.R., Sullivan, C.N., Pick, H.L.: Recall memory for topographic maps and natural terrain: Effects of experience and task performance. Cartographica 31, 18–36 (1994)
Papafragou, A., Massey, C., Gleitman, L.: Shake, rattle, ‘n’roll: The representation of motion in language and cognition. Cognition 84(2), 189–219 (2002)
Piotrowski, M., Läubli, S., Volk, M.: Towards mapping of alpine route descriptions. In: 6th Workshop on Geographic Information Retrieval. ACM, New York (2010)
Raubal, M., Worboys, M.F.: A formal model of the process of wayfinding in built environments. In: Freksa, C., Mark, D.M. (eds.) COSIT 1999. LNCS, vol. 1661, pp. 381–399. Springer, Heidelberg (1999)
Richter, K.-F., Klippel, A.: A model for context-specific route directions. In: Freksa, C., Knauff, M., Krieg-Brückner, B., Nebel, B., Barkowsky, T. (eds.) Spatial Cognition IV. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 3343, pp. 58–78. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)
Richter, K.F., Winter, S.: Landmarks. GIScience for Intelligent Services. Springer International Publishing, Switzerland (2014)
Sarjakoski, T., Kettunen, P., Halkosaari, H.M., Laakso, M., Rönneberg, M., Stigmar, H., Sarjakoski, T.: Landmarks and a hiking ontology to support wayfinding in a national park during different seasons. In: Raubal, M., Mark, D.M., Frank, A.U. (eds.) Cognitive and Linguistic Aspects of Geographic Space, pp. 99–119. Springer, Heidelberg (2013)
Smith, B., Mark, D.M.: Do mountains exist? Towards an ontology of landforms. Environ. Plann. B 30(3), 411–428 (2003)
Slobin, D.I.: The many ways to search for a frog: Linguistic typology and the expression of motion events. In: Strömqvist, S., Verhoeven, L. (eds.) Relating Events in Narrative: Typological and Contextual Perspectives, pp. 219–257. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc., Mahwah (2004)
Talmy, L.: Toward a Cognitive Semantics. MIT Press, Cambridge (2000)
Tenbrink, T.: Cognitive Discourse Analysis: Accessing cognitive representations and processes through language data. Lang. Cogn. 7(1), 98–137 (2015)
Tenbrink, T.: Relevance in spatial navigation and communication. In: Stachniss, C., Schill, K., Uttal, D. (eds.) Spatial Cognition 2012. LNCS, vol. 7463, pp. 358–377. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)
Tenbrink, T., Bergmann, E., Konieczny, L.: Wayfinding and description strategies in an unfamiliar complex building. In: Carlson, L., Hölscher, C., Shipley, T.F. (eds.) Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, pp. 1262–1267. Cognitive Science Society, Austin (2011)
Timpf, S., Frank, A.U.: Using hierarchical spatial data structures for hierarchical spatial reasoning. In: Hirtle, S.C., Frank, A.U. (eds.) COSIT 1997. LNCS, vol. 1329, pp. 69–83. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg (1997)
Tversky, B., Lee, P.U.: How space structures language. In: Freksa, C., Habel, C., Wender, K.F. (eds.) Spatial Cognition 1998. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 1404, pp. 157–175. Springer, Heidelberg (1998)
Van der Zee, E., Nikanne, U., Sassenberg, U.: Grain levels in English path curvature descriptions and accompanying iconic gestures. J. Spat. Inf. Sci. 1, 95–113 (2015)
Whymper, E.: Scrambles Amongst the Alps in the Years 1860-69. J. Murray, London (1872)
Williams, M., Kuhn, W., Painho, M.: The influence of landscape variation on landform categorization. J. Spat. Inf. 5, 51–73 (2012)
Acknowledgements
Ekaterina Egorova is thankful for the support of the University Research Priority Programme “Language and Space” of the University of Zurich.
We would like to thank all four referees of this paper for their constructive and useful pointers which helped improve the final version of this work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this paper
Cite this paper
Egorova, E., Tenbrink, T., Purves, R.S. (2015). Where Snow is a Landmark: Route Direction Elements in Alpine Contexts. In: Fabrikant, S., Raubal, M., Bertolotto, M., Davies, C., Freundschuh, S., Bell, S. (eds) Spatial Information Theory. COSIT 2015. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 9368. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23374-1_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23374-1_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-23373-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-23374-1
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)