Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) affects tens of millions of individuals in the USA, resulting in substantial economic and noneconomic costs [1, 2]. The understanding of disease mechanisms in CRS, as well as its impact on society, has undergone significant paradigm shifts in recent decades. This chapter presents a comprehensive review of the epidemiology and pathophysiology of CRS, highlighting recent developments and current controversies in the field.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Batra PS, Tong L, Citardi MJ. Analysis of comorbidities and objective parameters in refractory chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope. 2013;123 Suppl 7:S1–11.
Senior BA, Glaze C, Benninger MS. Use of the Rhinosinusitis Disability Index (RSDI) in rhinologic disease. Am J Rhinol. 2001;15:15–20.
Bhattacharyya N. The economic burden and symptom manifestations of chronic rhinosinusitis. Am J Rhinol. 2003;17:27–32.
Lanza DC, Kennedy DW. Adult rhinosinusitis defined. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1997;117:S1–7.
Orlandi RR, Terrell JE. Analysis of the adult chronic rhinosinusitis working definition. Am J Rhinol. 2002;16:7–10.
Rosenfeld RM, Andes D, Bhattacharyya N, et al. Clinical practice guideline: adult sinusitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007;137:S1–31.
Fokkens WJ, Lund VJ, Mullol J, et al. EPOS 2012: European position paper on rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps 2012. A summary for otorhinolaryngologists. Rhinology. 2012;50:1–12.
Rosenfeld RM. Clinical practice guideline on adult sinusitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007;137:365–77.
Meltzer EO, Hamilos DL. Rhinosinusitis diagnosis and management for the clinician: a synopsis of recent consensus guidelines. Mayo Clin Proc. 2011;86:427–43.
Benninger MS, Ferguson BJ, Hadley JA, et al. Adult chronic rhinosinusitis: definitions, diagnosis, epidemiology, and pathophysiology. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003;129:S1–32.
Adams PF, Hendershot GE, Marano MA. Current estimates from the National Health Interview Survey, 1996. Vital and health statistics Series 10, Data from the National Health Survey; 1999. p. 1–203.
Schappert SM. Ambulatory care visits to physician offices, hospital outpatient departments, and emergency departments: United States, 1997. Vital and health statistics Series 13, Data from the National Health Survey; 1999. p. i–iv, 1–39.
Cohen M, Kofonow J, Nayak JV, et al. Biofilms in chronic rhinosinusitis: a review. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2009;23:255–60.
Rugina M, Serrano E, Klossek JM, et al. Epidemiological and clinical aspects of nasal polyposis in France; the ORLI group experience. Rhinology. 2002;40:75–9.
Katle EJ, Hart H, Kjaergaard T, Kvaloy JT, Steinsvag SK. Nose- and sinus-related quality of life and GERD. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2012;269:121–5.
Wise SK, Wise JC, DelGaudio JM. Association of nasopharyngeal and laryngopharyngeal reflux with postnasal drip symptomatology in patients with and without rhinosinusitis. Am J Rhinol. 2006;20:283–9.
Hamilos DL. Chronic rhinosinusitis: epidemiology and medical management. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;128:693–707; quiz 708–699.
Ferguson BJ, Barnes L, Bernstein JM, et al. Geographic variation in allergic fungal rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2000;33:441–9.
Banerji A, Piccirillo JF, Thawley SE, et al. Chronic rhinosinusitis patients with polyps or polypoid mucosa have a greater burden of illness. Am J Rhinol. 2007;21:19–26.
Antunes MB, Cohen NA. Mucociliary clearance – a critical upper airway host defense mechanism and methods of assessment. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;7:5–10.
Chen B, Shaari J, Claire SE, et al. Altered sinonasal ciliary dynamics in chronic rhinosinusitis. Am J Rhinol. 2006;20:325–9.
Girod S, Zahm JM, Plotkowski C, Beck G, Puchelle E. Role of the physiochemical properties of mucus in the protection of the respiratory epithelium. Eur Respir J. 1992;5:477–87.
Atsuta S, Majima Y. Nasal mucociliary clearance of chronic sinusitis in relation to rheological properties of nasal mucus. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1998;107:47–51.
Jorissen M, Willems T, De Boeck K. Diagnostic evaluation of mucociliary transport: from symptoms to coordinated ciliary activity after ciliogenesis in culture. Am J Rhinol. 2000;14:345–52.
Ho JC, Chan KN, Hu WH. The effect of aging on nasal mucociliary clearance, beat frequency, and ultrastructure of respiratory cilia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163:983–8.
Briggs RD, Wright ST, Cordes S, Calhoun KH. Smoking in chronic rhinosinusitis: a predictor of poor long-term outcome after endoscopic sinus surgery. Laryngoscope. 2004;114:126–8.
Mahakit P, Pumhirun P. A preliminary study of nasal mucociliary clearance in smokers, sinusitis and allergic rhinitis patients. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 1995;13:119–21.
Agius AM, Smallman LA, Pahor AL. Age, smoking and nasal ciliary beat frequency. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 1998;23:227–30.
Reh DD, Higgins TS, Smith TL. Impact of tobacco smoke on chronic rhinosinusitis: a review of the literature. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2012;2:362–9.
Klossek JM, Neukirch F, Pribil C, et al. Prevalence of nasal polyposis in France: a cross-sectional, case–control study. Allergy. 2005;60:233–7.
Hedman J, Kaprio J, Poussa T, Nieminen MM. Prevalence of asthma, aspirin intolerance, nasal polyposis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a population-based study. Int J Epidemiol. 1999;28:717–22.
Larsen K. The clinical relationship of nasal polyps to asthma. Allergy Asthma Proc. 1996;17:243–9.
Ramanathan Jr M, Lee WK, Dubin MG, Lin S, Spannhake EW, Lane AP. Sinonasal epithelial cell expression of toll-like receptor 9 is decreased in chronic rhinosinusitis with polyps. Am J Rhinol. 2007;21:110–6.
Hsu J, Peters AT. Pathophysiology of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2011;25:285–90.
Frieri M. Asthma linked with rhinosinusitis: an extensive review. Allergy Rhinol (Providence). 2014;5:41–9.
Kou W, Hu GH, Yao HB, et al. Regulation of transforming growth factor-beta1 activation and expression in the tissue remodeling involved in chronic rhinosinusitis. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 2012;74:172–8.
Önerci TM. Nasal Physiology and Pathophysiology of Nasal Disorders. Heidelberg: Springer; 2013.
Samter M, Beers Jr RF. Intolerance to aspirin. Clinical studies and consideration of its pathogenesis. Ann Intern Med. 1968;68:975–83.
Antczak A, Montuschi P, Kharitonov S, Gorski P, Barnes PJ. Increased exhaled cysteinyl-leukotrienes and 8-isoprostane in aspirin-induced asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166:301–6.
Kim JE, Kountakis SE. The prevalence of Samter’s triad in patients undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Ear Nose Throat J. 2007;86:396–9.
Bhattacharyya N, Kepnes LJ. The microbiology of recurrent rhinosinusitis after endoscopic sinus surgery. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1999;125:1117–20.
Hwang PH. Staph aureus has long been recognized as being more prevalent in cultures from patients with chronic rhinosinusitis(CRS) compared to those with acute rhinosinusitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2013;3:81–2.
Foreman A, Jervis-Bardy J, Wormald PJ. Do biofilms contribute to the initiation and recalcitrance of chronic rhinosinusitis? Laryngoscope. 2011;121:1085–91.
Madeo J, Frieri M. Bacterial biofilms and chronic rhinosinusitis. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2013;34:335–41.
Al-Mutairi D, Kilty SJ. Bacterial biofilms and the pathophysiology of chronic rhinosinusitis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;11:18–23.
Donlan RM, Costerton JW. Biofilms: survival mechanisms of clinically relevant microorganisms. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2002;15:167–93.
Korkmaz H, Ocal B, Tatar EC, et al. Biofilms in chronic rhinosinusitis with polyps: is eradication possible? Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2014;271:2695–702.
Tatar EC, Tatar I, Ocal B, et al. Prevalence of biofilms and their response to medical treatment in chronic rhinosinusitis without polyps. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2012;146:669–75.
Bezerra TF, Padua FG, Gebrim EM, Saldiva PH, Voegels RL. Biofilms in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2011;144:612–6.
Singhal D, Psaltis AJ, Foreman A, Wormald PJ. The impact of biofilms on outcomes after endoscopic sinus surgery. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2010;24:169–74.
Foreman A, Psaltis AJ, Tan LW, Wormald PJ. Characterization of bacterial and fungal biofilms in chronic rhinosinusitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2009;23:556–61.
Sanclement JA, Webster P, Thomas J, Ramadan HH. Bacterial biofilms in surgical specimens of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope. 2005;115:578–82.
Li H, Wang D, Sun X, Hu L, Yu H, Wang J. Relationship between bacterial biofilm and clinical features of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2012;269:155–63.
Quinn GA, Tarwater PM, Cole AM. Subversion of interleukin-1-mediated host defence by a nasal carrier strain of Staphylococcus aureus. Immunology. 2009;128:e222–9.
Cole AM, Tahk S, Oren A, et al. Determinants of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2001;8:1064–9.
Plouin-Gaudon I, Clement S, Huggler E, et al. Intracellular residency is frequently associated with recurrent Staphylococcus aureus rhinosinusitis. Rhinology. 2006;44:249–54.
Clement S, Vaudaux P, Francois P, et al. Evidence of an intracellular reservoir in the nasal mucosa of patients with recurrent Staphylococcus aureus rhinosinusitis. J Infect Dis. 2005;192:1023–8.
Tomassen P, Van Zele T, Zhang N, et al. Pathophysiology of chronic rhinosinusitis. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2011;8:115–20.
Krysko O, Holtappels G, Zhang N, et al. Alternatively activated macrophages and impaired phagocytosis of S. aureus in chronic rhinosinusitis. Allergy. 2011;66:396–403.
Bhandarkar ND, Sautter NB, Kennedy DW, Smith TL. Osteitis in chronic rhinosinusitis: a review of the literature. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2013;3:355–63.
Sethi N. The significance of osteitis in rhinosinusitis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2014;272(4):821–6.
Kennedy DW, Senior BA, Gannon FH, Montone KT, Hwang P, Lanza DC. Histology and histomorphometry of ethmoid bone in chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope. 1998;108:502–7.
Perloff JR, Gannon FH, Bolger WE, Montone KT, Orlandi R, Kennedy DW. Bone involvement in sinusitis: an apparent pathway for the spread of disease. Laryngoscope. 2000;110:2095–9.
Georgalas C, Videler W, Freling N, Fokkens W. Global Osteitis Scoring Scale and chronic rhinosinusitis: a marker of revision surgery. Clin Otolaryngol. 2010;35:455–61.
Lee JT, Kennedy DW, Palmer JN, Feldman M, Chiu AG. The incidence of concurrent osteitis in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis: a clinicopathological study. Am J Rhinol. 2006;20:278–82.
Bhandarkar ND, Mace JC, Smith TL. The impact of osteitis on disease severity measures and quality of life outcomes in chronic rhinosinusitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2011;1:372–8.
Popatia R, Haver K, Casey A. Primary ciliary dyskinesia: an update on new diagnostic modalities and review of the literature. Pediatr Allergy Immunol Pulmonol. 2014;27:51–9.
Noone PG, Leigh MW, Sannuti A, et al. Primary ciliary dyskinesia: diagnostic and phenotypic features. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;169:459–67.
Deja M, Busch T, Bachmann S, et al. Reduced nitric oxide in sinus epithelium of patients with radiologic maxillary sinusitis and sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;168:281–6.
Egan M. Cystic fibrosis (Chapter 395). In: Kliegman EA, editor. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 19th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2011.
Chaaban MR, Kejner A, Rowe SM, Woodworth BA. Cystic fibrosis chronic rhinosinusitis: a comprehensive review. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2013;27:387–95.
Cannady SB, Batra PS, Koening C, et al. Sinonasal Wegener granulomatosis: a single-institution experience with 120 cases. Laryngoscope. 2009;119:757–61.
Woywodt A, Haubitz M, Haller H, Matteson EL. Wegener’s granulomatosis. Lancet. 2006;367:1362–6.
Lloyd G, Lund VJ, Beale T, Howard D. Rhinologic changes in Wegener’s granulomatosis. J Laryngol Otol. 2002;116:565–9.
Bosch X, Guilabert A, Espinosa G, Mirapeix E. Treatment of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody – associated vasculitis: a systematic review. JAMA. 2007;298:655–69.
Kirsten AM, Watz H, Kirsten D. Sarcoidosis with involvement of the paranasal sinuses – a retrospective analysis of 12 biopsy-proven cases. BMC Pulm Med. 2013;13:59.
Reed J, de Shazo RD, Houle TT, Stringer S, Wright L, Moak 3rd JS. Clinical features of sarcoid rhinosinusitis. Am J Med. 2010;123:856–62.
Guillevin L, Cohen P, Gayraud M, Lhote F, Jarrousse B, Casassus P. Churg-Strauss syndrome. Clinical study and long-term follow-up of 96 patients. Medicine. 1999;78:26–37.
Thaler ER, Kennedy DW. Rhinosinusitis: A Guide for Diagnosis and Management: Springer. 2008.
Parikh SL, Venkatraman G, DelGaudio JM. Invasive fungal sinusitis: a 15-year review from a single institution. Am J Rhinol. 2004;18:75–81.
Plonk DP, Luong A. Current understanding of allergic fungal rhinosinusitis and treatment implications. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014;22:221–6.
Prasad HK, Bhojwani KM, Shenoy V, Prasad SC. HIV manifestations in otolaryngology. Am J Otolaryngol. 2006;27:179–85.
Milgrim LM, Rubin JS, Small CB. Mucociliary clearance abnormalities in the HIV-infected patient: a precursor to acute sinusitis. Laryngoscope. 1995;105:1202–8.
Godofsky EW, Zinreich J, Armstrong M, Leslie JM, Weikel CS. Sinusitis in HIV-infected patients: a clinical and radiographic review. Am J Med. 1992;93:163–70.
Kim NR, Han J, Kwon TY. Nasal rhinoscleroma in a nonendemic area: a case report. J Korean Med Sci. 2003;18:455–8.
Hamilos DL. Host-microbial interactions in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;133:640–53.e4.
Suh JD, Ramakrishnan VR, Tajudeen B, Reger C, Kennedy DW, Chiu AG. Identification and treatment of nontuberculous Mycobacterium sinusitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2011;25:421–4.
Solyar A, Lee AS, Przybyszewski B, Lanza DC. Atypical mycobacterium detection in refractory chronic rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2012;146:1012–6.
Tichenor WS, Thurlow J, McNulty S, Brown-Elliott BA, Wallace Jr RJ, Falkinham 3rd JO. Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in household plumbing as possible cause of chronic rhinosinusitis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18:1612–7.
Messinger E. Narcotic septal perforations due to drug addiction. JAMA. 1962;179:964–5.
Gupta A, Hawrych A, Wilson WR. Cocaine-induced sinonasal destruction. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2001;124:480.
Fuchs HA, Tanner SB. Granulomatous disorders of the nose and paranasal sinuses. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009;17:23–7.
Financial Disclosures
None
Conflicts of Interest
None
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Carniol, E.T., Svider, P.F., Vázquez, A., Eloy, J.A. (2015). Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Chronic Rhinosinusitis. In: Batra, P., Han, J. (eds) Practical Medical and Surgical Management of Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16724-4_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16724-4_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-16723-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-16724-4
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)