Skip to main content

A Complete History of Breast Reconstruction

  • Chapter
Breast Reconstruction

Abstract

Reconstruction of the female breast has become a common component of the overall management plan for breast cancer. Throughout ancient times, great controversy regarding such surgical treatment had produced many theories of why and how breast cancer occurred and what was the best treatment of this disease. William Halsted’s introduction of the “Radical Mastectomy” in 1889 revolutionized the realm of breast cancer treatment as it was markedly effective at achieving local control of the disease. Due to beliefs that closure of mastectomy sites could conceal tumor recurrence, breast reconstruction did not gain wide acceptance until the mid-1900s. Today, a plastic surgeon has a variety of autologous techniques to reconstruct the breast. The author describes the historical development of breast reconstruction with the large variety of techniques.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Champaneria MC, Wong WW, Hill ME, Gupta SC (2012) The evolution of breast reconstruction: a historical perspective. World J Surg 36(4):730–742

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Thorek M (1942) Plastic surgery of the breast and abdominal wall. Charles C Thomas, Springfield

    Google Scholar 

  3. Breasted J (1930) The Edwin Smith surgical Papyrus. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  4. Bryan PW (1930) The Papyrus Ebers. Geoffrey Bles, London

    Google Scholar 

  5. Wood WC (1994) Progress from clinical trials on breast cancer. Cancer 74(9 Suppl):2606–2609

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Ariel IM (1987) Breast cancer, a historical review. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  7. Robbins GF (1984) Clio Chirurgica: the breast. Silvergirl, Austin

    Google Scholar 

  8. Le Dran H (1757) Memoires avec un precis de plusieurs observations sur le cancer. Mem Acad R Chir 3:1–54

    Google Scholar 

  9. Martensen RL (1994) Cancer: medical history and the framing of a disease. J Am Med Assoc 271(24):1901

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Virchow R (1863) Cellular pathology. Lippincott, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  11. Tan WT (2002) 12th chapter of surgeons lecture: shifting paradigms in the management of breast cancer–a surgical perspective. Ann Acad Med Singapore 31(6):813–815

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Halsted WS (1894) I. The results of operations for the cure of cancer of the breast performed at the Johns Hopkins Hospital from June, 1889 to January, 1894. Ann Surg 20(5):497–555

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Tajima T (2000) History of breast cancer surgery and its perspectives [article in Japanese]. Nippon Geka Gakkai Zasshi 101(12):833–839

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Teimourian B, Adham MN (1983) Louis Ombredanne and the origin of muscle flap use for immediate breast mound reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 72(6):905–910

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. De Cholnoky T (1963) Late adverse results following breast reconstructions. Plast Reconstr Surg 31:445–452

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Halsted WS (1907) I. The results of radical operations for the cure of carcinoma of the breast. Ann Surg 46(1):1–19

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Pennington DG (2005) Breast reconstruction after mastectomy: current state of the art. ANZ J Surg 75(6):454–458

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Bartlett W (1917) An anatomic substitute for the female breast. Ann Surg 66(2):208–211

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Patey DH, Dyson WH (1948) The prognosis of carcinoma of the breast in relation to the type of operation performed. Br J Cancer 2(1):7–13

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Uroskie TW, Colen LB (2004) History of breast reconstruction. Semin Plast Surg 18(12):65–69

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Blichert-Toft M, Rose C, Andersen JA, Overgaard M, Axelsson CK, Andersen KW, Mouridsen HT (1992) Danish randomized trial comparing breast conservation therapy with mastectomy: six years of life-table analysis. Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 11:19–25

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Arriagada R, Le MG, Rochard F, Contesso G (1996) Conservative treatment versus mastectomy in early breast cancer: patterns of failure with 15 years of follow-up data. Institut Gustave-Roussy Breast Cancer Group. J Clin Oncol 14(5):1558–1564

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. van Dongen JA, Voogd AC, Fentiman IS, Legrand C, Sylvester RJ, Tong D, van der Schueren E, Helle PA, van Zijl K, Bartelink H (2000) Long-term results of a randomized trial comparing breast-conserving therapy with mastectomy: European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer 10801 trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 92(14):1143–1150

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Veronesi U, Cascinelli N, Mariani L, Greco M, Saccozzi R, Luini A, Aguilar M, Marubini E (2002) Twenty-year follow-up of a randomized study comparing breast-conserving surgery with radical mastectomy for early breast cancer. N Engl J Med 347(16):1227–1232

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Poggi MM, Danforth DN, Sciuto LC, Smith SL, Steinberg SM, Liewehr DJ, Menard C, Lippman ME, Lichter AS, Altemus RM (2003) Eighteen-year results in the treatment of early breast carcinoma with mastectomy versus breast conservation therapy: the National Cancer Institute Randomized Trial. Cancer 98(4):697–702

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Fisher B, Anderson S, Bryant J, Margolese RG, Deutsch M, Fisher ER, Jeong JH, Wolmark N (2002) Twenty-year follow-up of a randomized trial comparing total mastectomy, lumpectomy, and lumpectomy plus irradiation for the treatment of invasive breast cancer. N Engl J Med 347(16):1233–1241

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Jatoi I, Kaufman MK, Petit JY (2006) Atlas of breast surgery. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  28. Hait P (1994) History of the American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons, Inc. 1931–1994. Plast Reconstr Surg 94(4):1A–109A

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Snyderman RK, Guthrie RH (1971) Reconstruction of the female breast following radical mastectomy. Plast Reconstr Surg 47(6):565–567

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Sorta-Bilajac I, Muzur A (2007) The nose between ethics and aesthetics: Sushruta’s legacy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 137(5):707–710

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Tansini I (1896) Nuovo processo per l’amputazione della mammaella per cancre. Reforma Med 12:3

    Google Scholar 

  32. Ombredanne L (1906) Restauration autoplastique du sein apres amputation totale. TRB Med 4:325

    Google Scholar 

  33. Payr E (1906) Beitrage aur plastischen Deckung der Hautdefekte nach brust drusenexstirpation. Dtsch Z Chir 81:361

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Ombredanne L (1924) Titres et Travaux Scientifiques. Masson, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  35. Kleinschmidt O (1924) Uber mamma-plastik. ZBL Chir 51:488

    Google Scholar 

  36. Webster J (1937) Thoraco-epigastric tubed pedicles. Surg Clin North Am 17:145

    Google Scholar 

  37. Gillies H (1959) Surgical replacement of the breast. Proc R Soc Med 52:597–602

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Holdsworth WG (1956) A method of reconstructing the breast. Br J Plast Surg 9(2):161–162

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Harris HI (1949) Automammaplasty. J Int Coll Surg 12(6):827–839

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Alexander JE, Block LI (1967) Breast reconstruction following radical mastectomy. Plast Reconstr Surg 40(2):175–179

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Sauerbruch F (1920) Die Chirurgie der Brustorgane. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  42. Reinhard W (1932) Total mastoneoplasty following amputation of breast. Dtsch Z Chir 235:309

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Maliniac JW (1950) Lessons of the postwar organization of plastic surgery in Europe. Plast Reconstr Surg 6(1):38–40

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Yannilos HG (1950) The use of composite tube pedicle in the reconstruction of breast defect with subsequent cosmetic repair of the donor breast. Plast Reconstr Surg (1946) 6(5):396–399

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Tai Y, Hasegawa H (1974) A transverse abdominal flap for reconstruction after radical operations for recurrent breast cancer. Plast Reconstr Surg 53(1):52–54

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Millard DR Jr (1976) Breast reconstruction after a radical mastectomy. Plast Reconstr Surg 58(3):283–291

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. De Cholnoky T (1966) Breast reconstruction after radical mastectomy: formation of missing nipple by everted navel. Plast Reconstr Surg 38(6):577–580

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Tansini I (1906) Sopra il mio nuovo processo di amputazione della mamella. Reforma Med 12:757

    Google Scholar 

  49. d’Este S (1912) La technique de l’amputation de la mammaelle pour carcinome mammaire. Rev Chir (Paris) 45:164

    Google Scholar 

  50. McCraw JB (1980) The recent history of myocutaneous flaps. Clin Plast Surg 7(1):3–7

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Hutchins E (1939) A method for the prevention of elephantiasis. Surg Gynecol Obstet 69:794–804

    Google Scholar 

  52. Davis HH, Tollman JP, Brush JH (1949) Huge chondrosarcoma of rib, report of a case. Surgery 26(4):699–704

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Campbell DA (1950) Reconstruction of the anterior thoracic wall. J Thorac Surg 19(3):456–461

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. McCraw JB, Dibbell DG, Carraway JH (1977) Clinical definition of independent myocutaneous vascular territories. Plast Reconstr Surg 60(3):341–352

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Olivari N (1976) The latissimus flap. Br J Plast Surg 29(2):126–128

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Muhlbauer W, Olbrisch R (1977) The latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap for breast reconstruction. Chir Plast 4:27–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Schneider WJ, Hill HL Jr, Brown RG (1977) Latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap for breast reconstruction. Br J Plast Surg 30(4):277–281

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Mendelson BC, Masson JK (1977) Treatment of chronic radiation injury over the shoulder with a latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 60(5):681–691

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Bostwick J 3rd, Vasconez LO, Jurkiewicz MJ (1978) Breast reconstruction after a radical mastectomy. Plast Reconstr Surg 61(5):682–693

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Bostwick J 3rd, Jurkiewicz MJ (1980) Recent advances in breast reconstruction: transposition of the latissimus dorsi muscle singly or with the overlying skin. Am Surg 46(10):537–547

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Bostwick J 3rd, Scheflan M (1980) The latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap: a one-stage breast reconstruction. Clin Plast Surg 7(1):71–78

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Maxwell GP, Leonard LG, Manson PN, Hoopes JE (1980) Craniofacial coverage using the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous island flap. Ann Plast Surg 4(5):410–421

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Maxwell GP, McGibbon BM, Hoopes JE (1979) Vascular considerations in the use of a latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap after a mastectomy with an axillary dissection. Plast Reconstr Surg 64(6):771–780

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Maxwell GP, Stueber K, Hoopes JE (1978) A free latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap: case report. Plast Reconstr Surg 62(3):462–466

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Elliott LF, Raffel B, Wade J (1989) Segmental latissimus dorsi free flap: clinical applications. Ann Plast Surg 23(3):231–238

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Angrigiani C, Grilli D, Siebert J (1995) Latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap without muscle. Plast Reconstr Surg 96(7):1608–1614

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Hollos P (1995) Breast augmentation with autologous tissue: an alternative to implants. Plast Reconstr Surg 96(2):381–384

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Hammond DC (2008) Postmastectomy reconstruction of the breast using the latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap. Cancer J 14(4):248–252

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Milloy FJ, Anson BJ, McAfee DK (1960) The rectus abdominis muscle and the epigastric arteries. Surg Gynecol Obstet 110:293–302

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Scheflan M, Dinner MI (1983) The transverse abdominal island flap: part II. Surgical technique. Ann Plast Surg 10(2):120–129

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Gillies HD, Millard DR Jr (1957) The principles and art of plastic surgery, 1st edn. Little, Brown & Company, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  72. Fernandez JC (1968) Mammary reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 42:608

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Drever JM (1977) Total breast reconstruction with either of two abdominal flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 59(2):185–190

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Taylor GI, Daniel RK (1975) The anatomy of several free flap donor sites. Plast Reconstr Surg 56(3):243–253

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Hohler H (1977) Carcinoma of the breast. Reconstructive surgery. Langenbecks Arch Chir 345:78–86

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Brown RG, Fleming WH, Jurkiewicz MJ (1977) An island flap of the pectoralis major muscle. Br J Plast Surg 30(2):161–165

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Mathes SJ, Bostwick J 3rd (1977) A rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap to reconstruct abdominal wall defects. Br J Plast Surg 30(4):282–283

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Koshima I, Moriguchi T, Soeda S, Tanaka H, Umeda N (1992) Free thin paraumbilical perforator-based flaps. Ann Plast Surg 29(1):12–17

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Marshall DR, Anstee EJ, Stapleton MJ (1981) Post-mastectomy breast reconstruction using a direct flap from an abdominal lipectomy. Br J Plast Surg 34(3):280–285

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Robbins TH (1979) Rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap for breast reconstruction. Aust N Z J Surg 49(5):527–530

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Holmstrom H (1979) The free abdominoplasty flap and its use in breast reconstruction. An experimental study and clinical case report. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg 13(3):423–427

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Allen RJ, Treece P (1994) Deep inferior epigastric perforator flap for breast reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg 32(1):32–38

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Drever JM (1981) Total breast reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg 7(1):54–61

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Hartrampf CR, Scheflan M, Black PW (1982) Breast reconstruction with a transverse abdominal island flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 69(2):216–225

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Marino H Jr, Dogliotti MH (1981) Mammary reconstruction with bipedicled abdominal flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 68(6):933–936

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Semple JL (1994) Retrograde microvascular augmentation (turbocharging) of a single-pedicle TRAM flap through a deep inferior epigastric arterial and venous loop. Plast Reconstr Surg 93(1):109–117

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Harashina T, Sone K, Inoue T, Fukuzumi S, Enomoto K (1987) Augmentation of circulation of pedicled transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flaps by microvascular surgery. Br J Plast Surg 40(4):367–370

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Codner MA, Bostwick J 3rd, Nahai F, Bried JT, Eaves FF (1995) TRAM flap vascular delay for high-risk breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 96(7):1615–1622

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Moon HK, Taylor GI (1988) The vascular anatomy of rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flaps based on the deep superior epigastric system. Plast Reconstr Surg 82(5):815–832

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Hartrampf CR Jr, Bennett GK (1987) Autogenous tissue reconstruction in the mastectomy patient. A critical review of 300 patients. Ann Surg 205(5):508–519

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Hartrampf CR Jr, Noel RT, Drazan L, Elliott FL, Bennett GK, Beegle PH (1994) Ruben’s fat pad for breast reconstruction: a peri-iliac soft-tissue free flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 93(2):402–407

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Taylor GI, Townsend P, Corlett R (1979) Superiority of the deep circumflex iliac vessels as the supply for free groin flaps. Clinical work. Plast Reconstr Surg 64(6):745–759

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Serafin D, Georgiade NG (1978) Transfer of free flaps to provide well-vascularized, thick cover for breast reconstructions after radical mastectomy. Plast Reconstr Surg 62(4):527–536

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Daniel RK, Taylor GI (1973) Distant transfer of an island flap by microvascular anastomoses. A clinical technique. Plast Reconstr Surg 52(2):111–117

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Fujino T, Harashina T, Enomoto K (1976) Primary breast reconstruction after a standard radical mastectomy by a free flap transfer. Case report. Plast Reconstr Surg 58(3):371–374

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Fujino T, Harasina T, Aoyagi F (1975) Reconstruction for aplasia of the breast and pectoral region by microvascular transfer of a free flap from the buttock. Plast Reconstr Surg 56(2):178–181

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Schenck RR (1978) Rectus femoris muscle and composite skin transplantation by microneurovascular anastomoses for avulsion of forearm muscles: a case report. J Hand Surg Am 3(1):60–69

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Harii K, Ohmori K, Torii S (1976) Free gracilis muscle transplantation, with microneurovascular anastomoses for the treatment of facial paralysis. A preliminary report. Plast Reconstr Surg 572:133–143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. Serafin D, Voci VE, Georgiade NG (1982) Microsurgical composite tissue transplantation: indications and technical considerations in breast reconstruction following mastectomy. Plast Reconstr Surg 70(1):24–36

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Grotting JC, Urist MM, Maddox WA, Vasconez LO (1989) Conventional TRAM flap versus free microsurgical TRAM flap for immediate breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 83(5):828–841

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Grotting JC (1991) The free abdominoplasty flap for immediate breast reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg 27(4):351–354

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Rizzuto RP, Allen RJ (2004) Reconstruction of a partial mastectomy defect with the superficial inferior epigastric artery (SIEA) flap. J Reconstr Microsurg 20(6):441–445

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Wei FC, Suominen S, Cheng MH, Celik N, Lai YL (2002) Anterolateral thigh flap for postmastectomy breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 110(1):82–88

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Granzow JW, Levine JL, Chiu ES, Allen RJ (2006) Breast reconstruction with the deep inferior epigastric perforator flap: history and an update on current technique. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 59(6):571–579

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Taylor GI, Corlett R, Boyd JB (1983) The extended deep inferior epigastric flap: a clinical technique. Plast Reconstr Surg 72(6):751–765

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Friedman RJ, Argenta LC, Anderson R (1985) Deep inferior epigastric free flap for breast reconstruction after radical mastectomy. Plast Reconstr Surg 76(3):455–460

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Kroll SS, Rosenfield L (1988) Perforator-based flaps for low posterior midline defects. Plast Reconstr Surg 81(4):561–566

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Koshima I, Soeda S (1989) Inferior epigastric artery skin flaps without rectus abdominis muscle. Br J Plast Surg 42(6):645–648

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Kroll SS, Schusterman MA, Reece GP, Miller MJ, Robb G, Evans G (1995) Abdominal wall strength, bulging, and hernia after TRAM flap breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 96(3):616–619

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Mizgala CL, Hartrampf CRJ, Bennett GK (1994) Abdominal function after pedicled TRAM flap surgery. Clin Plast Surg 21(2):255–272

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Blondeel N, Vanderstraeten GG, Monstrey SJ, Van Landuyt K, Tonnard P, Lysens R, Boeckx WD, Matton G (1997) The donor site morbidity of free DIEP flaps and free TRAM flaps for breast reconstruction. Br J Plast Surg 50(5):322–330

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Blondeel PN (1999) One hundred free DIEP flap breast reconstructions: a personal experience. Br J Plast Surg 52(2):104–111

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Orticochea M (1973) Use of the buttock to reconstruct the breast. Br J Plast Surg 26(3):304–309

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Shaw WW (1983) Breast reconstruction by superior gluteal microvascular free flaps without silicone implants. Plast Reconstr Surg 72(4):490–501

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Allen RJ, Tucker C Jr (1995) Superior gluteal artery perforator free flap for breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 95(7):1207–1212

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Guerra A, Soueid N, Metzinger S, Levine J, Bidros RS, Erhard H, Allen RJ (2004) Simultaneous bilateral breast reconstruction with superior gluteal artery perforator (SGAP) flaps. Ann Plast Surg 53(4):305–310

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Allen RJ, Levine JL, Granzow JW (2006) The in-the-crease inferior gluteal artery perforator flap for breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 118(2):333–339

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Lee HB, Roh TS, Chung YK, Kim SW, Kim JB, Shin KS (1998) Correction of inverted nipple using strut reinforcement with deepithelialized triangular flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 1024:1253–1258

    Article  Google Scholar 

  119. Wellisch DK, Schain WS, Noone RB, Little JW 3rd (1987) The psychological contribution of nipple addition in breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 80(5):699–704

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Thorek M (1922) Reconstruction of the human form. NY Med J Rec 116:572–575

    Google Scholar 

  121. Adams WM (1944) Free transplantation of the nipples and areolae in breast hypertrophy. Surgery 15:186–195

    Google Scholar 

  122. Berson MI (1946) Contruction of the pseudoareola. Surgery 20(6):808

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Barton FE Jr (1982) Latissimus dermal-epidermal nipple reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 70(2):234–237

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Little JW 3rd, Munasifi T, McCulloch DT (1983) One-stage reconstruction of a projecting nipple: the quadrapod flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 71(1):126–133

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Zhong T, Antony A, Cordeiro P (2009) Surgical outcomes and nipple projection using the modified skate flap for nipple-areolar reconstruction in a series of 422 implant reconstructions. Ann Plast Surg 62(5):591–595

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Hammond DC, Khuthaila D, Kim J (2007) The skate flap purse-string technique for nipple-areola complex reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 120(2):399–406

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Chang BW, Slezak S, Goldberg NH (1992) Technical modifications for on-site nipple-areola reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg 28(3):277–280

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Kroll SS (1999) Nipple reconstruction with the double-opposing tab flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 104(2):511–514

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Smith JW, Nelson R (1986) Construction of the nipple with a mushroom-shaped pedicle. Plast Reconstr Surg 78(5):684–687

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Cronin ED, Humphreys DH, Ruiz-Razura A (1988) Nipple reconstruction: the S flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 81(5):783–787

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Anton M, Eskenazi LB, Hartrampf CR (1991) Nipple reconstruction with local flaps: star and wrap flaps. Perspect Plast Surg 5(1):67–78

    Google Scholar 

  132. Narra K, Diaz LM, Papay FA (2008) A new approach to nipple reconstruction: the modified s-flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 122(2):89e–90e

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Lossing C, Brongo S, Holmstrom H (1998) Nipple reconstruction with a modified S-flap technique. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg 32(3):275–279

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Eskenazi L (1993) A one-stage nipple reconstruction with the “modified star” flap and immediate tattoo: a review of 100 cases. Plast Reconstr Surg 92(4):671–680

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Yamamoto Y, Furukawa H, Oyama A, Horiuchi K, Funayama E, Tsutsumida A, Sugihara T, Nohira K (2001) Two innovations of the star-flap technique for nipple reconstruction. Br J Plast Surg 54(8):723–726

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Yamamoto Y, Sugihara T (1997) Correction of inverted nipple with modified star flap technique. Aesthetic Plast Surg 21(3):193–195

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Becker H (1986) The use of intradermal tattoo to enhance the final result of nipple-areola reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 77(4):673–676

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Spear SL, Convit R, Little JW 3rd (1989) Intradermal tattoo as an adjunct to nipple-areola reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 83(5):907–911

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Gruber RP (1979) Nipple-areolar reconstruction: a review of techniques. Clin Plast Surg 6(1):71–83

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Adams WM (1949) Labial transplant for correction of loss of the nipple. Plast Reconstr Surg 4(3):295–298

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. DiPirro ME (1970) Reconstruction of the nipple and areola after a burn. Case report. Plast Reconstr Surg 46(3):299–300

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Guthrie RH Jr (1976) Breast reconstruction after radical mastectomy. Plast Reconstr Surg 57(1):14–22

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Silsby JJ (1976) Nipple reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 57(5):667–668

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Brent B, Bostwick J (1977) Nipple-areola reconstruction with auricular tissues. Plast Reconstr Surg 60(3):353–361

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Tanabe HY, Tai Y, Kiyokawa K, Yamauchi T (1997) Nipple-areola reconstruction with a dermal-fat flap and rolled auricular cartilage. Plast Reconstr Surg 100(2):431–438

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Kiskadden WS (1950) Case report on split grafting of the nipple. Plast Reconstr Surg (1946) 5(2):184

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Klein D (1952) Correction of loss of the areola mammae. Plast Reconstr Surg 10(6):469–472

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Wexler MR, Oneal RM (1973) Areolar sharing to reconstruct the absent nipple. Plast Reconstr Surg 512:176–178

    Article  Google Scholar 

  149. Millard DR Jr (1972) Nipple and areola reconstruction by split-skin graft from the normal side. Plast Reconstr Surg 50(4):350–353

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Guida CA, Picchi A, Inzirillo S (1975) Areola and nipple reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 56(4):454–455

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Bunchman HH 2nd, Larson DL, Huang TT, Lewis SR (1974) Nipple and areola reconstruction in the burned breast. The “double bubble” technique. Plast Reconstr Surg 54(5):531–536

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Goldwyn RM (1980) The paraffin story. Plast Reconstr Surg 65(4):517–524

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Schmorl G (1922) Paraffingranulome. Munch Med Wochenschr 69:215–220

    Google Scholar 

  154. Boo-Chai K (1965) Paraffinoma. Plast Reconstr Surg 36:101–110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  155. Georgiade NG, Georgiade GS, Riefkohl R (1990) Aesthetic surgery of the breast. WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  156. Schalk DN (1988) The history of augmentation mammaplasty. Plast Surg Nurs 8(3):88–90

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Edgerton MT, Mc CA (1958) Augmentation mammaplasty; psychiatric implications and surgical indications; (with special reference to use of the polyvinyl alcohol sponge ivalon). Plast Reconstr Surg Transplant Bull 21(4):279–305

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Pangman WJ, Wallace RM, Hills B (1955) The use of plastic prosthesis in breast plastic and other soft tissue surgery. West J Surg Obstet Gynecol 63(8):503–512

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Fisher J, Rudolph R (1985) Mammaplasty. Springer, New York

    Google Scholar 

  160. Smith AR, Garrison JL, Greene WB, Raso D (1999) The clinical, histologic, and ultrastructural presentation of polyvinyl sponge (Ivalon) breast prostheses removed for massive fluid accumulation. Plast Reconstr Surg 103(7):1970–1974

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Czerny V (1895) Plastischer ersatz der brustdruse durch ein lipom. Zentralbl Chir 27:72

    Google Scholar 

  162. Lalardrie JP, Mouly R (1978) History of mammaplasty. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2(1):167–176

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Blocksma R, Braley S (1965) The silicones in plastic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 33:366

    Article  Google Scholar 

  164. Cunningham B (2007) The Mentor Core Study on Silicone MemoryGel breast implants. Plast Reconstr Surg 120(7 Suppl 1):19S–29S

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Cronin TD, Greenberg RL (1970) Our experiences with the silastic gel breast prosthesis. Plast Reconstr Surg 46(1):1–7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Hueston J, McKenzie G (1970) Breast reconstruction after radical mastectomy. Aust N Z J Surg 39(4):367–370

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Gruber RP, Friedman GD (1981) Periareolar subpectoral augmentation mammaplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 67(4):453–457

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Arion HG (1965) Presentation d’une prosthese retro mammaire. J Soc Fr Gynecol 35:427

    Google Scholar 

  169. Worton EW, Seifert LN, Sherwood R (1980) Late leakage of inflatable silicone breast prostheses. Plast Reconstr Surg 65(3):302–306

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Regnault P, Baker TJ, Gleason MC, Gordon HL, Grossman AR, Lewis JR Jr, Waters WR, Williams JE (1972) Clinical trial and evaluation of a proposed new inflatable mammary prosthesis. Plast Reconstr Surg 50(3):220–226

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Jenny H, Smahel J (1981) Clinicopathologic correlations in pseudocapsule formation after breast augmentation. Aesthetic Plast Surg 5(1):63–68

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Ashley FL (1970) A new type of breast prosthesis. Preliminary report. Plast Reconstr Surg 45(5):421–424

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Slade CL, Peterson HD (1982) Disappearance of the polyurethane cover of the Ashley Natural Y prosthesis. Plast Reconstr Surg 70(3):379–383

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Cocke WM, Leathers HK, Lynch JB (1975) Foreign body reactions to polyurethane covers of some breast prostheses. Plast Reconstr Surg 56(5):527–530

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Hartley JH (1976) Specific applications of the double lumen prosthesis. Clin Plast Surg 3(2):247–263

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Glicenstein J (2005) Histoire de l’augmentation mammaire. Ann Chir Plast Esthet 50(5):337–349

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. The history of plastic surgery, ASPS and PSEF. Accessed 11 May 2009, at http://www.plasticsurgery.org/About_ASPS/History_of_Plastic_Surgery.html. Accessed 15 May 2014

  178. Kessler DA (1992) The basis of the FDA’s decision on breast implants. N Engl J Med 326(25):1713–1715

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Janowsky EC, Kupper LL, Hulka BS (2000) Meta-analyses of the relation between silicone breast implants and the risk of connective-tissue diseases. N Engl J Med 342(11):781–790

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Holmich LR, Kjoller K, Vejborg I, Conrad C, Sletting S, McLaughlin JK, Fryzek J, Breiting V, Jørgensen A, Olsen JH (2001) Prevalence of silicone breast implant rupture among Danish women. Plast Reconstr Surg 108(4):848–858

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Holmich LR, Friis S, Fryzek JP, Vejborg IM, Conrad C, Sletting S, Kjøller K, McLaughlin JK, Olsen JH (2003) Incidence of silicone breast implant rupture. Arch Surg 138(7):801–806

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Holmich LR, Vejborg IM, Conrad C, Sletting S, Høier-Madsen M, Fryzek JP, McLaughlin JK, Kjøller K, Wiik A, Friis S (2004) Untreated silicone breast implant rupture. Plast Reconstr Surg 114(1):204–214

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Henriksen TF, Holmich LR, Fryzek JP, Friis S, McLaughlin JK, Høyer AP, Kjøller K, Olsen JH (2003) Incidence and severity of short-term complications after breast augmentation: results from a nationwide breast implant registry. Ann Plast Surg 51(6):531–539

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Radovan C (1982) Breast reconstruction after mastectomy using the temporary expander. Plast Reconstr Surg 69(2):195–208

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Olenius M, Wickman M, Malm M, Jurell G (1994) Skin thickness in expanded human breast skin. Plast Reconstr Surg 93(7):1428–1432

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Clough KB, O’Donoghue JM, Fitoussi AD, Nos C, Falcou MC (2001) Prospective evaluation of late cosmetic results following breast reconstruction: I. Implant reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 107(7):1702–1709

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  187. Webster JP (1946) Mastectomy for gynecomastia through a semicircular intra-areolar incision. Ann Surg 124(3):557–575

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  188. McKinney P, Shedbalker AR (1974) Augmentation mammaplasty using a non-inflatable prosthesis through a circum-areolar incision. Br J Plast Surg 27(1):35–38

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Pitanguy I (1978) Transareolar incision for augmentation mammaplasty. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2(1):363

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. Hoehler H (1973) Breast augmentation: the axillary approach. Br J Plast Surg 26(4):373–376

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. Momeni A, Padron NT, Fohn M, Bannasch H, Borges J, Ryu SM, Stark GB (2005) Safety, complications, and satisfaction of patients undergoing submuscular breast augmentation via the inframammary and endoscopic transaxillary approach. Aesthetic Plast Surg 29(6):558–564

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Ho LC (1993) Endoscopic assisted transaxillary augmentation mammaplasty. Br J Plast Surg 46(4):332–336

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Price CI, Eaves FF 3rd, Nahai F, Jones G, Bostwick J 3rd (1994) Endoscopic transaxillary subpectoral breast augmentation. Plast Reconstr Surg 94(5):612–619

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Momeni A, Padron NT, Bannasch H, Borges J, Bjorn SG (2006) Endoscopic transaxillary subpectoral augmentation mammaplasty: a safe and predictable procedure. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 59(1):1076–1081

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Johnson GW, Christ JE (1993) The endoscopic breast augmentation: the transumbilical insertion of saline-filled breast implants. Plast Reconstr Surg 92(5):801–808

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. Dowden RV (2002) Why the transumbilical breast augmentation is safe for implants. Plast Reconstr Surg 109(7):2576–2579

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. Dowden RV (2000) Dispelling the myths and misconceptions about transumbilical breast augmentation. Plast Reconstr Surg 106(1):190–194

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  198. Spear SL, Bulan EJ, Venturi ML (2006) Breast augmentation. Plast Reconstr Surg 118(7 Suppl):188S–196S

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Caleel RT (2000) Transumbilical endoscopic breast augmentation: submammary and subpectoral. Plast Reconstr Surg 106(5):1177–1182

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Hidalgo DA (2000) Breast augmentation: choosing the optimal incision, implant, and pocket plane. Plast Reconstr Surg 105(6):2202–2216

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Handel N (2009) Transumbilical breast augmentation. Clin Plast Surg 36(1):63–74

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Hippocrates (1881) Hippocrates on airs, waters, and places. Wyman and Sons, London

    Google Scholar 

  203. Pelikan E (1876) Gerichtlich-medizinische Untersuchungen uber das Skopzentum in Russland. Giessen, St. Petersburg

    Google Scholar 

  204. Aegineta P (1847) The seven books of Paulus Aegineta, vol. 2, Book 6, Sect. 46, p. 334. Translated from Greek by Francis Adams. London Syndenham Society, London

    Google Scholar 

  205. Aegineta P (1538) Libri Septem, quilus medendi ratio ac uia tam in Diatetico, quam Pharmaceutico & Chirurgio genere compendio continetur. Lasius, Basel

    Google Scholar 

  206. Letterman G, Schurter M (1990) A history of reduction mammaplasty. WB Saunders, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  207. Letterman G, Schurter M (1974) Will Durston’s “mammaplasty”. Plast Reconstr Surg, 53(1):48–51

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  208. Biesenberger H (1931) Deformitaten und Kosmetische Operationen der Weiblichen Brust. Wilhem Maudich, Wien

    Google Scholar 

  209. Peters L (1901) Resection of the pendulous, fat abdominal wall in cases of extreme obesity. Ann Surg 33(3):229–304

    Google Scholar 

  210. Dieffenbach JF (1848) Die Operative Chirurgie. Bd 2. FA Brockhaus, Leipzig, p S370

    Google Scholar 

  211. Girard P (1910) Mastoptose und mastopexie. Verhandlungen der deutschen Gesellsch. Fur Chir 39:200

    Google Scholar 

  212. Guinard A (1903) Semicirculares incisions par la resection discoid hypertrophie mammaire tratee. Bull Mem Soc Chir Par 26:597

    Google Scholar 

  213. Morestin H (1905) Hypertrophie mammaire. Bull Mem Soc Anat Paris 80:682

    Google Scholar 

  214. Hollander E (1924) Die Operation der Mammahypertrophie und der hangebrust. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 50:1400

    Article  Google Scholar 

  215. Georgiade NG, Serafin D, Riefkohl R, Georgiade GS (1979) Is there a reduction mammaplasty for “all seasons?”. Plast Reconstr Surg 63(6):765–773

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  216. Bames HO (1948) Reduction of massive breast hypertrophy. Plast Reconstr Surg 3(5):560–569

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. De Quervain F (1926) Zur operativen Behandlung der Hangebrust. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 56:451–459

    Google Scholar 

  218. Kausch W (1916) Die Operationen der Mammahypertrophie. Z Chir 43:713

    Google Scholar 

  219. Eitner E (1932) Kosmetische operationen. Springer, Wien

    Book  Google Scholar 

  220. Morestin H (1909) Hypertophie mammaire unilaterale corrige par la resection discoide. Bull Mem Soc Chir Paris 35:996

    Google Scholar 

  221. Dartigues L (1925) Traitement chirurgical du prolapsus mammaire. Arch Fr Belg Chir 28:313–328

    Google Scholar 

  222. Aubert V (1923) Hypertrophie mammaire de la puberte. Resection partielle restauratrice. Arch Fr Belg Chir 3:284

    Google Scholar 

  223. Lexer E (1912) Sitzungsbericht der naturwissenschaftl–med Ges Jena Muchen. Munch Med Wochenschr 59:2702

    Google Scholar 

  224. May H (1956) Breast plasty in the female. Plast Reconstr Surg 17(5):351–357

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Tamerin JA (1963) The Lexer-Kraske mammaplasty: a reaffirmation. Plast Reconstr Surg 31:442–444

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  226. Kraske H (1923) Die operation der atrophischen und hypertrophischen hangebrust. Munch Med Wochenschr 70:672

    Google Scholar 

  227. Schreiber F (1929) Operation der Haengebrust. Beitr Klin Chir 147:56

    Google Scholar 

  228. Hester TR Jr, Bostwick J 3rd, Miller L, Cunningham SJ (1985) Breast reduction utilizing the maximally vascularized central breast pedicle. Plast Reconstr Surg 76(6):890–900

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  229. Joseph J (1925) Zur operation de hypertorpbischen Hangeburst. Dtstch Med Wochenschr 51:1103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  230. Lexer E (1931) Die gesamte Wiederherstellungschirurgie. Band II, vol 2. J A Barth, Leipzig, p 533

    Google Scholar 

  231. Biesenberger H (1928) Eine neue Methode der Mammaplastik. Zentralbl Chir 55:2382

    Google Scholar 

  232. Schwarzmann E (1930) Die Technik der Mammaplastik. Chirurg 2:932

    Google Scholar 

  233. Gupta SC (1965) A critical review of contemporary procedures for mammary reduction. Br J Plast Surg 18:328–335

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  234. McIndoe AH (1950) Technique of breast reduction. Sauders & Co, Edinburgh

    Google Scholar 

  235. Marc H (1952) La Plastie Mammaire par la “Methode Oblique”. G Doin, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  236. Dufourmentel C, Mouly R (1961) Plastie mammaire par la methode oblique. Ann Chir Plast 6:45–58

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  237. Ragnell A (1946) Operative correction of hypertrophy and ptosis of the female breast. Acta Chir Scand 113:149

    Google Scholar 

  238. Aufricht G (1949) Mammaplasty for pendulous breasts; empiric and geometric planning. Plast Reconstr Surg (1946) 4(1):13–29

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  239. Glasmer E, Amersbach R (1930) Die Formfehler und Die Plastischen Operationen der Weiblichen Brust. Ferd Enke, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  240. Wise RJ (1956) A preliminary report on a method of planning the mammaplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg (1946) 17(5):367–375

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. Strombeck JO (1960) Mammaplasty: report of a new technique based on the two pedicle procedure. Br J Plast Surg 13:79–90

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  242. McKissock PK (1972) Reduction mammaplasty with a vertical dermal flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 49(3):245–252

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  243. McKissock PK (1979) Reduction mammaplasty. Ann Plast Surg 2(4):321–331

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  244. Hirshowitz B, Moscona AR (1982) Modification of the bipedicled vertical dermal flap technique in reduction mammaplasty. Ann Plast Surg 8(5):363–369

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  245. Robbins TH (1977) A reduction mammaplasty with the areola-nipple based on an inferior dermal pedicle. Plast Reconstr Surg 59(1):64–67

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  246. Skoog T (1963) A technique of breast reduction; transposition of the nipple on a cutaneous vascular pedicle. Acta Chir Scand 126:453–465

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  247. Robertson DC (1967) The technique of inferior flap mammaplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 40(4):372–377

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  248. Pitanguy I (1967) Surgical treatment of breast hypertrophy. Br J Plast Surg 20(1):78–85

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  249. Ribeiro L (1975) A new technique for reduction mammaplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 55(3):330–334

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  250. Daniel MJ (1994) Mamoplastia com retalho de musculo peitoral: uma abordagem dinamica e definitiva para ptose mamaria. Arq Catarinense Med 23(Suppl):119

    Google Scholar 

  251. Regnault P (1966) The hypoplastic and ptotic breast: a combined operation with prosthetic augmentation. Plast Reconstr Surg 37(1):31–37

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  252. Peixoto G (1980) Reduction mammaplasty: a personal technique. Plast Reconstr Surg 65(2):217–226

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  253. Weiner DL, Aiache AE, Silver L, Tittiranonda T (1973) A single dermal pedicle for nipple transposition in subcutaneous mastectomy, reduction mammaplasty, or mastopexy. Plast Reconstr Surg 51(2):115–120

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  254. Meyer R, Kesselring UR (1975) Reduction mammaplasty with an L-shaped suture line. Development of different techniques. Plast Reconstr Surg 55(2):139–148

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  255. Rubin LR (1976) Surgical treatment of the massive hypertrophic breast. CV Mosby Co, St. Louis

    Google Scholar 

  256. Maillard GF (1986) A Z-mammaplasty with minimal scarring. Plast Reconstr Surg 77(1):66–76

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  257. Toledo LS, Matsudo PK (1989) Mammoplasty using liposuction and the periareolar incision. Aesthetic Plast Surg 13(1):9–13

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  258. Matarasso A, Courtiss EH (1991) Suction mammaplasty: the use of suction lipectomy to reduce large breasts. Plast Reconstr Surg 87:709–717

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  259. Berrino P, Galli A, Rainero ML, Santi P (1988) Unilateral reduction mammaplasty: sculpturing the breast from the undersurface. Plast Reconstr Surg 82(1):88–98

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  260. Shin KS, Lee HK, Chung S, Lew JD (1992) Reduction mammoplasty with the short submammary scar (S-S-S) technique. Aesthetic Plast Surg 16(2):109–115

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  261. Marconi F, Cavina C (1993) Reduction mammaplasty and correction of ptosis: a personal technique. Plast Reconstr Surg 91(6):1046–1056

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  262. Schoeller T, Wechselberger G, Bauer T, Otto A, Piza-Katzer H (2002) Refinements in reduction mammaplasties from a solely inframammary approach. Plast Reconstr Surg 109(3):1100–1105

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  263. Corduff N, Taylor GI (2004) Subglandular breast reduction: the evolution of a minimal scar approach to breast reduction. Plast Reconstr Surg 113(1):175–184

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  264. Arie G (1957) Una nueva tecnica de mastoplastia. Rev Latinoam Am Cir Plast 3:23–38

    Google Scholar 

  265. Lassus C (1970) A technique for breast reduction. Int Surg 53(1):69–72

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  266. Lassus C (1986) Reduction mammaplasty with short inframammary scars. Plast Reconstr Surg 77(4):680–681

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  267. Lejour M (1994) Vertical mammaplasty and liposuction of the breast. Plast Reconstr Surg 94(1):100–114

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  268. Hagerty RC, Nowicky DJ (1998) Integration of the central mound technique with the vertical skin takeout reduction mammaplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 102(4):1182–1187

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  269. Wallach SG (2006) Technical refinements of the vertical mammaplasty: a modified lejour approach. Aesthet Surg J 26(2):179–187

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  270. Chiari A Jr (1992) The L, short-scar mammaplasty: a new approach. Plast Reconstr Surg 90(2):233–246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  271. McCulley SJ, Rousseau TE (1999) A modified Chiari L short-scar mammoplasty – the technique and results. Br J Plast Surg 52(2):112–117

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  272. Chen TH, Wei FC (1997) Evolution of the vertical reduction mammaplasty: the S approach. Aesthetic Plast Surg 21(2):97–104

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  273. Hammond DC (1999) Short scar periareola inferior pedicle reduction (SPAIR) mammaplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 103(3):890–901

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  274. Menke H, Olbrisch RR, Bahr C (1999) Standard technique of breast reduction surgery with vertical scar. Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir 31(2):134–136

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  275. Atiyeh BS, Rubeiz MT, Hayek SN (2005) Refinements of vertical scar mammaplasty: circumvertical skin excision design with limited inferior pole subdermal undermining and liposculpture of the inframammary crease. Aesthetic Plast Surg 29(6):519–531

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  276. Beer GM, Morgenthaler W, Spicher I, Meyer VE (2001) Modifications in vertical scar breast reduction. Br J Plast Surg 54(4):341–347

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  277. Blondeel PN, Hamdi M, Van de Sijpe KA, Van Landuyt KH, Thiessen FE, Monstrey SJ (2003) The latero-central glandular pedicle technique for breast reduction. Br J Plast Surg 56(4):348–359

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  278. Graf R, Reis de Araujo LR, Rippel R, Neto LG, Pace DT, Biggs T (2003) Reduction mammaplasty and mastopexy using the vertical scar and thoracic wall flap technique. Aesthetic Plast Surg 27(1):6–12

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  279. Khan UD (2007) Vertical scar with the bipedicle technique: a modified procedure for breast reduction and mastopexy. Aesthetic Plast Surg 31(4):337–342

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  280. Hidalgo DA (2007) Y-scar vertical mammaplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 120(7):1749–1754

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  281. Heine N, Eisenmann-Klein M, Prantl L (2008) Gigantomasty: treatment with a short vertical scar. Aesthetic Plast Surg 32(1):41–47

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  282. Ramirez OM (2002) Reduction mammaplasty with the “owl” incision and no undermining. Plast Reconstr Surg 109(2):512–522

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  283. Loustau HD, Mayer HF, Sarrabayrouse M (2008) The owl technique combined with the inferior pedicle in mastopexy. Aesthetic Plast Surg 32(1):11–15

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  284. Mottura AA (2002) Circumvertical reduction mammaplasty. Clin Plast Surg 29(3):393–399

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  285. Asplund OA, Davies DM (1996) Vertical scar breast reduction with medial flap or glandular transposition of the nipple-areola. Br J Plast Surg 49(8):507–514

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  286. Freiberg A, Boyd JB (1986) Reduction mammaplasty: a comparison between the Robbins and Pontes techniques. Plast Reconstr Surg 78(6):773–781

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  287. Pousson M (1897) De la mastopexie. Bull Mem Soc Chir Paris 23:507

    Google Scholar 

  288. Verchere F (1898) Mastopexie laterale contre la mastoptose hypertrophique. Med Mod (Paris) 9:540

    Google Scholar 

  289. Dehner J (1908) Mastopexie zur Beseitigung der Haengebrust. Munch Med Wochenschr 55:1878–1879

    Google Scholar 

  290. Girard C (1910) Uber Mastoptose und Mastopexie. Arch Klin Chir 92:829

    Google Scholar 

  291. Gobell R (1914) Mamma pendula und heftiger Mastodynie. Munch Med Wochenschr 61:1760

    Google Scholar 

  292. Gobell R (1927) Uber Autoplastische freie Fascien und Aponeurosentransplantation nach Martin Kirschner. Arch Klin Chir 146:463

    Google Scholar 

  293. Passot R (1925) La correction esthetique du prolapsus mammaire par le procede de la transposition du mamelon. Presse Med 33:317

    Google Scholar 

  294. Hinderer UT (1976) The dermal brassiere mammaplasty. Clin Plast Surg 3(2):349–370

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  295. Eckstein L (1923) Discussion of F. Lotsch: Uber Hangebrustplastik. Zentralbl Chir 50:1333–1334

    Google Scholar 

  296. Lotsch F (1923) Uber Hangebrustplastik. Zentralbl Chir 50:1241

    Google Scholar 

  297. Axhausen G (1926) Hypertrophie mammaire de la puberte: resection partielle restauratrice. Arch Fr Belg Chir 4:13

    Google Scholar 

  298. Weinhold E (1926) Discussion zum Vortrag Kuster: Operation bei Hangebauch. Zentralbl Gynakol 50:2581

    Google Scholar 

  299. Noel A, Lopez-Martinez M (1928) Nouveaux procedes chirurgicaux de correction du prolapsus mammaire. Arch Fr Belg Chir 31:138

    Google Scholar 

  300. Schurter M, Letterman G (1990) A history of the treatment of sagging breasts (mastopexy). In: Georgiade NG, Georgiade GS, Riefkohl R (eds) Aesthetic surgery of the breast. WB Saunders, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  301. Claoue C (1931) Chirurgie reparatrice mammaire reduction de volume de la glande. Bull Soc Med Paris 454–9

    Google Scholar 

  302. Maliniac JW (1950) Breast deformities and their repair. Grune and Stratton, New York

    Google Scholar 

  303. Gillies HD, Marino H (1958) Periwinkle-shell principle in treatment of small ptotic breast. Plast Reconstr Surg 21(1):1–7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  304. Krupp S (1990) Mastopexy: modification of periwinkle shell operation. Ten years of experience. Aesthetic Plast Surg 14(1):9–14

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  305. Gonzalez-Ulloa M (1960) Correction of hypotrophy of the breast by means of exogenous material. Plast Reconstr Surg Transplant Bull 25:15–26

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  306. Kahn S, Hoffman S, Simon BE (1968) Correction of nonhypertrophic ptosis of the breasts. Plast Reconstr Surg 41(13):244–247

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  307. Goulian D Jr (1971) Dermal mastopexy. Plast Reconstr Surg 47(2):105–110

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  308. Andrews JM, Yshizuki MM, Martins DM, Ramos RR (1975) An areolar approach to reduction mammaplasty. Br J Plast Surg 28(3):166–170

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  309. Bartels RJ, Strickland DM, Douglas WM (1976) A new mastopexy operation for mild or moderate breast ptosis. Plast Reconstr Surg 57(6):687–691

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  310. Figallo E (1977) Surgical treatment of mammary ptosis without hypertrophy. Plast Reconstr Surg 60(2):189–196

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  311. Whidden PG (1978) The tailor-tack mastopexy. Plast Reconstr Surg 62(3):347

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  312. Gruber RP, Jones HW Jr (1980) The “donut” mastopexy: indications and complications. Plast Reconstr Surg 65(1):34–38

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  313. Marchac D, de Olarte G (1982) Reduction mammaplasty and correction of ptosis with a short inframammary scar. Plast Reconstr Surg 69(1):45–55

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  314. De Longis E (1986) Mammoplasty with an L-shaped limited scar and retropectoral dermopexy. Aesthetic Plast Surg 10(3):171–175

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  315. Ship AG, Weiss PR, Engler AM (1989) Dual-pedicle dermoparenchymal mastopexy. Plast Reconstr Surg 83(2):281–290

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  316. Benelli L (1990) A new periareolar mammaplasty: the “round block” technique. Aesthetic Plast Surg 14(2):93–100

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  317. Flowers RS, Smith EM Jr (1998) “Flip-flap” mastopexy. Aesthetic Plast Surg 22:425–429

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  318. de Araujo Cerqueira A (1998) Mammoplasty: breast fixation with dermoglandular mono upper pedicle flap under the pectoralis muscle. Aesthetic Plast Surg 22(6):276–283

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  319. Mitz V (1995) Manuel de Chirurgie Plastique et Esthetique du Sein. Frison Roche, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  320. Hall-Findlay EJ (1999) A simplified vertical reduction mammaplasty: shortening the learning curve. Plast Reconstr Surg 104(3):748–759

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  321. Cao YL, Lach E, Kim TH, Rodriguez A, Arevalo CA, Vacanti CA (1998) Tissue-engineered nipple reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 102(7):2293–2298

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Manish C. Champaneria M.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Champaneria, M.C. (2016). A Complete History of Breast Reconstruction. In: Shiffman, M. (eds) Breast Reconstruction. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18726-6_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18726-6_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-18725-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-18726-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics