Abstract
The term international criminal law (ICL) already indicates that this body of law is made up of two distinct elements. It is a mixture of both public international law (PIL) and domestic criminal law. The fusion of these two fields of law makes ICL truly unique.
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Notes
- 1.
- 2.
- 3.
- 4.
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 17 July 1998, in: UNTS 2187 (2004), p. 3.
- 5.
Cryer et al. (2014), p. 14.
- 6.
Permanent Court of International Justice, Case of the Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions, Judgement of 30 August 1924, Series A No. 2, p. 12. A different course is taken by the ICJ in its Diallo judgement (ICJ, Case Concerning Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo), Judgement of 19 June 2012, I.C.J. Reports 2012, pp. 324, 344 at para. 57, in which the court states that reparation is paid to compensate Mr. Diallo (not Guinea) for the injury caused. This is in some ways at odds with the classical understanding of diplomatic protection which assumes a right of the State, not the individual.
- 7.
Agreement for the prosecution and punishment of the major war criminals of the European Axis, 8 August 1945, in: UNTS 82 (1951), p. 280.
- 8.
Annex to id., p. 284.
- 9.
Werle and Jessberger (2014), pp. 10–11.
- 10.
This principle is discussed in detail in Sect. 3.1 of this chapter.
- 11.
International Military Tribunal, Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression: Opinion and Judgment, Washington 1947, p. 49.
- 12.
- 13.
UN Security Council, Resolution 1966, UN Doc. S/RES/1966, 22 December 2010.
- 14.
UN Security Council, Resolution 827, UN Doc. S/RES/827, 25 May 1993 (establishing the ICTY) and Resolution 955, UN Doc. S/RES/955, 8 November 1994 (establishing the ICTR).
- 15.
- 16.
- 17.
- 18.
Agreement between the United Nations and the Government of Sierra Leone on the Establishment of a Special Court for Sierra Leone, 16 January 2002, in: UNTS 2178 (2004), p. 138.
- 19.
Special Court for Sierra Leone, Prosecutor v. Charles Ghankay Taylor, Case No. SCSL-03-01-T, Trial Chamber II, Judgment of 18 May 2012, http://www.rscsl.org/Documents/Decisions/Taylor/1285/SCSL-03-01-T-1285.pdf; and Case No. SCSL-03-01-A, Appeals Chamber, Judgment of 26 September 2013 (essentially conforming the Trial Chamber’s judgment), http://www.rscsl.org/Documents/Decisions/Taylor/Appeal/1389/SCSL-03-01-A-1389.pdf.
- 20.
Agreement between the United Nations and the Royal Government of Cambodia concerning the Prosecution under Cambodian Law of Crimes Committed during the Period of Democratic Kampuchea, 6 June 2003, in: UNTS 2329 (2005), p. 1.
- 21.
See, id., Art. 3 and Art. 9 in conjunction with Art. 3 of the Law on the Establishment of Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia for the Prosecution of Crimes committed during the Period of Democratic Kampuchea, 10 August 2001, NS/RKM/0801/12, http://www.skpcambodia.com/Laws%20&%20Regulations%20of%20the%20Kingdom%20of%20Cambodia/Tribunals/KR%20trial%20law-final-after-amend-Eng.pdf.
- 22.
Agreement between the United Nations and the Lebanese Republic on the Establishment of a Special Tribunal for Lebanon, 22 January 2007 and 6 February 2007, in: UNTS 2461 (2007), p. 257.
- 23.
UN Security Council, Resolution 1664, UN Doc. S/RES/1664, 29 March 2006; see also UN Security Council, Resolution 1757, UN Doc. S/RES/1757, 30 May 2007 (endorsing the agreement).
- 24.
The warrants to arrest Mr Salim Jamil Ayyash, Mr Mustafa Amine Badreddine, Mr Hussein Hassan Oneissi, and Mr Assad Hassan Sabra, respectively, each including transfer and detention order, of 28 June 2011, are available at the Tribunal’s website: http://www.stl-tsl.org. On 11 February 2014, the Trial Chamber issued an oral ruling to join the case against Hassan Habib Merhi with the case against the four accused mentioned above.
- 25.
See Art. 2 (a) of the Statute of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon, declaring the provisions of the Lebanese Criminal Code relating to the prosecution and punishment of acts of terrorism and others to be applicable. The text is attached to the Agreement between the United Nations and the Lebanese Republic on the Establishment of a Special Tribunal for Lebanon, 22 January 2007 and 6 February 2007, in: UNTS 2461 (2007), pp. 293, 294.
- 26.
See Art. 2 of the proposed Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism. For the text of the draft convention see Appendix II to UN General Assembly, UN Doc. A/59/894, 12 August 2005. This definition remains, however, largely contested, see for instance the Kuala Lumpur Declaration on International Terrorism of 3 April 2002, Annex II to UN General Assembly, UN Doc. A/56/911, 8 April 2002, which emphasises that also the motivation should be part of the definition, while the proposed Convention put an emphasis exclusively onto the means employed.
- 27.
Act No. XIX of 20 July 1973, http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/pdf_part.php?id=435.
- 28.
Chambres Africaines extraordinaires, http://www.chambresafricaines.org/.
- 29.
See Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 17 July 1998, in: UNTS 2187 (2004), p. 3.
- 30.
Status of the Rome Statute, including signatures, ratifications and withdrawals, http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XVIII-10&chapter=18&clang=_en.
- 31.
American Service-members’ Protection Act of 2002, 2 August 2002, http://web.archive.org/web/20031015053419/http://www.state.gov/t/pm/rls/othr/misc/23425.htm.
- 32.
Mbaku (2014), p. 9, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Reports/2014/foresight-africa-2014/03-foresight-international-criminal-court-africa-mbaku.pdf?la=en; du Plessis et al. (2013), http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/files/chathamhouse/public/Research/International%20Law/0713pp_iccafrica.pdf; Akande (2009), http://www.ejiltalk.org/africa-and-the-international-criminal-court./.
- 33.
For an overview of situation and cases, see the ICC’s webpage at: http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/situations%20and%20cases/Pages/situations%20and%20cases.aspx.
- 34.
ICTY, Prosecutor v. Mitar Vasiljević, Case No. IT-98-32-T, Trial Chamber II, Judgment of 29 November 2002, para. 193, http://www.icty.org/x/cases/vasiljevic/tjug/en/vas021129.pdf; ICTY, Prosecutor v. Milan Milutinović et al., Case No. IT-99-37-AR72, Appeals Chamber, Decision on Dragoljub Ojdanić’s Motion Challenging Jurisdiction—Joint Criminal Enterprise of 21 May 2003, paras. 37–42, http://www.eccc.gov.kh/sites/default/files/documents/courtdoc/00207160-00207178.pdf.
- 35.
See Sect. 2.1 of this chapter.
- 36.
Nuremberg International Military Tribunal (1947), pp. 172, 217.
- 37.
- 38.
Most prominently ICTY, Prosecutor v. Dusko Tadic aka ‘Dule’, Case No. IT-94-1, Appeals Chamber, Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction of 2 October 1995, paras. 139–144, http://www.icty.org/x/cases/tadic/acdec/en/51002.htm.
- 39.
Cassese et al. (2013), pp. 73–74.
- 40.
Art. 24 (1) S. 2 of the Statute of the ICTY, annexed to UN Security Council, Report of the Secretary-General Pursuant to Paragraph 2 of Security Council Resolution 808 (1993), UN Doc. S/25704, 3 May 1993, p. 36; and Art. 23 S. 2 of the Statute of the ICTR, annexed to UN Security Council, Resolution 955, UN Doc. S/RES/955, 8 November 1994 (establishing the ICTR).
- 41.
Art. 24 (1) S. 1 of the ICTY’s Statute, and Art. 23 S. 1 of the ICTR’s Statute, both UN Security Council, Resolution 827, UN Doc. S/RES/827, 25 May 1993 (establishing the ICTY) and Resolution 955, UN Doc. S/RES/955, 8 November 1994 (establishing the ICTR).
- 42.
Cryer et al. (2014), p. 13.
- 43.
See Art. 50 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, 18 December 2000, in: Official Journal of the European Union (2010), C 83/02.
- 44.
For the specific problem of upward prohibition of ne bis in idem, see also the principle of complementarity, see Sect. 4.1.2 of this chapter. See, also, Surlan (2005), http://www.esil-sedi.eu/sites/default/files/Surlan_0.PDF.
- 45.
M. Abbas, Declaration Accepting the Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court, 1 January 2015, http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/PIDS/press/Palestine_A_12-3.pdf; UN Secretary-General, Depositary Notification of Accession to the Rome Statute by the State of Palestine, UN Doc. C.N.13.2015.TREATIES-XVIII.10, 15 January 2015.
- 46.
ICC Press Release, The Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, Fatou Bensouda, opens a preliminary examination of the situation in Palestine, 16 January 2015, http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/Pages/pr1083.aspx.
- 47.
UN Security Council, Resolution 1593, UN Doc. S/RES/1593, 31 March 2005.
- 48.
UN Security Council, Resolution 1970, UN Doc. S/RES/1970, 26 February 2011.
- 49.
Immunity is discussed in detail in Sect. 4.1.3 of this chapter.
- 50.
Art. 9 (2) of the ICTY’s Statute and Art. 8 (2) of the ICTR’s Statute, both UN Security Council, Resolution 827, UN Doc. S/RES/827, 25 May 1993 (establishing the ICTY) and Resolution 955, UN Doc. S/RES/955, 8 November 1994 (establishing the ICTR).
- 51.
ICJ, Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium), Judgement of 14 February 2002, I.C.J. Reports 2002. p. 3.
- 52.
Id., p. 29 at para. 70.
- 53.
ICJ, Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Judgment of 20 July 2012, I.C.J. Reports 2012. p. 422.
- 54.
United Kingdom House of Lords, Regina v. Bartle and the Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis and Others Ex Parte Pinochet and Regina v. Evans and Another and the Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis and Others Ex Parte Pinochet, Judgment of 24 March 1999, in: I.L.M. 38 (1999), p. 430.
- 55.
ICTY, Prosecutor v. Slobodan Milošević., Case No. IT-02-54: http://www.icty.org/case/slobodan_milosevic/4.
- 56.
Special Court for Sierra Leone, Prosecutor v. Charles Ghankay Taylor, Case No. SCSL-03-1: http://www.rscsl.org/Taylor.html.
- 57.
ICC, Prosecutor v. Laurent Koudou Gbagbo, Case No. ICC-02/11-01/12; Prosecutor v. Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, Case No. ICC-01/09-02/11; Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang, Case No. ICC-01/09-01/11; for all cases at the trial stage, see http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/situations%20and%20cases/cases/Pages/cases%20index.aspx.
- 58.
ICC, Prosecutor v. Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir, No. ICC-02/05-01/09, Pre-Trial Chamber I, First Warrant of Arrest of 4 March 2009 and Second Warrant of Arrest of 12 July 2010, http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/situations%20and%20cases/situations/situation%20icc%200205/related%20cases/icc02050109/Pages/icc02050109.aspx; Prosecutor v. Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Warrant of Arrest of 27 June 2011, http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1099321.pdf.
- 59.
- 60.
Schabas (2009).
- 61.
See the definition of ‘genocide’ at: http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english.
- 62.
Lemkin (1944), pp. 79–82.
- 63.
UN General Assembly, Resolution 96 (I), UN Doc. A/RES/96(I), 11 December 1946.
- 64.
Art. 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 9 December 1948, in: U.N.T.S. 78 (1951), p. 277. The Convention entered into force on 12 January 1951 and currently (April 2017) has 147 parties, see http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-1&chapter=4&lang=e for the Convention’s status.
- 65.
ICJ, Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda), Judgement of 19 December 2005, I.C.J. Reports 2005, pp. 168, 202 at para. 64.
- 66.
v. Arnauld (2014), p. 544 at para. 1304.
- 67.
ICJ, Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia), Judgement of 3 February 2015, para. 441 (dismissing Croatia’s claim) and para. 515 (dismissing Serbia’s counter-claim), http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/118/18422.pdf.
- 68.
ICJ, Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro), Judgment of 26 February 2007, I.C.J. Reports 2007, pp. 43, 155–166 at paras. 278–297.
- 69.
Art. 6 (c) of the Charter of the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg, Agreement for the prosecution and punishment of the major war criminals of the European Axis, 8 August 1945, in: UNTS 82 (1951), p. 280; Art. 5 (c) of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, 19 January 1946, in: T.I.A.S. 1589; Art. 5 of the ICTY’s Statute, UN Security Council, Resolution 827, UN Doc. S/RES/827, 25 May 1993 (establishing the ICTY) and Resolution 955, UN Doc. S/RES/955, 8 November 1994 (establishing the ICTR); and Art. 23 S. 1 of the ICTR’s Statute, UN Security Council, Resolution 827, UN Doc. S/RES/827, 25 May 1993 (establishing the ICTY) and Resolution 955, UN Doc. S/RES/955, 8 November 1994 (establishing the ICTR).
- 70.
Bassiouni (1994), pp. 457, 471.
- 71.
See chapter 3 on international humanitarian law.
- 72.
This principle is discussed in detail in Sect. 3.1 of this chapter.
- 73.
Art. 6 (a) of the Charter of the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg, Agreement for the prosecution and punishment of the major war criminals of the European Axis, 8 August 1945, in: UNTS 82 (1951), p. 280; Art. 5 (a) of the Charter of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, 19 January 1946, in: T.I.A.S. 1589.
- 74.
Review Conference of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Kampala, 31 May–11 June 2010, Resolution RC/Res.6, 11 June 2010 (adopted by consensus), in: Official Records, p. 17: http://asp.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/asp_docs/ASP9/OR/RC-11-Part.I-ENG.pdf.
- 75.
UN General Assembly, Resolution 3314 (XXIX), UN Doc. A/RES/3314 (XXIX), 14 December 1974.
References
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Treaties and Statutes
Agreement between the United Nations and the Government of Sierra Leone on the Establishment of a Special Court for Sierra Leone, 16 January 2002, in: United Nations Treaty Series 2178 (2004), p. 138.
Agreement between the United Nations and the Lebanese Republic on the Establishment of a Special Tribunal for Lebanon, 22 January 2007 and 6 February 2007, in: United Nations Treaty Series 2461 (2007), p. 257.
Agreement between the United Nations and the Royal Government of Cambodia concerning the Prosecution under Cambodian Law of Crimes Committed during the Period of Democratic Kampuchea, 6 June 2003, in: United Nations Treaty Series 2329 (2005), p. 1.
Agreement for the prosecution and punishment of the major war criminals of the European Axis, 8 August 1945, in: United Nations Treaty Series 82 (1951) p. 280.
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Cases
ICC, Prosecutor v. Laurent Koudou Gbagbo, Case No. ICC-02/11-01/12; Prosecutor v. Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, Case No. ICC-01/09-02/11.
ICC, Prosecutor v. Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Warrant of Arrest of 27 June 2011.
ICC, Prosecutor v. Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Baschir, No. ICC-02/05-01/09, Pre-Trial Chamber I, First Warrant of Arrest of 4 March 2009 and Second Warrant of Arrest of 12 July 2010.
ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang, Case No. ICC-01/09-01/11.
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ICJ, Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia), Judgment of 3 February 2015.
ICJ, Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda), Judgment of 19 December 2005, I.C.J. Reports 2005, pp. 168.
ICJ, Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium), Judgment of 14 February 2002, I.C.J. Reports 2002. p. 3.
ICJ, Case Concerning Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo), Judgment of 19 June 2012, I.C.J. Reports 2012.
ICJ, Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Judgment of 20 July 2012, I.C.J. Reports 2012. p. 422.
ICTY, Prosecutor v. Dusko Tadic aka “Dule”, Case No. IT-94-1, Appeals Chamber, Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction of 2 October 1995.
ICTY, Prosecutor v. Milan Milutinović et al., Case No. IT-99-37-AR72, Appeals Chamber, Decision on Dragoljub Ojdanić’s Motion Challenging Jurisdiction – Joint Criminal Enterprise of 21 May 2003.
ICTY, Prosecutor v. Mitar Vasiljević, Case No. IT-98-32-T, Trial Chamber II, Judgment of 29 November 2002.
ICTY, Prosecutor v. Slobodan Milošević., Case No. IT-02-54, see:http://www.icty.org/case/slobodan_milosevic/4.
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UN Documents
Kuala Lumpur Declaration on International Terrorism of 3 April 2002, Annex II to UN General Assembly, UN Doc. A/56/911, 8 April 2002.
Proposed Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism, Appendix II to UN General Assembly, UN Doc. A/59/894, 12 August 2005.
Statute of the ICTR, annexed to UN Security Council, Resolution 955 UN Doc. S/RES/955, 8 November 1994.
Statute of the ICTY, annexed to UN Security Council, Report of the Secretary-General Pursuant to Paragraph 2 of Security Council Resolution 808 (1993), UN Doc. S/25704, 3 May 1993.
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UN Security Council, Resolution 955, UN Doc. S/RES/955, 8 November 1994.
UN Security Council, Resolution 1593, UN Doc. S/RES/1593, 31 March 2005.
UN Security Council, Resolution 1664, UN Doc. S/RES/1664, 29 March 2006.
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Other
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ICC Press Release, The Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, Fatou Bensouda, opens a preliminary examination of the situation in Palestine, 16 January 2015, available at: https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=pr1083.
International Military Tribunal for the Far East, 19 January 1946, in: T.I.A.S. 1589.
Review Conference of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Kampala, 31 May – 11 June 2010, Resolution RC/Res.6, 11 June 2010, in: Official Records, p. 17.
Further Reading
Cassese A (2013) Cassese’s international criminal law, 3rd edn
Crawford J (2012) International criminal justice. In: Brownlie’s principles of public international law
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Thielbörger, P. (2018). International Criminal Law. In: Heintze, HJ., Thielbörger, P. (eds) International Humanitarian Action. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14454-2_10
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