Fluoride Toxicity in the Fluoride Endemic Villages of Gaya District, Bihar, India

Abstract

High level of fluoride (F) in drinking water has been recognized as a potential health hazard all over the world. In India, 17 out of 32 states have been identified as ‘endemic’ areas for fluorosis, with an estimated 25 million people impacted, and another 66.62 million people (including six million children below the age of 14) ‘at risk’ of facing health hazards due to high water-borne fluoride concentrations. After ingestion of fluoridated water, majority of the fluoride is absorbed from the stomach and small intestine into the blood stream (Whitford 1996). Approximately, 50 % of the fluoride absorbed each day by young or middle-aged adults becomes associated with hard tissues (teeth and bones) within 24 h while virtually all of the remainder is excreted (Whitford 1996). More fluoride is retained in young bones than in the bones of older adults (Whitford 1996; Horowitz 1996). Fluoride toxicity at high levels has also been associated with thyroid changes, growth retardation, kidney changes, and even urolithiasis (Dhar and Bhatnagar 2009). According to Strunecka et al. (2007), fluoride in excess amounts causes several ailments viz, metabolic disturbances, endocrine dysfunctions and physiological alterations in the body. F exposure also disrupts the synthesis of collagen and leads to the breakdown of collagen in bones (Susheela and Jha 1981). Its excessive intake may result in slow, progressive crippling condition known as fluorosis. This paper reports about the groundwater quality of certain regions of Gaya district of Bihar, with special emphasis on fluoride contamination and its impact on human health.