Abstract
After fifteen years of transformation, which started in 1990, the Polish economy was at a point that encouraged careful reflection on the directions and priorities of the economic system’s evolution. The transformation process has fundamentally restructured the economy, both in regulatory and real spheres. The numerous achievements of the period of economic restructuring are undeniable. At the same time, however, we cannot ignore all the missed opportunities and problems that are still awaiting solution. This brings up the question about the hierarchy of factors that will determine further stages of the transformation.
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Notes
- 1.
The present study has been written as part of the State Committee for Scientific Research’s research project entitled “Polish companies’ strategies towards foreign investors’ expansion” (No. 2 H02D 011 24). The article is a considerably modified version of “Pro-competitive policy in the context of EU integration and globalization,” published by Gospodarka Narodowa, December 12, 2000.
Karpiński (1992, 90–103) sees fiscal, monetary, customs, price, employment, social, regional, and investment policies as traditional macroeconomic policies. Scientific/technological and innovation policy, structural adjustment policy, restructuring policy, and environmental policy are, in his view, modern macroeconomic policies. According to the same author, economic policies of particular industries include: industrial policy with its numerous varieties, such as energy and raw material policies, as well as agricultural, transport, and trade policies.
- 2.
Using the term enclave model with reference to special treatment of the export sector is analogous to favoring the enclave model as a way of treating foreign direct investment in central European countries. In the case of foreign investment, the enclave model implies a different treatment of foreign and domestic investors. The opposite of the enclave model is treating foreign direct investment on an equal basis with local investment (national treatment) (Samonis 1992).
- 3.
It should be pointed out that these expectations are not always sufficiently realized. The threats connected with the branch structure of foreign investment in Poland, particularly with the process of “servicization,” are highlighted by Kotowicz-Jawor (2001).
- 4.
It is emphasized in the related literature that a limited export propensity of Poland-based companies with foreign capital may result from the fact that, owing to a large domestic market, their sales strategy is oriented toward the Polish market. Kopeć (2000, 189) writes: “In the case of Poland, the motive of a large domestic market generally prevailed. On the other hand, because of a significantly smaller absorption of the Hungarian and Czech markets, foreign investors’ strategy was to consider the possibility of undertaking export activity.”
- 5.
- 6.
The aspect of competitiveness is also extremely important with reference to regions and regional policy (see Domański 1999).
- 7.
The relationship between entrepreneurship and the institutional structure of markets is discussed by Noga (2001).
- 8.
Transaction costs can also be reduced thanks to social capital, which is responsible for generating social confidence (see Matysiak 1999).
- 9.
This section of the text is based on an expert analysis commissioned by the Prime Minister’s Socio-Economic Strategy Council (Rada Strategii Społeczno-Gospodarczej przy Prezesie Rady Ministrów).
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Gorynia, M. (2016). Polish Economic Policy, Internationalization, and Globalization. In: Katsikides, S., Hanappi, H. (eds) Society and Economics in Europe. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21431-3_3
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