Skip to main content

Supervised Machine Learning Techniques to Detect TimeML Events in French and English

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Natural Language Processing and Information Systems (NLDB 2015)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNISA,volume 9103))

Abstract

Identifying events from texts is an information extraction task necessary for many NLP applications. Through the TimeML specifications and TempEval challenges, it has received some attention in recent years. However, no reference result is available for French. In this paper, we try to fill this gap by proposing several event extraction systems, combining for instance Conditional Random Fields, language modeling and k-nearest-neighbors. These systems are evaluated on French corpora and compared with state-of-the-art methods on English. The very good results obtained on both languages validate our approach.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. 1.

    http://www.timeml.org/tempeval2/.

  2. 2.

    For details and examples, see [23].

  3. 3.

    http://www.TimeBank-1.2/data/timeml/ABC19980108.1830.0711.html.

  4. 4.

    http://semeval2.fbk.eu/semeval2.php.

  5. 5.

    http://www.timeml.org/tempeval/.

  6. 6.

    http://semeval2.fbk.eu/semeval2.php?location=tasks#T5.

  7. 7.

    http://www.cs.york.ac.uk/semeval-2013/task1/.

  8. 8.

    http://www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/projekte/corplex/TreeTagger.

References

  1. Allen, J.F., Swift, M., de Beaumont, W.: Deep semantic analysis of text. In: Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Semantics in Text Processing, STEP 2008, pp. 343–354. Association for Computational Linguistics, Stroudsburg (2008). http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1626481.1626508

  2. Arnulphy, B.: Désignations nominales des événements: Étude et extraction automatique dans les textes. Ph.D. thesis, Université Paris-Sud - École Doctorale d’Informatique de Paris Sud (EDIPS) / Laboratoire LIMSI (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Arnulphy, B., Tannier, X., Vilnat, A.: Automatically generated Noun Lexicons for event extraction. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Intelligent Text Processing and Computational Linguistics (CicLing 2012), New Delhi, India, March 2012

    Google Scholar 

  4. Arnulphy, B., Tannier, X., Vilnat, A.: Event nominals: annotation guidelines and a manually annotated corpus in french. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2012), Istanbul, Turkey, May 2012

    Google Scholar 

  5. Becker, H., Naaman, M., Gravano, L.: Beyond trending topics: Real-world event identification on twitter. In: Fifth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Bethard, S., Martin, J.H.: Identification of event mentions and their semantic class. In: Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pp. 146–154. Association for Computational Linguistics, Sydney (2006). http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W/W06/W06-1618

  7. Bittar, A.: Building a TimeBank for French: a reference corpus annotated according to the ISO-TimeML standard. Ph.D. thesis, Université Paris 7 - École doctorale de Sciences du Langage (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Charniak, E.: A maximum-entropy-inspired parser. In: 1st Meeting of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 132–139 (2000), http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A00-2018

  9. Grover, C., Tobin, R., Alex, B., Byrne, K.: Edinburgh-ltg: Tempeval-2 system description. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation, pp. 333–336. Association for Computational Linguistics, Uppsala, July 2010. http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1074

  10. Hall, M., Frank, E., Holmes, G., Pfahringer, B., Reutemann, P., Witten, I.H.: The WEKA data mining software: an update. SIGKDD Explor. 11(1), 10–18 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Jean-Louis, L., Besançon, R., Ferret, O.: Text segmentation and graph-based method for template filling in information extraction. In: 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (IJCNLP 2011), Chiang Mai, Thailand, pp. 723–731 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Kumar Kolya, A., Ekbal, A., Bandyopadhyay, S.: Ju\_cse\_temp: A first step towards evaluating events, time expressions and temporal relations. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation. pp. 345–350. Association for Computational Linguistics, Uppsala, July 2010. http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1077

  13. Lafferty, J., McCallum, A., Pereira, F.: Conditional random fields: probabilistic models for segmenting and labe ling sequence data. In: International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML) (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Lanagan, J., Smeaton, A.F.: Using twitter to detect and tag important events in live sports. In: Artificial Intelligence (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Lavergne, T., Cappé, O., Yvon, F.: Practical very large scale CRFs. In: Proceedings the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), pp. 504–513. Association for Computational Linguistics, July 2010. http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1052

  16. Llorens, H., Saquete, E., Navarro, B.: Tipsem (english and spanish): Evaluating crfs and semantic roles in tempeval-2. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation, pp. 284–291. Association for Computational Linguistics, Uppsala, July 2010. http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1063

  17. Ney, H., Essen, U., Kneser, R.: On structuring probabilistic dependencies in stochastic language modelling. Comput. Speech Lang. 8, 1–38 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Parent, G., Gagnon, M., Muller, P.: Annotation d’expressions temporelles et d’événements en frana̧is. In: Béchet, F. (ed.) Traitement Automatique des Langues Naturelles (TALN 2008). Association pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues (ATALA) (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Pustejovsky, J., Verhagen, M., SaurĂ­, R., Littman, J., Gaizauskas, R., Katz, G., Mani, I., Knippen, R., Setzer, A.: TimeBank 1.2. Linguistic Data Consortium (2006). http://timeml.org/site/publications/timeMLdocs/timeml_1.2.1.html

  20. Pustejovsky, J., Castaño, J., Ingria, R., Saurí R., Gaizauskas, R., Setzer, A., Katz, G.: Timeml: Robust specification of event and temporal expressions in text. In: IWCS-5, Fifth International Workshop on Computational Semantics, Tilburg University (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Pustejovsky, J., Lee, K., Bunt, H., Romary, L.: ISO-TimeML: an international standard for semantic annotation. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2010). European Language Resources Association (ELRA), Valletta (2010), http://aclweb.org/anthology-new/L/L10/

  22. Quinlan, R.: C4.5: Programs for Machine Learning. Morgan Kaufman Publishers (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  23. SaurĂ­, R., Knippen, R., Verhagen, M., Pustejovsky, J.: Evita: a robust event recognizer for QA systems. In: Proceedings of the HLT 2005, Vancouver, Canada, October 2005

    Google Scholar 

  24. Schmid, H.: Probabilistic part-of-speech tagging using decision trees. In: Proceedings of International Conference on New Methods in Language Processing, Manchester, UK (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Tanguy, L., Hathout, N.: Webaffix : un outil d’acquisition morphologique dérivationnelle à partir du Web. In: Pierrel, J.M. (ed.) Actes de Traitement Automatique des Langues Naturelles (TALN 2002), vol. Tome I, pp. 245–254. ATILF, ATALA, Nancy, France, June 2002

    Google Scholar 

  26. UzZaman, N., Allen, J.: Trips and trios system for tempeval-2: extracting temporal information from text. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation, pp. 276–283. Association for Computational Linguistics, Uppsala (2010). http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S10-1062

  27. UzZaman, N., Llorens, H., Derczynski, L., Allen, J., Verhagen, M., Pustejovsky, J.: Semeval-2013 task 1: Tempeval-3: evaluating time expressions, events, and temporal relations. In: Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*SEM), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval 2013), pp. 1–9. Association for Computational Linguistics, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (2013). http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2001

  28. Verhagen, M., Gaizauskas, R., Schilder, F., Hepple, M., Katz, G., Pustejovsky, J.: Semeval-2007 task 15: tempeval temporal relation identification. In: Proceedings of the SemEval Conference (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Verhagen, M., Saurí, R., Caselli, T., Pustejovsky, J.: Semeval-2010 task 13: Tempeval-2. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation, ACL 2010, Uppsala, Sweden, pp. 57–62 (2010). http://polyu.academia.edu/TommasoCaselli/Papers/1114340/TempEval2_Evaluating_Events_Time_Expressions_and_Temporal_Relations

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Vincent Claveau .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this paper

Cite this paper

Arnulphy, B., Claveau, V., Tannier, X., Vilnat, A. (2015). Supervised Machine Learning Techniques to Detect TimeML Events in French and English. In: Biemann, C., Handschuh, S., Freitas, A., Meziane, F., MĂ©tais, E. (eds) Natural Language Processing and Information Systems. NLDB 2015. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 9103. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19581-0_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19581-0_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-19580-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-19581-0

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics