Abstract
Tmotion recognition can be done in a wide range of applications to enhance the user experience. Because of these many types of applications there are is a large range of different data types that can be processed, such as text, video, speech, sound, accelerometer data and various bio-sensor data types. In order to bring emotion recognition into everyday use, it is important to work with data types and sources that are available to everyone. Therefore in this chapter twitter data is used for emotion recognition. Since emotion recognition applications need to uncover the user’s emotion fast, the focus lies on real-time emotion classification. Sentiment analysis or emotion recognition research often uses a lexicon based approach, though in this chapter a learning based approach is used. Nine emotion classification algorithms are compared with focus on precision and timing. This chapter shows that accuracy can be enhanced by 5.83 % compared to the current state-of-the-art by improving the features and that the presented method work in real-time.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Burget R, Karasek J, Smekal Z (2011) Recognition of emotions in czech newspaper headlines. Radioengineering 20:39–47
Cesa-Bianchi N (2007) Applications of regularized least squares to pattern classification. Theor Comput Sci 382:221–231
Chaffar S, Inkpen D (2011) Using a heterogeneous dataset for emotion analysis in text. In: Butz C, Lingras P (ed) Advances in artificial intelligence, Springer, Berlin, pp 62–67
Calix RA, Mallepudi SA, Chen B, Knapp GM (2010) Emotion recognition in text for 3-D facial expression rendering. IEEE Trans Multimed 12:544–551
Carroll E (1977) Izard: human emotions. Springer, New York
Datcu D, Rothkrantz LJM (2008) Semantic audio-visual data fusion for automatic emotion recognition. In: Ghent euromedia, Eurosis, p 16
Dinakar K, Jones B, Havasi C, Lieberman H, Picard R (2012) Common sense reasoning for detection, prevention, and mitigation of cyberbullying. ACM Trans Interact Intell Syst 2:1–30
D’Mello S, Picard RW, Graesser A (2007) Toward an affect-sensitive AutoTutor. IEEE Intell Syst 22:53–61
Ekman P (1999) Basic emotions. Wiley, New York
Fan R, Wang X, Lin C (2012) LIBLINEAR: a library for large linear classification. J Mach Learn Res 9:1871–1874
Feldman LA (1995) Valence focus and arousal focus: individual differences in the structure of affective experience. J Pers Soc Psychol 69:153–166
Frijda NH (1986) The emotions. Cambridge University Press, New York
Gerrod Parrott W (2001) Emotions in social psychology, Psychology press, Philadelphia
Gray JA (1985) The whole and its parts: behaviour, the brain, cognition and emotion. Bull Brit Psychol Soc 38:99–112
Hamad H, Saad M, Abed R (2010) Performance evaluation of RESTful web services. Int Arab J e-Technol 1:72–78
Haq S, Jackson P (2010) Multimodal emotion recognition. In: Wang W (ed) Machine audition: principles, algorithms and systems, IGI Global, Hershey, pp 398–423
Hernandez J, Morris R, Picard, R (2011) Call center stress recognition with person-specific models. In: DMello S, Graesser A, Schuller B, Martin J-C (eds) Affective computing and intelligent interaction. Springer, Berlin, pp 125–134
Hernandez J, Hoque ME, Drevo W, Picard RW (2012) Mood meter: counting smiles in the wild. In: Proceedings of the 2012 ACM conference on ubiquitous computing—ubiComp 12. ACM Press, New York, pp 301–310
James W (1884) What is an emotion? Mind 9:188–205
Kaufman S, Rosset S (2012) Leakage in data mining: formulation, detection, and avoidance. In: 17th ACM SIGKDD international conference on knowledge discovery and data mining. pp 556–563
Liu C-L, Hsaio W-H, Lee C-H, Lu G-C, Jou E (2012) Movie rating and review summarization in mobile environment. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern Part C Appl Rev 42:397–407
McDougall W (1929) An introduction to social psychology, John W. Luce & Co., Boston
Metsis V, Androutsopoulos I, Paliouras G (206) Spam filtering with naive bayes—which naive bayes? In: Third conference on email and anti-spam
Mowrer OH (1960) Learning theory and behavior. Wiley, New York
Mohammad S (2012) # Emotional tweets. In: Proceedings of the first joint conference on lexical and computational semantics. Association for Computational Linguistics, Montréal, Canada, pp 246–255
Nakasone A, Prendinger H, Ishizuka M (2005) Emotion recognition from electromyography and skin conductance. In: The fifth international workshop on biosignal, Interpretation, pp 219–222
Oatley K, Johnson-Laird PN (1987) Towards a cognitive theory of emotions. Cogn Emot 1:29–50
Panksepp J (1982) Toward a general psychobiological theory of emotions. Behav Brain Sci 5:407–467
Pedregosa F, Varoquaux G, Gramfort A, Michel V, Thirion B, Grisel O, Blondel M, Prettenhofer P, Weiss R, Dubourg V, Vanderplas J, Passos A, Cournapeau D, Brucher M, Perrot M, Duchesnay E (2011) Scikit-learn: machine learning in python. J Mach Learn Res 12:2825–2830
Plutchik R (2001) The nature of emotions. Am Sci 89:344
Quan C, Ren F (2010) Sentence emotion analysis and recognition based on emotion words using Ren-CECps. Int J Adv Intell 2:105–117
Richardson L, Ruby S (2007) RESTful web services, O’Reilly Mediam, California
Rui H, Whinston A (2011) Designing a social-broadcasting-based business intelligence system. ACM Trans Manag Inf Syst 2:119
Scherer K, (2000) Psychological models of emotion, In: Borod J (ed) The neuropsychology of emotion. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 137–162
Sebe N, Cohen I, Huang T (2005) Multimodal emotion recognition. Handb Pattern Recognit Comput Vis 4:387–419
Sebe N, Cohen I, Gevers T, Huang TS (2006) Emotion recognition based on joint visual and audio cues. In: IEEE 18th international conference on pattern recognition (ICPR06). pp 1136–1139
Seol Y, Kim D, Kim H, (2008) Emotion recognition from text using knowledge-based ANN, In: The 23rd international conference on circuits/systems, Computer and Communications, pp 1569–1572
Tibshirani R, Hastie T, Narasimhan B, Chu G (2002) Diagnosis of multiple cancer types by shrunken centroids of gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:656–772
Tomkins SS (1984) Affect theory, Approaches to emotion, pp 163–195
Watson JB (1930) Behaviorism. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Hoecke S Van, Verdickt T, Dhoedt B, Gielen F, Demeester P (2005) Modelling the performance of the web service platform using layered queueing networks. In: Arabnia H, Reza H (eds) International conference on software engineering research and practice (SERP05). CSREA Press, Athens, pp 627–633
Verstockt S (2012) Multi-modal video analysis for early fire detection. Ghent University, Ghent
Wang W, Chen L, Thirunarayan K, Sheth AP (2012) Harnessing twitter big data for automatic emotion identification. In: IEEE 2012 International conference on privacy, security, risk and trust and 2012 international conference on social computing. pp 587–592
Wu T, Bartlett MS, Movellan JR (2010) Facial expression recognition using gabor motion energy filters. 2010 IEEE computer society conference on computer vision and pattern recognition—workshops. pp 42–47
Yang S, Bhanu B (2011) Facial expression recognition using emotion avatar image. In: IEEE face and gesture 2011. pp 866–871
Zhang T (2004) Solving large scale linear prediction problems using stochastic gradient descent algorithms. Twenty-first international conference on Machine learning—ICML 04. ACM Press, New York, p 116
Zhang L, Tjondronegoro D (2011) Facial expression recognition using facial movement features. IEEE Trans Affect Comput 2:219–229
Acknowledgments
This work was partly done within the Friendly Attac project (http://www.friendlyattac.be/), funded by the Institute for the Promotion of Innovation through Science and Technology in Flanders (IWT).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Janssens, O., de Walle, R.V., Hoecke, S.V. (2015). A Learning Based Approach for Real-Time Emotion Classification of Tweets. In: Kazienko, P., Chawla, N. (eds) Applications of Social Media and Social Network Analysis. Lecture Notes in Social Networks. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19003-7_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19003-7_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-19002-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-19003-7
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)