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Sarcopenia and Its Intervention

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Nutrition, Exercise and Epigenetics: Ageing Interventions

Part of the book series: Healthy Ageing and Longevity ((HAL,volume 2))

Abstract

The world’s elderly population is expanding rapidly, and we are now faced with the significant challenge of maintaining or improving physical activity, independence, and quality of life in the elderly. Sarcopenia, the age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass, is characterized by a deterioration of muscle quantity and quality leading to a gradual slowing of movement, a decline in strength and power, increased risk of fall-related injury, and often, frailty. Muscle loss has been linked with several proteolytic systems, including the ubuiquitin-proteasome and lysosome-autophagy systems. Although many factors are considered to regulate age-dependent muscle loss, this gentle atrophy is not affected by factors known to enhance rapid atrophy (denervation, hindlimb suspension, etc.). In addition, defects in Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and serum response factor (SRF)-dependent signaling have been found in sarcopenic muscle. Intriguingly, more recent studies indicate an apparent functional defect in autophagy-dependent signaling in sarcopenic muscle. Resistance training combined with amino acid-containing supplements is often utilized to prevent age-related muscle wasting and weakness. Treatment with ursolic acid seems to be effective as therapeutic agents for sarcopenia, because they attenuate the degenerative symptoms of cachexic muscle. Pharmacological, hormonal, and supplemental approaches have been tried to attenuate sarcopenia, but did not obtain outstanding results. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the adaptation of many regulators in sarcopenia and more recent therapeutic strategies (myostatin inhibition, supplementation with ghrelin or ursolic acid, etc.) for counteracting sarcopenia.

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Abbreviations

ACE:

angiotensin-converting enzyme

ActRIIB:

activin receptor IIB

ALK:

activin receptor-like kinase

Atg:

autophagy-related genes

atrogin-1:

atrophy gene-1

BCAA:

branched chain amino acid

CR:

caloric restriction

DHEA:

dehydroepiandrosterone

DMD:

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

eIF:

eukaryotic initiation factor

4E-BP:

eIF 4E binding protein

FOXO:

forkhead box O

GH:

growth hormone

GSK:

glycogen synthase kinase

IGF-I:

insulin-like growth factor-I

IL:

interleukin

JAK:

Janus kinase

KO:

knockout

MRTF:

myocardin-related transcription factor

mTOR:

mammalian target of rapamycin

mTORC:

mTOR signaling complex

MuRF:

muscle ring-finger protein

NF-ÎşB:

nuclear factor-kappaB

NMJ:

neuromuscular junction

PGC-1α:

peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α

PI3-K:

phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase

p70S6K:

p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase

RDA:

recommended dietary allowance

Rheb:

Ras homolog enriched in brain

ROS:

reactive oxidative species

SRF:

serum response factor

STARS:

striated muscle activators of Rho signaling

STAT:

signal transducer and activator of transcription

TNF-α:

tumor necrosis factor-α

TSC:

tuberous sclerosis complex

UPS:

ubiquitin-proteasome system

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by a research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research C (No. 26350815) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Center for Physical Fitness, Sports and Health, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tenpaku-Cho, Toyohashi, 441-8580, Japan

    Kunihiro Sakuma

  2. Department of Physical Therapy, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan

    Akihiko Yamaguchi

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Correspondence to Kunihiro Sakuma .

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  1. Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA

    Byung Pal Yu

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Sakuma, K., Yamaguchi, A. (2015). Sarcopenia and Its Intervention. In: Yu, B. (eds) Nutrition, Exercise and Epigenetics: Ageing Interventions. Healthy Ageing and Longevity, vol 2. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14830-4_7

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