Skip to main content

Brain Death

  • Chapter
Neurointensive Care

Abstract

Brain death is a concept of death based on neurological criteria. Although widely accepted, not all countries have protocols to diagnose brain death in order to pronounce a person legally dead or to accommodate organ donation. Between countries there are differences in the methods of determining brain death and in the social acceptance of brain death equaling death. This chapter discusses problems of diagnosing brain death as well as ethical and moral problems in relation to brain death.

The boundaries which divide Life from Death are at best shadowy and vague. Who shall say where the one ends, and where the other begins? Edgar Allan Poe, 1844 (in: The Premature Burial)

COI Statement

The authors state that there is no conflict of interest in regard to this chapter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Beecher HK, Ad Hoc Committee of the Harvard Medical School to Examine the Definition of Brain Death. A definition of irreversible coma. Special communication: report of the Ad Hoc Committee of the Harvard Medical School to Examine the Definition of Brain Death. JAMA. 1968;205:337–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Wertheimer P, Jouvet M, Descotes J. À propos du diagnostic de la mort de système nerveux. Dans les comas avec arrêt respiratoire traités par respiration artificielle. Presse Med. 1959;67:87–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Mollaret P, Goulon M. Le coma dépassé (mémoire préliminaire). Rev Neurol (Paris). 1959;101:3–15.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Rosoff SD, Schwab RS. The EEG in establishing brain death. A 10-year report with criteria and legal safeguards in the 50 states. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1968;24:283–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Beecher HK. Definitions of “life” and “death” for medical science and practice. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1970;169:471–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Giacomini M. A change of heart and a change of mind? Technology and the redefinition of death in 1968. Soc Sci Med. 1997;44:1465–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Vargas F, Hilbert G, Gruson D, et al. Fulminant Guillain-Barré syndrome mimicking cerebral death: case report and literature review. Intensive Care Med. 2000;26(5):623–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Bueri JA, Saposnik G, Mauriño J, et al. Lazarus’ sign in brain death. Mov Disord. 2000;15:583–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Jain S, De Georgia M. Brain death-associated reflexes and automatisms. Neurocrit Care. 2005;3:22–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Saposnik G, Maurino J, Saizar R, et al. Spontaneous and reflex movements in 107 patients with brain death. Am J Med. 2005;118:311–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Ikeda H, Aruga T, Hayashi M, Miyake Y, Sugimoto K, Mastumoto K. Two cases in which the presence of ciliospinal response led to indecisiveness in the evaluation of brain death. No To Shinkei. 1999;51:161–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Speelberg B, van Wezel HB. Continuous pressure is preferred to flow triggering of respiration in the apnea test following the protocol for brain death determination. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1998;142:1392–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. McGee WT, Mailloux P. Ventilator autocycling and delayed recognition of brain death. Neurocrit Care. 2011;14:267–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. de Groot YJ, Jansen NE, Bakker J, Kuiper MA, et al. Imminent brain death: point of departure for potential heart-beating organ donor recognition. Intensive Care Med. 2010;36:1488–94.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Shemie SD, Hornby L, Baker A, Teitelbaum J, Torrance S, Young K, Capron AM, Bernat JL, Noel L, The International Guidelines for Determination of Death Phase 1 Participants, in Collaboration with the World Health Organization. International guideline development for the determination of death. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40:788–97.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Magnus DC, Wilfond BS, Caplan AL. Accepting brain death. N Engl J Med. 2014. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1400930

  17. Truog RD, Miller FG, Halpern SD. The dead-donor rule and the future of organ donation. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1287–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Kompanje EJO. Prognostication in neurocritical care: just crystal ball gazing? Neurocrit Care. 2013;19:267–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Kuiper MA. Donation after cardiac death: an ethical balancing act? Neth J Crit Care. 2008;12:31.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Kuiper MA, Jansen NE. Legislative amendment legitimises current organ donation practices. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2013;157(36):A6456.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Kuiper MA, Kompanje EJ. Only a very bold man would attempt to define death. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40(6):897–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. ANZICS statement on death and organ donation. http://www.anzics.com.au/death-and-organ-donation

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Michael A. Kuiper MD, PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kuiper, M.A., Drost, G., van Dijk, J.G. (2015). Brain Death. In: Wartenberg, K., Shukri, K., Abdelhak, T. (eds) Neurointensive Care. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17293-4_20

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17293-4_20

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-17292-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-17293-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics