Abstract
The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) repressors encoded by the Drosophila Enhancer of split Complex (E(spl)C) are the terminal effectors of Notch signaling, a pathway that is highly conserved through Metazoa. Although the E(spl) proteins are structurally conserved, one region that exhibits length and sequence heterogeneity is the C-terminal domain (CtD), which links the b/HLH domains to the terminal WRPW tetrapeptide, facilitating recruitment of the corepressor Groucho. Consequently, the CtD has been largely thought to act as a nonfunctional linker. However, studies are revealing that this region is not only key to controlling E(spl) repressor activity (cis-inhibition) but is subject to sophisticated regulation through posttranslational modifications (PTM). These modifications are mediated by protein kinases, phosphatase(s), and accessory factors, which together regulate phospho-occupancy, conferring spatial and temporal control over E(spl) protein activities and levels. We suggest that E(spl)M8 is a paradigm for understanding the regulation of mammalian E(spl) homologues by PTM. In the case of E(spl)M8, repressor activity first requires multisite phosphorylation led by CK2, with steady state control provided by the phosphatase PP2A. The later participation of additional kinases would activate a phosphodegron, enabling timely clearance of the protein. Controlled activation and deactivation may both be essential for repeated rounds of Notch signaling, employing different E(spl) repressors. This mode of regulation likely impacts a preponderance of E(spl) members, underscoring its importance to Notch signaling. PTM therefore imposes greater functional diversity among the E(spl) proteins, which are themselves differentially expressed during development. Aberrant posttranslational modification of the human E(spl) homologues, the HES proteins, may underlie diverse developmental disorders and cancer, both of which have been linked to defects in Notch signaling.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Pinna LA (2002) Protein kinase CK2: a challenge to canons. J Cell Sci 115(Pt 20):3873–3878
Litchfield DW (2003) Protein kinase CK2: structure, regulation and role in cellular decisions of life and death. Biochem J 369:1–15
Issinger OG (1993) Casein kinases: pleiotropic mediators of cellular regulation. Pharmacol Ther 59:1–30
Bidwai AP, Hanna DE, Glover CVC (1992) The free catalytic subunit of casein kinase II is not toxic in vivo. J Biol Chem 267:18790–18796
Kuenzel EA, Krebs EG (1985) A synthetic substrate specific for casein kinase II. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 82:737–741
Kuenzel EA et al (1987) Substrate specificity determinants for casein kinase II as deduced from studies with synthetic peptides. J Biol Chem 262:9136–9140
Hrubey TW, Roach PJ (1990) Phosphoserine in peptide substrates can specify casein kinase II action. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 172:190–196
Meier UT, Blobel G (1992) Nopp 140 shuttles on tracks between nucleolus and cytoplasm. Cell 70:127–138
Wilson LK et al (1997) Casein kinase II catalyzes tyrosine phosphorylation of yeast nucleolar immunophilin Fpr3. J Biol Chem 272:12961–12967
Marin O et al (1999) Tyrosine versus serine/threonine phosphorylation by protein kinase casein kinase-2. J Biol Chem 274:29260–29265
Kennedy EP (1992) Sailing to Byzantium. Annu Rev Biochem 61:1–28
Burnett G, Kennedy EP (1954) The enzymatic phosphorylation of proteins. J Biol Chem 211:969–980
Salvi M et al (2009) Extraordinary pleiotropy of protein kinase CK2 revealed by weblogo phosphoproteome analysis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1793(5):847–859
Meggio F, Pinna LA (2003) One-thousand-and-one substrates of protein kinase CK2. FASEB J 17:349–368
Bidwai AP (2000) Structure and function of casein kinase II. Recent Res Devel Mol Cell Biol 1:51–82
Glover CVC (1998) On the physiological role of casein kinase II in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol 59:95–133
Padmanabha R et al (1990) Isolation, sequencing, and disruption of the yeast CKA2 gene: casein kinase II is essential for viability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol 10:4089–4099
Hanna DE, Rethinaswamy A, Glover CVC (1995) Casein kinase II is required for cell cycle progression during G1 and G2/M in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 270:25905–25914
Bandhakavi S et al (2003) Genetic interactions among ZDS1,2, CDC37, and protein kinase CK2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS Lett 554(3):295–300
Pepperkok R et al (1994) Casein kinase II is required for transition of G0/G1, early G1, and G1/S phases of the cell cycle. J Biol Chem 269:6986–6991
Ghavidel A, Schultz MC (2001) TATA binding protein-associated CK2 transduces DNA damage signals to the RNA polymerase II transcriptional machinery. Cell 106:575–584
Luscher B et al (1990) Myb DNA binding inhibited by phosphorylation at a site deleted during oncogenic activation. Nature 344:517–522
Zhao T, Eissenberg JC (1999) Phosphorylation of heterochromatin protein 1 by casein kinase II is required for efficient heterochromatin binding in Drosophila. J Biol Chem 274:15095
Tamaru T et al (2009) CK2alpha phosphorylates BMAL1 to regulate the mammalian clock. Nat Struct Mol Biol 16(4):446–448
Akten B et al (2003) A role for CK2 in the Drosophila circadian oscillator. Nat Neurosci 6:251–257
Lin JM et al (2002) A role for casein kinase 2alpha in the Drosophila circadian clock. Nature 420(6917):816–820
Sanz-Clemente A et al (2010) Casein kinase 2 regulates the NR2 subunit composition of synaptic NMDA receptors. Neuron 67(6):984–996
ole-MoiYoi OK (1989) Theileria parva: an intracellular protozoan parasite that induces reversible lymphocyte transformation. Exp Parasitol 69:204–210
ole-MoiYoi OK et al (1993) Evidence for the induction of casein kinase II in bovine lymphocytes transformed by the intracellular protozoan parasite Theileria parva. EMBO J 12:1621–1631
ole-MoiYoi OK et al (1992) Cloning and characterization of the casein kinase II alpha subunit gene from the lymphocyte-transforming intracellular protozoan parasite Theileria parva. Biochemistry 31:6193–6202
ole-MoiYoi OK (1995) Casein kinase II in theileriosis. Science 267:834–836
Kelliher MA, Seldin DC, Leder P (1996) Tal-1 induces T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia accelerated by casein kinase II alpha. EMBO J 15:5160–5166
Seldin DC, Leder P (1995) Casein kinase II alpha transgene-induced murine lymphoma: relation to theileriosis in cattle. Science 267:894–897
Ahmed K (1999) Nuclear matrix and protein kinase CK2 signaling. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 9:329–336
Munstermann U et al (1990) Casein kinase II is elevated in solid human tumours and rapidly proliferating non-neoplastic tissue. Eur J Biochem 189:251–257
Prowald K, Fischer H, Issinger OG (1984) Enhanced casein kinase II activity in human tumor cell cultures. FEBS Lett 176:479–483
Deshiere A et al (2013) Unbalanced expression of CK2 kinase subunits is sufficient to drive epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by Snail1 induction. Oncogene 32(11):1373–1383
Snell V, Nurse P (1994) Genetic analysis of cell morphogenesis in fission yeast-a role for casein kinase II in the establishment of polarized growth. EMBO J 13:2066–2074
Roussou I, Dretta G (1994) The Schizosaccharomyces pombe casein kinase II alpha and beta subunits: evolutionary conservation and positive role for the beta subunits. Mol Cell Biol 14:576–586
Jauch E et al (2002) In vivo functional analysis of Drosophila protein kinase casein kinase 2 (CK2) beta-subunit. Gene 298:29–39
Buchou T et al (2003) Disruption of the regulatory beta subunit of protein kinase CK2 in mice leads to a cell-autonomous defect and early embryonic lethality. Mol Cell Biol 23:908–915
Litchfield DW, Dobrowolska G, Krebs EG (1994) Regulation of casein kinase II by growth factors: a reevaluation. Cell Mol Biol Res 40(5/6):373–381
Sommercorn J et al (1987) Activation of casein kinase II in response to insulin and to epidermal growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 84:8834–8838
Song DH, Sussman DJ, Seldin DC (2000) Endogenous protein kinase CK2 participates in Wnt signaling in mammary epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 275(31):23790–23797
Willert K et al (1997) Casein kinase 2 associates with and phosphorylates Dishevelled. EMBO J 16:3089–3096
Gao Y, Wang HY (2006) Casein kinase 2 is activated and essential for Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. J Biol Chem 281(27):18394–18400
Seldin DC et al (2005) CK2 as a positive regulator of Wnt signalling and tumourigenesis. Mol Cell Biochem 274(1–2):63–67
Jia H et al (2010) Casein kinase 2 promotes Hedgehog signaling by regulating both smoothened and Cubitus interruptus. J Biol Chem 285(48):37218–37226
Jaffe L, Ryoo H-D, Mann RS (1997) A role for phosphorylation by casein kinase II in modulating Antennapedia activity in Drosophila. Genes Dev 11:1327–1340
Bourbon HM et al (1995) Phosphorylation of the Drosophila engrailed protein at a site outside its homeodomain enhances DNA binding. J Biol Chem 270:11130–11139
Coqueret O et al (1998) DNA binding by Cut homeodomain proteins Is down-modulated by Casein Kinase II. J Biol Chem 273(5):2561–2566
Goldstein RE et al (2005) An eh1-like motif in odd-skipped mediates recruitment of groucho and repression in vivo. Mol Cell Biol 25(24):10711–10720
Dominguez I et al (2004) Protein kinase CK2 is required for dorsal axis formation in Xenopus embryos. Dev Biol 274(1):110–124
Wong LC et al (2011) The functioning of the Drosophila CPEB protein Orb is regulated by phosphorylation and requires casein kinase 2 activity. PLoS One 6(9):e24355
Glover CVC (1986) A filamentous form of Drosophila casein kinase II. J Biol Chem 261:14349–14354
Glover CVC, Shelton ER, Brutlag DL (1983) Purification and characterization of a type II casein kinase from Drosophila melanogaster. J Biol Chem 258(5):3258–3265
Saxena A, Padmanabha R, Glover CVC (1987) Isolation and sequencing of cDNA clones encoding a and b subunits of Drosophila melanogaster casein kinase II. Mol Cell Biol 7(10):3409–3417
Bozzetti MP et al (1995) The Ste locus, a component of the parasitic cry-ste system of Drosophila melanogaster, encodes a protein that forms crystals in primary spermatocytes and mimics properties of the beta subunit of casein kinase II. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92:6067–6071
Bidwai AP, Zhao WF, Glover CVC (1999) A gene located at 56 F1-2 in Drosophila melanogaster encodes a novel metazoan beta-like subunit of casein kinase II. Mol Cell Biol Res Commun 1:21–28
Karandikar U et al (2003) The Drosophila SSL gene is expressed in larvae, pupae, and adults, exhibits sexual dimorphism, and mimics properties of the b subunit of casein kinase II. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 301:941–947
Bidwai AP et al (2000) Multiple, closely spaced alternative 5′ exons in the DmCKIIbeta gene of Drosophila melanogaster. Mol Cell Biol Res Commun 3:283–291
Jauch E et al (2006) The Drosophila melanogaster DmCK2beta transcription unit encodes for functionally non-redundant protein isoforms. Gene 374:142–152
Greenwald I (2012) Notch and the awesome power of genetics. Genetics 191(3):655–669
D’Souza B, Meloty-Kapella L, Weinmaster G (2010) Canonical and non-canonical Notch ligands. Curr Top Dev Biol 92:73–129
Artavanis-Tsakonas S, Muskavitch MA (2010) Notch: the past, the present, and the future. Curr Top Dev Biol 92:1–29
Tien AC, Rajan A, Bellen HJ (2009) A Notch updated. J Cell Biol 184(5):621–629
Kopan R (2002) Notch: a membrane-bound transcription factor. J Cell Sci 115(Pt 6):1095–1097
Bray SJ (2006) Notch signalling: a simple pathway becomes complex. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 7(9):678–689
Ilagan MX, Kopan R (2007) Notch signaling pathway. Cell 128(6):1246
de la Pompa JL, Epstein JA (2012) Coordinating tissue interactions: notch signaling in cardiac development and disease. Dev Cell 22(2):244–254
Bajard L, Oates AC (2012) Breathe in and straighten your back: Hypoxia, Notch, and Scoliosis. Cell 149:255–256
Louvi A, Artavanis-Tsakonas S (2006) Notch signalling in vertebrate neural development. Nat Rev Neurosci 7(2):93–102
Pierfelice T, Alberi L, Gaiano N (2011) Notch in the vertebrate nervous system: an old dog with new tricks. Neuron 69(5):840–855
Beets K et al (2013) Robustness in angiogenesis: notch and BMP shaping waves. Trends Genet 29(3):140–149
Maillard I, Pear WS (2007) Immunology. Keeping a tight leash on Notch. Science 316(5826):840–842
Wu MN, Raizen DM (2011) Notch signaling: a role in sleep and stress. Curr Biol 21(10):397–398
Seugnet L et al (2011) Notch signaling modulates sleep homeostasis and learning after sleep deprivation in drosophila. Curr Biol 21(10):835–840
Oellers N, Dehio M, Knust E (1994) BHLH proteins encoded by the enhancer of split complex of drosophila negatively interfere with transcriptional activation mediated by proneural genes. Mol Gen Genet 244:465–473
Klambt C et al (1989) Closely related transcripts encoded by the neurogenic gene complex Enhancer of split of Drosophila melanogaster. EMBO J 8:203–210
Knust E et al (1992) Seven genes of the enhancer of split complex of Drosophila melanogaster encode helix-loop-helix proteins. Genetics 132:505–518
Delidakis C, Artavanis-Tsakonas S (1991) The enhancer of split [E(spl)] locus of Drosophila encodes seven independent helix-loop-helix proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89:8731–8735
Sun H, Ghaffari S, Taneja R (2007) bHLH-Orange transcription factors in development and cancer. Transl Oncogenomics 2:105–118
Dambly-Chaudiere C, Vervoort M (1998) The bHLH genes in neural development. Int J Dev Biol 42(3):269–273
Massari ME, Murre C (2000) Helix-loop-helix proteins: regulators of transcription in eukaryotic organisms. Mol Cell Biol 20:429–440
Pratt EB et al (2011) The cell giveth and the cell taketh away: an overview of Notch pathway activation by endocytic trafficking of ligands and receptors. Acta Histochem 113(3):248–255
Yamamoto S, Charng WL, Bellen HJ (2010) Endocytosis and intracellular trafficking of Notch and its ligands. Curr Top Dev Biol 92:165–200
Weinmaster G, Fischer JA (2011) Notch ligand ubiquitylation: what is it good for? Dev Cell 21(1):134–144
Modolell J, Campuzano S (1998) The achaete-scute complex as an integrating device. Int J Dev Biol 42(3):275–282
Campos-Ortega JA (1998) The genetics of the Drosophila achaete-scute gene complex: a historical perspective. Int J Dev Biol 42:291–297
Jarman AP et al (1994) Atonal is the proneural gene for Drosophila photoreceptors. Nature 369:398–400
White N, Jarman A (2000) Drosophila atonal controls photoreceptor R8-specific properties and modulates both receptor tyrosine kinase and Hedgehog signalling. Development 127(8):1681–1689
Reeves N, Posakony JW (2005) Genetic programs activated by proneural proteins in the developing Drosophila PNS. Dev Cell 8(3):413–425
Kiefer JC (2005) Proneural factors and neurogenesis. Dev Dyn 234:808–813
Jarman AP, Ahmed I (1998) The specificity of proneural genes in determining Drosophila sense organ identity. Mech Dev 76(1–2):117–125
Bertrand N, Castro DS, Guillemot F (2002) Proneural genes and the specification of neural cell types. Nat Rev Neurosci 3(7):517–530
Van Doren M et al (1992) Spatial regulation of proneural gene activity: auto- and cross-activation of achaete is antagonized by extramacrochaetae. Genes Dev 6(12B):2592–2605
Culi J, Modolell J (1998) Proneural gene self-stimulation in neural precursors: an essential mechanism for sense organ development that is regulated by Notch signaling. Genes Dev 12:2036–2047
Okabe M et al (2001) Translational repression determines a neuronal potential in Drosophila asymmetric cell division. Nature 411(6833):94–98
Bose A et al (2006) Drosophila CK2 regulates lateral-inhibition during eye and bristle development. Mech Dev 123:649–664
Ligoxygakis P et al (1998) A subset of notch functions during drosophila eye development require Su(H) and E(spl) gene complex. Development 125:2893–2900
Dominguez M (1999) Dual role for Hedgehog in the regulation of the proneural gene atonal during ommatidia development. Development 126(11):2345–2353
Suzuki T, Saigo K (2000) Transcriptional regulation of atonal required for Drosophila larval eye development by concerted action of Eyes absent, Sine oculis and Hedgehog signaling independent of Fused kinase and Cubitus interruptus. Development 127:1531–1540
Baker NE, Yu S, Han D (1996) Evolution of proneural atonal expression during distinct regulatory phases in the developing Drosophila eye. Curr Biol 6(10):1290–1301
Cooper MTD, Bray SJ (1999) Frizzled regulation of Notch signaling polarizes cell fate in the Drosophila eye. Nature 397:526–530
Tomlinson A, Mavromatakis YE, Struhl G (2011) Three distinct roles for notch in Drosophila R7 photoreceptor specification. PLoS Biol 9(8):e1001132
Axelrod JD (2010) Delivering the lateral inhibition punchline: it’s all about the timing. Sci Signal 3(145):pe38
Simpson P (1990) Lateral inhibition and the development of the sensory bristles of the adult peripheral nervous system of Drosophila. Development 109(3):509–519
Ehebauer M, Hayward P, Martinez-Arias A (2006) Notch signaling pathway. Sci STKE 2006(364):cm7
Ehebauer M, Hayward P, Arias AM (2006) Notch, a universal arbiter of cell fate decisions. Science 314(5804):1414–1415
Cooper MTD et al (2000) Spatially restricted factors cooperate with notch in the regulation of enhancer of split genes. Dev Biol 221:390–403
Cave JW, Xia L, Caudy M (2011) Differential regulation of transcription through distinct Suppressor of Hairless DNA binding site architectures during Notch signaling in proneural clusters. Mol Cell Biol 31(1):22–29
Cohen M et al (2010) Dynamic filopodia transmit intermittent Delta-Notch signaling to drive pattern refinement during lateral inhibition. Dev Cell 19(1):78–89
Milan M, Cohen SM (2010) Notch signaling: filopodia dynamics confer robustness. Curr Biol 20(18):R802–R804
Dawson SR et al (1995) Specificity for the hairy/enhancer of split basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins maps outside the bHLH domain and suggests two separable modes of transcriptional repression. Mol Cell Biol 15:6923–6931
Paroush Z et al (1994) Groucho is required for Drosophila neurogenesis, segmentation, and sex determination and interacts directly with hairy related bHLH proteins. Cell 79:805–815
Jennings BH, Tyler DM, Bray SJ (1999) Target specificities of drosophila enhancer of split basic helix-loop-helix proteins. Mol Cell Biol 19(7):4600–4610
Jimenez G, Ish-Horowicz D (1997) A chimeric Enhancer of split transcriptional activator drives neural development and achaete-scute expression. Mol Cell Biol 17(8):4355–4362
Sun Y, Jan L, Jan Y (1998) Transcriptional regulation of atonal during development of the Drosophila peripheral nervous system. Development 125(18):3731–3740
Baker NE (2004) Atonal points the way- protein-protein interactions and developmental biology. Dev Cell 7(5):632–634
Giagtzoglou N et al (2003) Two modes of recruitment of E(spl) repressors onto target genes. Development 130:259–270
Alifragis P et al (1997) A network of interacting transcriptional regulators involved in Drosophila neural fate specification revealed by the yeast two-hybrid system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94:13099–13104
Gigliani F et al (1996) Interactions among the bHLH domains of the proteins encoded by the enhancer of split and achaete-scute gene complexes of Drosophila. Mol Gen Genet 251:628–634
Nagel AC, Preiss A (1999) Notch spl is deficient for inductive processes in the eye, and E(spl)D enhances split by interfering with proneural activity. Dev Biol 208:406–415
Nagel A, Yu Y, Preiss A (1999) Enhancer of Split [E(spl)D] is a Gro-independent, hypermorphic mutation in Drosophila. Dev Genet 25:168–179
Karandikar U et al (2004) Drosophila CK2 regulates eye morphogenesis via phosphorylation of E(spl)M8. Mech Dev 121:273–286
Trott RL et al (2001) Drosophila melanogaster casein kinase II interacts with and phosphorylates the basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins m5, m7, and m8 derived from the Enhancer of split complex. J Biol Chem 276:2159–2167
Welshons WJ (1956) Dosage experiments with split mutations in the presence of an enhancer of split. Drosophila Inform Serv 30:157–158
Welshons WJ (1965) Analysis of a gene in Drosophila. Science 150:1122–1129
Tietze K, Oellers N, Knust E (1992) Enhancer of SplitD, a dominant mutation of Drosophila, and its use in the study of functional domains of a helix-loop-helix protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89(13):6152–6156
Giebel B, Campos-Ortega JA (1997) Functional dissection of the Drosophila enhancer of split protein, a suppressor of neurogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94:6250–6254
Kahali B et al (2009) On the mechanism underlying the divergent retinal and bristle defects of M8* (E(spl)D) in Drosophila. Genesis 47:456–468
Kahali B et al (2010) Evidence that the C-terminal domain (CtD) autoinhibits neural repression by Drosophila E(spl)M8. Genesis 48:44–55
Gratton M-O et al (2003) Hes6 promotes cortical neurogenesis and inhibits Hes1 transcription repression activity by multiple mechanisms. Mol Cell Biol 23(19):6922–6935
Beverly SM, Wilson AC (1984) Molecular evolution in Drosophila and the higher Diptera II. A time scale for fly evolution. J Mol Evol 21:1–13
Baker RH, Kuehl JV, Wilkinson GS (2011) The Enhancer of split complex arose prior to the diversification of schizophoran flies and is strongly conserved between Drosophila and stalk-eyed flies (Diopsidae). BMC Evol Biol 11:354
Tompa P (2012) Intrinsically disordered proteins: a 10-year recap. Trends Biochem Sci 37(12):509–516
Goh GK, Dunker AK, Uversky VN (2008) Protein intrinsic disorder toolbox for comparative analysis of viral proteins. BMC Genomics 9(Suppl 2):S4
Garza AS, Ahmad N, Kumar R (2009) Role of intrinsically disordered protein regions/domains in transcriptional regulation. Life Sci 84(7–8):189–193
Dunker AK et al (2008) Function and structure of inherently disordered proteins. Curr Opin Struct Biol 18(6):756–764
Roy A, Kucukural A, Zhang Y (2010) I-TASSER: a unified platform for automated protein structure and function prediction. Nat Protoc 5(4):725–738
Eastwood K et al (2011) New insights into the Orange domain of E(spl)-M8, and the roles of the C-terminal domain in autoinhibition and Groucho recruitment. Mol Cell Biochem 356:217–225
Belanger-Jasmin S et al (2007) Inhibition of cortical astrocyte differentiation by Hes6 requires amino- and carboxy-terminal motifs important for dimerization and phosphorylation. J Neurochem 103(5):2022–2034
Lesokhin AM et al (1999) Several levels of EGF receptor signaling during photoreceptor specification in wild-type, ellipse, and null mutant Drosophila. Dev Biol 205:129–144
Kumar JP et al (2003) Nuclear translocation of activated MAP kinase is developmentally regulated in the developing Drosophila eye. Development 130(16):3703–3714
Yang L, Baker NE (2003) Cell cycle withdrawal, progression, and cell survival regulation by EGFR and its effectors in the differentiating Drosophila eye. Dev Cell 4(3):359–369
Heriche JK et al (1997) Regulation of protein phosphatase 2A by direct interaction with casein kinase 2alpha. Science 276(5314):952–955
Eichhorn PJ, Creyghton MP, Bernards R (2009) Protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunits and cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta 1795(1):1–15
Millward T, Zolnierowicz S, Hemmings B (1999) Regulation of protein kinase cascades by protein phosphatase 2A. Trends Biochem Sci 24:186–191
Xu Y et al (2006) Structure of the protein phosphatase 2A holoenzyme. Cell 127(6):1239–1251
Kunttas-Tatli E et al (2009) Functional dissection of Timekeeper (Tik) implicates opposite roles for CK2 and PP2A during Drosophila neurogenesis. Genesis 47:647–658
Bose A, Majot AT, Bidwai AP (2014) The Ser/Thr phosphatase PP2A regulatory subunit widerborst inhibits notch signaling. PLoS One 9(7):e101884
Guruharsha KG et al (2012) Drosophila protein interaction Map (DPiM): a paradigm for metazoan protein complex interactions. Fly (Austin) 6(4):246–253
Jiang J, Struhl G (1998) Regulation of the Hedgehog and Wingless signalling pathways by the F-box/WD40-repeat protein Slimb. Nature 391(6666):493–496
Isoda M et al (2009) The extracellular signal-regulated kinase-mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway phosphorylates and targets Cdc25A for SCF beta-TrCP-dependent degradation for cell cycle arrest. Mol Biol Cell 20(8):2186–2195
Brown NL et al (1996) Daughterless is required for drosophila photoreceptor cell determination, eye morphogenesis, and cell cycle progression. Dev Biol 179:65–78
Powell LM et al (2004) The proneural proteins Atonal and Scute regulate neural target genes through different E-box binding sites. Mol Cell Biol 24(21):9517–9526
Nolo R, Abbott LA, Bellen HJ (2000) Senseless, a Zn finger transcription factor, is necessary and sufficient for sensory organ development in Drosophila. Cell 102(3):349–362
The I et al (1997) Rescue of a Drosophila NF1 mutant phenotype by protein kinase A. Science 276:791–794
Fortini ME (2009) Notch Signaling: The core pathway and Its posttranslational regulation. Dev Cell 16:633–647
Gridley T (2003) Notch signaling and inherited disease syndromes. Hum Mol Genet 12(1):R9–R13
McDaniell R et al (2006) NOTCH2 mutations cause Alagille syndrome, a heterogeneous disorder of the notch signaling pathway. Am J Hum Genet 79(1):169–173
MacGrogan D, Nus M, de la Pompa JL (2010) Notch signaling in cardiac development and disease. Curr Top Dev Biol 92:333–365
Qiao L, Wong BC (2009) Role of Notch signaling in colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis 30(12):1979–1986
Bolos V, Grego-Bessa J, de la Pompa JL (2007) Notch signaling in development and cancer. Endocr Rev 28(3):339–363
Andersson ER, Lendahl U (2014) Therapeutic modulation of Notch signalling–are we there yet? Nat Rev Drug Discov 13(5):357–378
Acknowledgments
Supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health (EY015718) to A. P. B.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Majot, A.T., Sizemore, T.R., Bandyopadhyay, M., Jozwick, L.M., Bidwai, A.P. (2015). Protein Kinase CK2: A Window into the Posttranslational Regulation of the E(spl)/HES Repressors from Invertebrates and Vertebrates. In: Ahmed, K., Issinger, OG., Szyszka, R. (eds) Protein Kinase CK2 Cellular Function in Normal and Disease States. Advances in Biochemistry in Health and Disease, vol 12. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14544-0_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14544-0_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-14543-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-14544-0
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)