Abstract
This chapter is an introduction to the rheology of epoxies and rubbers, their blends, classification, and types. Principles of rheology and polymer rheology are illustrated through conclusive plots and graphs. Rheology of rubbers, epoxies, and their blends are discussed with respect to their molecular structure, mobility, and conformational states. Rheology is explained with respect to the established viscoelasticity models for epoxies and their blends. A detailed account of rheometers and measurements is given. Miscibility, phase separation, and thermodynamics of epoxy-rubber systems form an integral part of this chapter. A correlation is drawn between rheology and shear behavior of these systems. Rheological insights on processing, manufacturing methods, curing reactions, and curing schedules are detailed for epoxy-rubber blend systems. Functional and product applications of rheology of epoxy/rubber blends are listed at the end.
References
Agarwal LS (1989) Specialty polymers and polymer processing, vol 7, Comprehensive polymer science. Pergamon, Oxford
Aklonis JJ, MacKnight WJ (1983) Introduction to polymer viscoelasticity, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York
Argon AS (1973) Polymeric materials – relationship between structure and mechanical behavior. Phil Mag 28:839
ASTM D 4440 (2015), West Conshohokken, PA, USA
ASTM D1238 (2013), West Conshohokken, PA, USA
Bandhyopadhyay S (1990) Review of microscopic and macroscopic aspects of fracture of unmodified and modified epoxy resins. Mater Sci Eng A 125:157–184
Bauer WH, Collins EA (1967) Thixotropy and dilatancy, chapter 8. In: Frederick RE (ed) Rheology –theory and applications, vol 4. Academic, New York
Billmeyer FW (2015) A text book of polymer science. Wiley, New York
Blow CM, Hepburn C (1982) Rubber technology and manufacture, 2nd edn. Butterworth Scientific, London
Bowden PB (1973) The physics of glassy polymers. Wiley, New York, p 327
Bucknall CB (1977) Toughened plastics. Applied Science Publishers, London
Calabrese L, Valenza A (2003a) Effect of CTBN rubber inclusions on the curing kinetic of DGEBA–DGEBF epoxy resin. Eur Polym J 39(7):1355–1363
Calabrese L, Valenza A (2003b) The effect of a liquid CTBN rubber modifier on the thermo-kinetic parameters of an epoxy resin during a pultrusion process. Compos Sci Technol 63(6):851–860
Christensen RM (2010) Theory of viscoelasticity – an introduction, 2nd edn. Dover, New York
Ciba-Geigy Information sheet No: FTA 46d, (1983) pp 1–15; FTA 49e (1984), Duxford, Cambridge
Ferry JD (1970) Viscoelastic properties of polymers, 3rd edn. Wiley, New York
Flory PJ (1953) Principles of polymer chemistry. Cornell University Press, Ithaca
Frohlich J (2003) Toughened epoxy hybrid nano composites. Macromolecules 36:7205
Gabriel OS, Advani SG (2003) Core-shell rubber/epoxy blends, rheology, advanced polymeric materials: structure property relationships. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Garg AC, Mai YW (1988) Failure mechanisms in toughened epoxy resins – a review. Compos Sci Technol 31:179–223
George SM, Puglia D, Kenny JM, Parameswaranpillai J, Thomas S (2014) Reaction-induced phase separation and thermomechanical properties in epoxidized styrene-block-butadiene-block-styrene triblock copolymer modified epoxy/DDM system. Ind Eng Chem Res 53:6941–6950
George SM, Puglia D, Kenny JM, Parameswaranpillai J, Vijayan P, Pionteck J, Thomas S (2015) Volume shrinkage and rheological studies of epoxidised and unepoxidised poly(styrene-blockbutadiene-block-styrene) triblock copolymer modified epoxy resin–diamino diphenyl methane nanostructured blend systems. Phys Chem Chem Phys 17:12760
Glasstone S, Laidler KJ, Eyring H (1941) The theory of rate processes. McGraw-Hill, New York
Gupta RK (2010) Polymer nano composites handbook. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Huggins ML (1958) Physical chemistry of high polymers. Wiley, New York
ISO 1133 (2005) Determination of the melt mass-flow rate (MFR) and melt volume-flow rate (MVR) of thermoplastics – Part 1: standard method, International Standards Organization, Switzerland
Ivankovic M (2003) Cure kinetics and chemo-rheology of epoxy/anhydride systems. J Appl Poly Sci 90:3012–3019
Kinloch AJ (1983) Toughened multiphase thermosetting polymers. Br Polym J 15:83
Kinloch AJ, Young RJ (1983) Fracture behavior of polymers. Applied Science Publishers, London/New York
Kinloch AJ, Shaw SJ, Hunston DL (1983) Deformation and fracture behavior of a rubber-toughened epoxy: 2 failure criteria. Polymer 24(10):1355–1363
Kitagawa M (1977) Power law relationship between yield stress and shear modulus for glassy polymers. J Polym Sci Polym Phys Ed 15:1601–1611
Konnola R, Joji J, Parameswaranpillai J, Joseph K (2015a) Mechanical, thermal, and viscoelastic response of novel in situ CTBN/POSS/epoxy hybrid composite system. RSC Adv 5:61775
Konnola R, Parameswaranpillai J, Joseph K (2015b) Structure and thermo-mechanical properties of CTBN-grafted-GO modified epoxy/DDS composites. Polym Compos. doi:10.1002/pc.23390
Lee HL, Neville K (1967) Handbook of epoxy resins. McGraw-Hill/University of Michigan, Michigan
Lilley J, Holloway DG (1973) Crazing in epoxy resins, p 215
Marshall GP, Culver LE, Williams JG (1970) Proc R Soc A319:165
McGarry FJ (1970) Proc R Soc A319:59
Nicholson JW (1991) The chemistry of polymers. Royal Society of Chemistry Paperbacks, Cambridge
Padmanabhan K (1996) Time-temperature failure analysis of epoxies and unidirectional glass/epoxy composites in compression. Compos: Part A 27A:585–596
Padmanabhan K (2002) Toyobo confidentiality report. www.toyobo.co.jp
Padmanabhan K (2012) Mechanical behavior of Kevlar fibre/epoxy matrix composites. Lambert Academic Publishers, Germany
Padmanabhan K (2015) 3rd Interim report, Project No: 1650, ARDB Structures Panel, India
Padmanabhan K (2016) A multiphysics based finite element approach to evaluate the reliability of IC packages, chapter 2. In: Handbook of research on advanced computational techniques for simulation based engineering. IGI Global, Herche Ave
Padmanabhan K, Kishore A (1995) Failure behavior of carbon fibre/epoxy composites in pin ended buckling and bending tests. Composites 26:201–206
Pearson RA, Yee AF (1986) Toughening mechanisms in elastomer-modified epoxies, Part 2: microscopy studies. J Mater Sci 21:2475–2488
Platzer N (1970) Ind Eng Chem 62:p6
Robertson RE, Joynson CW (1966) J Appl Phys 37:3969
Rowe EH, Siebert AR, Drake RS (1970) Mod Plast 49:110
Thomas S (2014) Rheology of rubber toughened structural epoxy resin systems. Wiley, New York
Vlassopoulos D, Chira I, Loppinet B, McGrail PT (1998) Gelation kinetics in elastomer/thermoset polymer blends. Rheol Acta 37(6):614
Ward IM (1971) Review: the yield behavior of polymers. J Mater Sci 6:1397
White JL, Patel RD (1975) J Appl Poly Sci 19:1775
Williams ML, Landel RF, Ferry JD (1955) The temperature dependence of relaxation mechanisms in amorphous polymers and other glass-forming liquids. J Am Chem Soc 77(14):3701–3707
Woo EM (1993) Time–temperature viscoelastic behavior of an interlaminar-toughened epoxy composite. J Appl Polym Sci 50(10):1683–1692
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this entry
Cite this entry
Krishnan, P. (2016). Rheology of Epoxy/Rubber Blends. In: Parameswaranpillai, J., Hameed, N., Pionteck, J., Woo, E. (eds) Handbook of Epoxy Blends. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18158-5_7-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18158-5_7-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-18158-5
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Chemistry and Mat. ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Chemistry, Materials and Physics