Skip to main content

A Primary Health-Care System Approach to Improving Quality of Care and Outcomes in People with Diabetes: The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Experience

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Integrated Diabetes Care

Abstract

Although substantial evidence exists demonstrating the efficacy of interventions for controlling risk factors for diabetes complications, dissemination into community practice is not widespread; for example, in the USA, only 18 % of people with diabetes are achieving goals for HbA1c, blood pressure, and LDL cholesterol. In order to address quality of care and outcomes in people with diabetes, the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) began adopting the elements of the Chronic Care Model using risk stratification, provider incentives, integration of care managers, travelling diabetes educators, population management, and collaboration with a single health insurer. This integrated model of care, tested in several initiatives, resulted in improved patient and provider outcomes. Over the 15-year period covered by this chapter, UPMC implemented innovative approaches that continue to respond to the needs of the rapidly growing population of people with diabetes in a dynamic health-care environment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers SG, Dahlof B, Elmfeldt D, Julius S, et al. Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomised trial. Lancet. 1998;351:1755–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. LIPID Study Group. Long-term effectiveness and safety of pravastatin in 9014 patients with coronary heart disease and average cholesterol concentrations: the LIPID trial. 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  3. The ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major outcomes in moderately hypercholesterolemic, hypertensive patients randomized to pravastatin vs usual care: the antihypertensive and lipid-lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial. JAMA. 2002;288(23):2998–3007.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Pfeffer MA, Sacks FM, Moye LA, Goldman S, et al. Inflammation, pravastatin, and the risk of coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) investigators. Circulation. 1998;98(9):839–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ. 1998;317:703–13.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). The Lancet. 1998;352(9131):837–53.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Stark Casagrande S, Fradkin JE, Saydah SH, Rust KF, Cowie CC. The prevalence of meeting A1C, blood pressure, and LDL goals among people with diabetes, 1988–2010. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(8):2271–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Janes GR. Ambulatory medical care for diabetes. In: Group NDD, editor. Diabetes in America. Bethesda: National Institutes of Health; 1995. p. 541–52.

    Google Scholar 

  9. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes, 2015. Diabetes Care. 2015;38 Suppl 1:S5–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Bloom BS. Effects of continuing medical education on improving physician clinical care and patient health: a review of systematic reviews – effects of continuing medical education on improving physician clinical care and patient health_0.pdf [Internet]. [cited 2016 Apr 19]. Available from: https://aetcnec.ucsf.edu/sites/aetcnec.ucsf.edu/files/Effects%20of%20continuing%20medical%20education%20on%20improving%20physician%20clinical%20care%20and%20patient%20health_0.pdf

  11. VanNieuwenborg L, Goossens M, De Lepeleire J, Schoenmakers B. Continuing medical education for general practitioners: a practice format. Postgrad Med J. 2016;92(1086):217–22.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Wagner EH, Austin BT, Korff MV. Improving outcomes in chronic illness. Manag Care Q. 1996;4(2):12–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Wagner EH, Austin BT, Korff MV. Organizing care for patients with chronic illness. Mill Bank Q. 1996;74(4):511–44.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Wagner EH, Bennett SM, Austin BT, Greene SM, Schaefer JK, Vonkorff M. Finding common ground: patient-centeredness and evidence-based chronic illness care. J Altern Complement Med. 2005;11(supplement 1):s7–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Wagner EH, Glasgow RE, Davis C, Bonomi AE, Provost L, McCulloch D, et al. Quality improvement in chronic illness care: a collaborative approach. Jt Comm J Qual Improv. 2001;27(2):63–80.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Piatt GA, Orchard TJ, Emerson S, Simmons D, Songer TJ, Brooks MM, et al. Translating the chronic care model into the community: results from a randomized controlled trial of a multifaceted diabetes care intervention. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(4):811–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. University of Pittssburgh Medical Center. UPMC Facts and Figures [Internet]. 2015. Available from: http://www.upmc.com/about/facts/numbers/Pages/default.aspx

  18. University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Health Plan. UPMC health plan: our company [Internet]. 2014. Available from: http://www.upmchealthplan.com/about/who-we-are/about-our-company.aspx

  19. Brown SA. Studies of educational interventions and outcomes in diabetic adults: a meta-analysis revisited. Patient Educ Couns. 1990;16(3):189–215.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Norris SL, Lau J, Smith SJ, Schmid CH, Engelgau MM. Self-management education for adults with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of the effect on glycemic control. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(7):1159–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Haas L, Maryniuk M, Beck J, Cox CE, Duker P, Edwards L, et al. National standards for diabetes self-management education and support. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(Supplement_1):S100–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Powers MA, Bardsley J, Cypress M, Duker P, Funnell MM, Hess Fischl A, et al. Diabetes self-management education and support in type 2 diabetes: a joint position statement of the American Diabetes Association, the American Association of Diabetes Educators, and the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(7):1372–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Brunisholz K, Briot P, Hamilton S, Joy E, Lomax M, Barton N, et al. Diabetes self-management education improves quality of care and clinical outcomes determined by a diabetes bundle measure. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2014;533.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Weaver RG, Hemmelgarn BR, Rabi DM, Sargious PM, Edwards AL, Manns BJ, et al. Association between participation in a brief diabetes education programme and glycaemic control in adults with newly diagnosed diabetes. Diabet Med. 2014;31(12):1610–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Steinsbekk A, Rygg L, Lisulo M, Rise MB, Fretheim A. Group based diabetes self-management education compared to routine treatment for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A systematic review with meta-analysis. BMC Health Serv Res. 2012;12(1):213.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Fan L, Sidani S. Effectiveness of diabetes self-management education intervention elements: a meta-analysis. Can J Diabetes. 2009;33(1):18–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Ellis SE, Speroff T, Dittus RS, Brown A, Pichert JW, Elasy TA. Diabetes patient education: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. Patient Educ Couns. 2004;52(1):97–105.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Siminerio LM. Implementing the chronic care model for improvements in diabetes care and education in a rural primary care practice. Diabetes Educ. 2005;31(2):225–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Siminerio L, Ruppert K, Huber K, Toledo FGS. Telemedicine for Reach, Education, Access, and Treatment (TREAT): linking telemedicine with diabetes self-management education to improve care in rural communities. Diabetes Educ. 2014;40(6):797–805.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Ruppert K, Uhler A, Siminerio L. Examining patient risk factors, comorbid conditions, participation, and physician referrals to a rural diabetes self-management education program. Diabetes Educ. 2010;36(4):603–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Tshiananga JKT, Kocher S, Weber C, Erny-Albrecht K, Berndt K, Neeser K. The effect of nurse-led diabetes self-management education on glycosylated hemoglobin and cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Educ. 2012;38(1):108–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Welch G, Zagarins SE, Feinberg RG, Garb JL. Motivational interviewing delivered by diabetes educators: does it improve blood glucose control among poorly controlled type 2 diabetes patients? Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2011;91(1):54–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Gary TL, Genkinger JM, Guallar E, Peyrot M, Brancati FL. Meta-analysis of randomized educational and behavioral interventions in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Educ. 2003;29(3):488–501.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Cooke D, Bond R, Lawton J, Rankin D, Heller S, Clark M, et al. Structured type 1 diabetes education delivered within routine care: impact on glycemic control and diabetes-specific quality of life. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(2):270–2.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Cochran J, Conn VS. Meta-analysis of quality of life outcomes following diabetes self-management training. Diabetes Educ. 2008;34(5):815–23.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Toobert DJ, Glasgow RE, Strycker LA, Barrera M, Radcliffe JL, Wander RC, et al. Biologic and quality-of-life outcomes from the Mediterranean lifestyle program: a randomized clinical trial. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(8):2288–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Funnell MM, Anderson RM. Empowerment and self-management of diabetes. Clin Diabetes. 2004;22(3):123–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Thorpe CT, Fahey LE, Johnson H, Deshpande M, Thorpe JM, Fisher EB. Facilitating healthy coping in patients with diabetes: a systematic review. Diabetes Educ. 2013;39(1):33–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Fisher L, Hessler DM, Polonsky WH, Mullan J. When is diabetes distress clinically meaningful?: Establishing cut points for the diabetes distress scale. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(2):259–64.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. de Groot M, Doyle T, Kushnick M, Shubrook J, Merrill J, Rabideau E, et al. Can lifestyle interventions do more than reduce diabetes risk? Treating depression in adults with type 2 diabetes with exercise and cognitive behavioral therapy. Curr Diabet Rep. 2012;12(2):157–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Healy SJ, Black D, Harris C, Lorenz A, Dungan KM. Inpatient diabetes education is associated with less frequent hospital readmission among patients with poor glycemic control. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(10):2960–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Robbins JM, Thatcher GE, Webb DA, Valdmanis VG. Nutritionist visits, diabetes classes, and hospitalization rates and charges: the urban diabetes study. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(4):655–60.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Duncan I, Ahmed T, Li Q, Stetson B, Ruggiero L, Burton K, et al. Assessing the value of the diabetes educator. Diabetes Educ. 2011;37(5):638–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Peyrot M, Rubin RR, Funnell MM, Siminerio LM. Access to diabetes self-management education: results of National surveys of patients, educators, and physicians. Diabetes Educ. 2009;35(2):246–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Li R, Shrestha SS, Lipman R, Burrows NR, Kolb LE, Rutledge S, et al. Diabetes self-management education and training among privately insured persons with newly diagnosed diabetes – United States, 2011–2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014;63(46):1045–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. American Medical Association (AMA) and the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) [Internet]. Adult diabetes: performance measures. AMA-convened physician consortium for performance Improvement; 014; Available from: http://www.ama-assn.org/apps/listserv/x-check/qmeasure.cgi?submit=PCPI

  47. Siminerio L, Zgibor J, Solano FX. Implementing the chronic care model for improvements in diabetes practice and outcomes in primary care: the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center experience. Clin Diabetes. 2004;22(2):54–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Fitzgerald JT, Funnell MM, Hess GE, Barr PA, Anderson RM, Hiss RG, et al. The reliability and validity of a brief diabetes knowledge test. Diabetes Care. 1998;21(5):706–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy people 2010: understanding and improving health. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: U.S Government Printing Office; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Krall J, Gabbay R, Zickmund S, Hamm ME, Williams KR, Siminerio L. Current perspectives on psychological insulin resistance: primary care provider and patient views. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2015;17(4):268–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Siminerio LM, Ruppert K, Emerson S, Solano FX, Piatt GA. Delivering Diabetes Self-Management Education (DSME) in primary care: the Pittsburgh Regional Initiative for Diabetes Education (PRIDE). Dis Manag Health Outcomes. 2008;16(4):267–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Siminerio LM. Deploying the chronic care model to implement and sustain diabetes self-management training programs. Diabetes Educ. 2006;32(2):253–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Siminerio L, Ruppert KM, Gabbay RA. Who can provide diabetes self-management support in primary care? Findings from a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Educ. 2013;39(5):705–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Anderson RM, Fitzgerald JT, Gruppen LD, Funnell MM, Oh MS. The diabetes empowerment scale-short form (DES-SF). Diabetes Care. 2003;26(5):1641–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Toobert DJ, Hampson SE, Glasgow RE. The summary of diabetes self-care activities measure: results from 7 studies and a revised scale. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(7):943–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Zgibor JC, Kuo S, Emerson S, Gittinger P, Solano FX, Tilves D, et al. Rationale, design, and implementation of a cluster randomized trial using certified diabetes educators to intensify treatment for glycemia, blood pressure and lipid control: REMEDIES 4D. Contemp Clin Trials. 2014;39(1):124–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Siminerio L. Improving glycemia in primary care: a model integrating diabetes education into practice. Boston: American Diabetes Association; 2015. 75th Scientific Sessions.

    Google Scholar 

  58. American Academy of Family Physicians. The patient centered medical home [Internet]. 2015. Available from: http://www.aafp.org/practice-management/transformation/pcmh.html

  59. Rosenberg CN, Peele P, Keyser D, McAnallen S, Holder D. Results from a patient-centered medical home pilot at UPMC health plan hold lessons for broader adoption of the model. Health Aff (Millwood). 2012;31(11):2423–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. US Department of Health & Human Services. EHR incentives & certification [Internet]. 2015. Available from: https://www.healthit.gov/providers-professionals/meaningful-use-definition-objectives

  61. Epic [Internet]. [cited 2016 Apr 19]. Available from: https://www.epic.com/Software

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Janice C. Zgibor .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Zgibor, J.C., Solano, F.X., Siminerio, L. (2017). A Primary Health-Care System Approach to Improving Quality of Care and Outcomes in People with Diabetes: The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Experience. In: Simmons, D., Wenzel, H., Zgibor, J. (eds) Integrated Diabetes Care. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13389-8_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13389-8_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-13388-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-13389-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics