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Pediatric Nuclear Medicine in Acute Clinical Setting

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Clinical Nuclear Medicine in Pediatrics

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Abstract

Nuclear medicine imaging techniques provide invaluable information in pediatric patients in the acute clinical setting. Brain scintigraphy is a simple, noninvasive, reliable, and accurate ancillary test to demonstrate whether brain perfusion is present in patients that have been clinically diagnosed with brain death. Ventilation/perfusion lung scan is a simple and safe examination method that entails less radiation exposure than computerized tomography (CT) angiography and can be used to test for pulmonary emboli in children. Hepatobiliary scintigraphy is useful for evaluating acute cholecystitis, bile leakage post liver, and gallbladder operation and the identification of biliary patency in infants with suspicion for biliary atresia. 99mTc-pertechnetate is the most common and accurate noninvasive method to detect Meckel diverticulum containing ectopic gastric mucosa. 99mTc-RBCs scintigraphy is a sensitive imaging technique to investigate for the site of bleeding and may detect bleeding rates as low as 0.1–0.4 mL/min or may be positive in intermittent bleeding. Renal scan for evaluating acute pyelonephritis and renal transplant and bone scan for evaluating child abuse, acute osteomyelitis, traumatic lesion, sickle cell crises, and avascular necrosis are other examples of nuclear medicine applications in acute clinical setting.

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Abbreviations

18F-FDG:

F18-2-deoxy-2-[fluorine-18]fluoro-d-glucose

67Ga-citrate:

67Gallium-citrate

99mTc-DMSA:

99mTc-dimercaptosuccinic acid

99mTC-DTPA:

99mTc-diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid

99mTc-ECD:

99mTc-ethylcysteinate dimer

99mTc-GH:

99mTc-glucoheptonate

99mTc-HMPAO:

99mTc-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime

99mTc-MAA:

99mTc-macroaggregated albumin

99mTC-MAG3:

99m Tc-mercaptoacetyltriglycine

99mTc-MDP:

99mTc-methylene diphosphonate

99mTc-MDP:

99mTc-methylene diphosphonate

99mTc-RBC:

99m Tc-red blood cell

99mTc-SC:

99mTC-sulfur colloid

ALT:

Alanine aminotransferase

AST:

Aspartate aminotransferase

ATN:

Acute tubular necrosis

BrIDA:

99mTc-mebrofenin

CT:

Computerized tomography

DISIDA:

99mTc-disofenin

EANM:

European Association of Nuclear Medicine

FUO:

Fever of unknown origin

GI:

Gastrointestinal

LCP:

Legg-Calvé-Perthes

LEAP:

Low energy all-purpose

MD:

Meckel diverticulum

NaF:

18F-sodium fluoride

SPECT:

Single-photon emission tomography

TPN:

Total parenteral nutrition

US:

Ultrasound

WBC:

White blood cell

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada

    Reza Vali MD, FEBNM & Amer Shammas MD, FRCPC

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  1. Reza Vali MD, FEBNM
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  2. Amer Shammas MD, FRCPC
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Correspondence to Amer Shammas MD, FRCPC .

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  1. Nuclear Medicine, Second University of Naples, Napoli, Italy

    Luigi Mansi

  2. Nuclear Medicine, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milano, Italy

    Egesta Lopci

  3. Nuclear Medicine, Second University of Naples, Napoli, Italy

    Vincenzo Cuccurullo

  4. Nuclear Medicine, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milano, Italy

    Arturo Chiti

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Vali, R., Shammas, A. (2016). Pediatric Nuclear Medicine in Acute Clinical Setting. In: Mansi, L., Lopci, E., Cuccurullo, V., Chiti, A. (eds) Clinical Nuclear Medicine in Pediatrics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21371-2_5

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