Abstract
Industrialized animal agriculture is rapidly spreading around the globe. But animal welfare protections have failed to keep up, resulting in billions of farm animals suffering. This article chronicles the slow rise of global laws and institutions intended to mitigate that suffering. In particular, it focuses on the evolving animal welfare policies of the European Union, World Animal Health Organization, World Bank, and Food and Agriculture Organization. It also addresses how farm animal welfare is becoming integrated into World Trade Organization case law and bilateral free trade agreements. I argue that international laws and institutions, though currently failing to protect farm animal welfare, provide a promising framework for more extensive protections in future. And I provide some recommendations on how to implement those future protections.
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Notes
- 1.
FAO (2014a).
- 2.
FAO (2014a).
- 3.
Cochrane (1993), pp. 122–150.
- 4.
Cochrane (1993), pp. 122–150.
- 5.
Wilmot (2007).
- 6.
Sherman (2002), p. 79.
- 7.
Schneider and Sharma (2014), p. 12.
- 8.
FAO (2014a).
- 9.
Schneider and Sharma (2014).
- 10.
Schneider and Sharma (2014), p. 13.
- 11.
Schneider and Sharma (2014), p. 19.
- 12.
Schneider and Sharma (2014), p. 14.
- 13.
Samora (2014).
- 14.
Clyma (2014).
- 15.
Fortune (2014).
- 16.
Brambell (1965).
- 17.
Ewer (1973).
- 18.
Pew Commission (2008).
- 19.
Pew Commission (2008).
- 20.
Pew Commission (2008).
- 21.
Pew Commission (2008).
- 22.
HSUS (2014a).
- 23.
HSUS (2014a).
- 24.
HSUS (2014a).
- 25.
Kindy (2013).
- 26.
HSUS (2008).
- 27.
HSUS (2008).
- 28.
HSUS (2008).
- 29.
HSUS (2008).
- 30.
HSUS (2010).
- 31.
Yue (2013).
- 32.
HSUS (2014b).
- 33.
HSUS (2014c).
- 34.
Wolfson and Sullivan (2004).
- 35.
Wolfson and Sullivan (2004).
- 36.
Radio New Zealand (2010).
- 37.
Animal Protection Index (2014).
- 38.
Animal Protection Index (2014).
- 39.
Animal Protection Index (2014).
- 40.
Animal Protection Index (2014).
- 41.
HSI (2012a).
- 42.
HSI (2012b).
- 43.
HSI (2012c).
- 44.
HSI (2012c).
- 45.
HSI (2012b).
- 46.
HSI (2012a).
- 47.
Everett (2014).
- 48.
Everett (2014).
- 49.
Everett (2014).
- 50.
You (2014).
- 51.
Chinese National People’s Congress (2005).
- 52.
You (2014).
- 53.
You (2014).
- 54.
Xinhua (2009).
- 55.
International Fund for Animal Welfare (2009).
- 56.
Council of Europe (1976).
- 57.
Council of Europe (1976).
- 58.
Council of Europe (1976).
- 59.
Judgment of the Court of 19 March 1998—The Queen v Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, ex parte Compassion in World Farming Ltd.
- 60.
Council of Europe (1991).
- 61.
European Commission (1997).
- 62.
Council of Europe (1991).
- 63.
Council of Europe (1999).
- 64.
Council of Europe (2001).
- 65.
European Commission (2001).
- 66.
Judgment of the Court of 19 March 1998—The Queen v Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, ex parte Compassion in World Farming Ltd.
- 67.
Judgment of the Court of 19 March 1998—The Queen v Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, ex parte Compassion in World Farming Ltd.
- 68.
Harper and Henson (2001).
- 69.
Matheny and Leahy (2007).
- 70.
EU-Chile agreement on sanitary and phytosanitary measures applicable to trade in animals and animal products, plants, plant products and other goods and animal welfare (2003), Article 1 of the Annex.
- 71.
Cabanne (2013).
- 72.
HSI (2011).
- 73.
Farming UK (2013).
- 74.
European Commission (2014).
- 75.
Kopperud (2014).
- 76.
HSI, Compassion in World Farming, Four Paws (2013).
- 77.
International Finance Corporation (2006).
- 78.
International Finance Corporation (2006).
- 79.
HSI, Compassion in World Farming, Four Paws (2013).
- 80.
International Finance Corporation (2006).
- 81.
International Finance Corporation (2006).
- 82.
- 83.
International Finance Corporation (2014).
- 84.
International Finance Corporation (2014).
- 85.
International Finance Corporation (2014).
- 86.
OIE (2014a).
- 87.
OIE (2014b), Chapter 7: Animal Welfare.
- 88.
OIE (2014b), Article 7.10.4.
- 89.
OIE (2014b), Article 7.5.7.3(b).
- 90.
OIE (2013).
- 91.
See, e.g., OIE (2012).
- 92.
IFC (2014).
- 93.
See Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures: Preamble, Article 3, and Annex A, paragraph 3(b).
- 94.
OIE (2014b).
- 95.
OIE (2014b).
- 96.
HSI, Compassion in World Farming, Four Paws (2013).
- 97.
Humane Society International, EBRD Sets Milestone for Animal Welfare: Adopts Rules to Stop Financing Extreme Confinement of Farm Animals.
- 98.
FAO (2014b).
- 99.
FAO (2008).
- 100.
- 101.
UN Committee on World Food Security (2014), p. 16.
- 102.
Matheny and Leahy (2007).
- 103.
European Commission (2000).
- 104.
Matheny and Leahy (2007).
- 105.
Matheny and Leahy (2007).
- 106.
Schneider and Sharma (2014), p. 13.
- 107.
See General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (1994) 1867 U.N.T.S. 187.
- 108.
See General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (1994) 1867 U.N.T.S. 187.
- 109.
Thiermann and Babcock (2005).
- 110.
Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (1994) 1868 U.N.T.S. 120.
- 111.
Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (1994) 1868 U.N.T.S. 120.
- 112.
Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (1994) 1868 U.N.T.S. 120.
- 113.
Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (1994) 1868 U.N.T.S. 120.
- 114.
Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (1994) 1868 U.N.T.S. 120.
- 115.
Thiermann and Babcock (2005).
- 116.
Thiermann and Babcock (2005).
- 117.
See General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (1994) 1867 U.N.T.S. 187.
- 118.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (1994) 1867 U.N.T.S. 187.
- 119.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (1994) 1867 U.N.T.S. 187.
- 120.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (1994) 1867 U.N.T.S. 187.
- 121.
Thiermann and Babcock (2005).
- 122.
WTO Panel Reports (2013).
- 123.
WTO Panel Reports (2013).
- 124.
WTO Panel Reports (2013).
- 125.
WTO Appellate Body Report (2014).
- 126.
WTO Panel Reports (2013).
- 127.
WTO Appellate Body Report (2014).
- 128.
WTO Panel Reports (2013).
- 129.
WTO Appellate Body Report (2014).
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Bollard, L. (2017). Global Approaches to Regulating Farm Animal Welfare. In: Steier, G., Patel, K. (eds) International Farm Animal, Wildlife and Food Safety Law. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18002-1_3
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