Abstract
Bacterial cells are surrounded by a cellular envelope composed of the cytoplasmic membrane and the cell wall. The cytoplasmic membrane is a phospholipid bilayer that provides an appropriate matrix for membrane proteins involved in many different cellular processes. Membrane lipid composition can change in response to different environmental challenges such as the presence of toxic compounds (e.g., aromatic hydrocarbons). The changes in membrane fluidity induced by stressors are counteracted by the bacteria through variations in the length of fatty acids, in the degree of saturation, and in the cis/trans configuration of the unsaturated fatty acids. The presence of cyclopropane fatty acids and changes in phospholipid head groups has also been shown to be involved in this stress response. The adaptive alterations of the main membrane phospholipids and fatty acids present in the cytoplasmic membrane are the subject of this chapter.
References
Arendt W, Hebecker S, Jager S, Nimtz M, Moser J (2012) Resistance phenotypes mediated by aminoacyl-phosphatidylglycerol synthases. J Bacteriol 194:1401–1416
Arendt W, Groenewold MK, Hebecker S, Dickschat JS, Moser J (2013) Identification and characterization of a periplasmic aminoacyl-phosphatidylglycerol hydrolase responsible for Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipid homeostasis. J Biol Chem 288:24717–24730
Arias-Cartin R, Grimaldi S, Arnoux P, Guigliarelli B, Magalon A (2012) Cardiolipin binding in bacterial respiratory complexes: structural and functional implications. Biochim Biophys Acta 1817:1937–1949
Baumgarten T, Vazquez J, Bastisch C, Veron W, Feuilloley MG, Nietzsche S, Wick LY, Heipieper HJ (2012) Alkanols and chlorophenols cause different physiological adaptive responses on the level of cell surface properties and membrane vesicle formation in Pseudomonas putida DOT-T1E. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 93:837–845
Bernal P, Munoz-Rojas J, Hurtado A, Ramos JL, Segura A (2007a) A Pseudomonas putida cardiolipin synthesis mutant exhibits increased sensitivity to drugs related to transport functionality. Environ Microbiol 9:1135–1145
Bernal P, Segura A, Ramos JL (2007b) Compensatory role of the cis-trans-isomerase and cardiolipin synthase in the membrane fluidity of Pseudomonas putida DOT-T1E. Environ Microbiol 9:1658–1664
Chang YY, Cronan JE Jr (1999) Membrane cyclopropane fatty acid content is a major factor in acid resistance of Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol 33:249–259
Cronan JE, Rock CO (1996) Biosynthesis of membrane lipids. In: Neidhart FC, Curtis R III, Ingraham JL, Link ECC, Low KB, Magasanik WS, Reznikoff WS, Riley M, Schaechter M, Umbarger HE (eds) Escherichia coli and Salmonella: cellular and molecular biology. ASM Press, Washington, DC
Delcour J, Ferain T, Deghorain M, Palumbo E, Hols P (1999) The biosynthesis and functionality of the cell-wall of lactic acid bacteria. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 76:159–184
DiRusso CC, Black PN, Weimar JD (1999) Molecular inroads into the regulation and metabolism of fatty acids, lessons from bacteria. Prog Lipid Res 38:129–197
Dowhan W (2013) A retrospective: use of Escherichia coli as a vehicle to study phospholipid synthesis and function. Biochim Biophys Acta 1831:471–494
Geiger O, Lopez-Lara IM, Sohlenkamp C (2013) Phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis and function in bacteria. Biochim Biophys Acta 1831:503–513
Geske T, Vom Dorp K, Dormann P, Holzl G (2013) Accumulation of glycolipids and other non-phosphorous lipids in Agrobacterium tumefaciens grown under phosphate deprivation. Glycobiology 23:69–80
Ghorbal SK, Chatti A, Sethom MM, Maalej L, Mihoub M, Kefacha S, Feki M, Landoulsi A, Hassen A (2013) Changes in membrane fatty acid composition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in response to UV-C radiations. Curr Microbiol 67:112–117
Hancock R, Karunaratne D, Bernegger-Egli C (1994) Molecular organization and structural role of outer membrane macromolecules. In: Ghuysen JM, Hakenbeck R (eds) Bacterial cell wall. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 263–279
Hannich JT, Umebayashi K, Riezman H (2011) Distribution and functions of sterols and sphingolipids. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 3:a004697
Heipieper HJ, Meinhardt F, Segura A (2003) The cis-trans isomerase of unsaturated fatty acids in Pseudomonas and Vibrio: biochemistry, molecular biology and physiological function of a unique stress adaptive mechanism. FEMS Microbiol Lett 229:1–7
Heipieper HJ, Neumann G, Kabelitz N, Kastner M, Richnow HH (2004) Carbon isotope fractionation during cis-trans isomerization of unsaturated fatty acids in Pseudomonas putida. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 66:285–290
Inoue K, Matsuzaki H, Matsumoto K, Shibuya I (1997) Unbalanced membrane phospholipid compositions affect transcriptional expression of certain regulatory genes in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 179:2872–2878
Junker F, Ramos JL (1999) Involvement of the cis/trans isomerase Cti in solvent resistance of Pseudomonas putida DOT-T1E. J Bacteriol 181:5693–5700
Kadner R (1996) Cytoplasmic membrane. In: Neidhardt FC, Curtis R III, Ingrahanm JL, Link ECC, Low KB, Magasanik WS, Reznikoff WS, Riley M, Schaechter M, Umbarger HE (eds) Escherichia coli and Salmonella: cellular and Molecular Biology. ASM Press, Washington, DC
Loffhagen N, Härtig C, Geyer W, Voyevoda M, Harms H (2007) Competition between cis, trans and cyclopropane fatty acid formation and its impact on membrane fluidity. Eng Life Sci 7:67–74
Matsumoto K, Kusaka J, Nishibori A, Hara H (2006) Lipid domains in bacterial membranes. Mol Microbiol 61:1110–1117
Moser R, Aktas M, Fritz C, Narberhaus F (2014) Discovery of a bifunctional cardiolipin/phosphatidylethanolamine synthase in bacteria. Mol Microbiol 92:959–972
Munoz-Rojas J, Bernal P, Duque E, Godoy P, Segura A, Ramos JL (2006) Involvement of cyclopropane fatty acids in the response of Pseudomonas putida KT2440 to freeze-drying. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:472–477
Murinova S, Dercova K (2014) Response mechanisms of bacterial degraders to environmental contaminants on the level of cell walls and cytoplasmic membrane. Int J Microbiol 2014:873081
Nowak A, Mrozik A (2016) Facilitation of co-metabolic transformation and degradation of monochlorophenols by Pseudomonas sp. CF600 and changes in its fatty acid composition. Water Air Soil Pollut 227:83
Poger D, Mark AE (2015) A ring to rule them all: the effect of cyclopropane fatty acids on the fluidity of lipid bilayers. J Phys Chem B 119:5487–5495
Ramos JL, Duque E, Huertas MJ, Haidour A (1995) Isolation and expansion of the catabolic potential of a Pseudomonas putida strain able to grow in the presence of high concentrations of aromatic hydrocarbons. J Bacteriol 177:3911–3916
Ramos JL, Duque E, Rodriguez-Herva JJ, Godoy P, Haidour A, Reyes F, Fernandez-Barrero A (1997) Mechanisms for solvent tolerance in bacteria. J Biol Chem 272:3887–3890
Schweizer HP (2004) Fatty acid biosynthesis and biologically significant acyl transfer reactions in Pseudomonads. In: Ramos J-L (ed) Pseudomonas. Biosynthesis of macromolecules and molecular metabolism. Kluwer/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp 83–109
Sikkema J, de Bont JA, Poolman B (1994) Interactions of cyclic hydrocarbons with biological membranes. J Biol Chem 269:8022–8028
Tan BK, Bogdanov M, Zhao J, Dowhan W, Raetz CR, Guan Z (2012) Discovery of a cardiolipin synthase utilizing phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol as substrates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109:16504–16509
Vences-Guzman MA, Geiger O, Sohlenkamp C (2012) Ornithine lipids and their structural modifications: from A to E and beyond. FEMS Microbiol Lett 335:1–10
Whitfield C, Trent MS (2014) Biosynthesis and export of bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Annu Rev Biochem 83:99–128
Yao J, Rock CO (2013) Phosphatidic acid synthesis in bacteria. Biochim Biophys Acta 1831:495–502
Zhang YM, Rock CO (2008) Membrane lipid homeostasis in bacteria. Nat Rev Microbiol 6:222–233
Zhou A, Baidoo E, He Z, Mukhopadhyay A, Baumohl JK, Benke P, Joachimiak MP, Xie M, Song R, Arkin AP et al (2013) Characterization of NaCl tolerance in Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough through experimental evolution. ISME J 7:1790–1802
Zoradova S, Dudasova H, Lukacova L, Dercova K, Certik M (2011) The effect of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on the membrane lipids of Pseudomonas stutzeri. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 65:1019–1023
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Ortega, A. et al. (2018). Membrane Composition and Modifications in Response to Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Gram-Negative Bacteria. In: Krell, T. (eds) Cellular Ecophysiology of Microbe. Handbook of Hydrocarbon and Lipid Microbiology . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20796-4_48-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20796-4_48-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-20796-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-20796-4
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Biomedicine and Life SciencesReference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences