Abstract
Controversies in treatment of thyroid cancer remain despite numerous published studies. Robust comparative effectiveness studies examining: (1) the role of prophylactic central compartment neck dissection (pCCND) in patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC); (2) the use of post-operative radioactive iodine (RAI) ablation therapy following total thyroidectomy; (3) use of low versus high doses of I-131 in RAI therapy; (4) thyroid hormone withdrawal (THW) versus recombinant thyroid stimulating hormone (rhTSH) prior to RAI; and (5) the role of routine measurement of serum calcitonin levels are needed to help strengthen existing treatment recommendations. Reasons for the controversies and suggestions for quality comparative effectiveness studies are discussed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Tuttle RM, Ball DW, Byrd D, Dilawari RA, Doherty GM, Duh QY et al (2010) Thyroid carcinoma. J Nat Compr Cancer Netw 8(11):1228–1274. PubMed PMID: 21081783. Epub 2010/11/18. eng
American Thyroid Association Guidelines Taskforce on Thyroid nodules, Differentiated Thyroid cancer, Cooper DS, Doherty GM, Haugen BR, Kloos RT et al (2009) Revised American Thyroid Association management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid 19(11):1167–1214. PubMed PMID: 19860577
Ezzat S, Sarti DA, Cain DR, Braunstein GD (1994) Thyroid incidentalomas. Prevalence by palpation and ultrasonography. Arch Intern Med 154(16):1838–1840. PubMed PMID: 8053752. Epub 1994/08/22. eng
Stark DD, Clark OH, Gooding GA, Moss AA (1983) High-resolution ultrasonography and computed tomography of thyroid lesions in patients with hyperparathyroidism. Surgery 94(6):863–868. PubMed PMID: 6648798. Epub 1983/12/01. eng
Kim MS, Lee SY, Cho WH, Song WS, Koh JS, Lee JA et al (2008) Tumor necrosis rate adjusted by tumor volume change is a better predictor of survival of localized osteosarcoma patients. Ann Surg Oncol 15(3):906–914
Sherman SI (2003) Thyroid carcinoma. Lancet 361(9356):501–511. PubMed PMID: 12583960. Epub 2003/02/14. eng
Davies L, Welch HG (2014) Current Thyroid cancer trends in the United States. JAMA Otolaryngol—Head Neck Surg. PubMed PMID: 24557566. Epub 2014/02/22. eng
Kouvaraki MA, Shapiro SE, Fornage BD, Edeiken-Monro BS, Sherman SI, Vassilopoulou-Sellin R et al (2003) Role of preoperative ultrasonography in the surgical management of patients with thyroid cancer. Surgery 134(6):946–954; discussion 54-5. PubMed PMID: 14668727
Shen WT, Ogawa L, Ruan D, Suh I, Kebebew E, Duh QY et al (2010) Central neck lymph node dissection for papillary thyroid cancer: comparison of complication and recurrence rates in 295 initial dissections and reoperations. Arch Surg 145(3):272–275. PubMed PMID: 20231628. Epub 2010/03/17. eng
American Thyroid Association Surgery Working Group, American Association of Endocrine Surgeons, American Academy of O-H, Neck S, American H, Neck S et al (2009) Consensus statement on the terminology and classification of central neck dissection for thyroid cancer. Thyroid 19(11):1153–1158. PubMed PMID: 19860578
Stephen B, Edge CCC, Fritz AG, Greene FL, Trotti III A, Byrd D (eds) (2011) AJCC cancer staging manual, 7th edn. Springer, New York
Cady B, Sedgwick CE, Meissner WA, Wool MS, Salzman FA, Werber J (1979) Risk factor analysis in differentiated thyroid cancer. Cancer 43(3):810–820. PubMed PMID: 427722. Epub 1979/03/01. eng
Roh JL, Kim JM, Park CI (2011) Central compartment reoperation for recurrent/persistent differentiated thyroid cancer: patterns of recurrence, morbidity, and prediction of postoperative hypocalcemia. Ann Surg Oncol 18(5):1312–1318. PubMed PMID: 21140230. Epub 2010/12/09. eng
Gimm O, Rath FW, Dralle H (1998) Pattern of lymph node metastases in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Br J Surg 85(2):252–254. PubMed PMID: 9501829. Epub 1998/03/21. eng
Mazzaferri EL, Jhiang SM (1994) Long-term impact of initial surgical and medical therapy on papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. Am J Med 97(5):418–428. PubMed PMID: 7977430. Epub 1994/11/01. eng
Hay ID, Hutchinson ME, Gonzalez-Losada T, McIver B, Reinalda ME, Grant CS et al (2008) Papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a study of 900 cases observed in a 60-year period. Surgery 144(6):980–987; discussion 7-8. PubMed PMID: 19041007. Epub 2008/12/02. eng
McConahey WM, Hay ID, Woolner LB, van Heerden JA, Taylor WF (1986) Papillary thyroid cancer treated at the Mayo Clinic, 1946 through 1970: initial manifestations, pathologic findings, therapy, and outcome. Mayo Clinic Proceed 61(12):978-96. PubMed PMID: 3773569. Epub 1986/12/01. eng
Cranshaw IM, Carnaille B (2008) Micrometastasis in thyroid cancer. An important finding? Surg Oncol 17(3):253–258. PubMed PMID: 18504121. Epub 2008/05/28. eng
Chao TC, Jeng LB, Lin JD, Chen MF (1997) Reoperative thyroid surgery. World J Surg 21(6):644–647. PubMed PMID: 9230664. Epub 1997/07/01. eng
Pattou F, Combemale F, Fabre S, Carnaille B, Decoulx M, Wemeau JL et al (1998) Hypocalcemia following thyroid surgery: incidence and prediction of outcome. World J Surg 22(7):718–724. PubMed PMID: 9606288. Epub 1998/06/20. eng
Kim MK, Mandel SH, Baloch Z, Livolsi VA, Langer JE, Didonato L et al (2004) Morbidity following central compartment reoperation for recurrent or persistent thyroid cancer. Arch Otolaryngol–Head Neck Surg 130(10):1214–1216. PubMed PMID: 15492172. Epub 2004/10/20. eng
Conzo G, Docimo G, Pasquali D, Mauriello C, Gambardella C, Esposito D et al (2013) Predictive value of nodal metastases on local recurrence in the management of differentiated thyroid cancer. Retrospective Clin Study. BMC Surg 13(2):S3. PubMed PMID: 24267409. Pubmed Central PMCID: Pmc3851192. Epub 2013/12/07. eng
White ML, Gauger PG, Doherty GM (2007) Central lymph node dissection in differentiated thyroid cancer. World J Surg 31(5):895–904. PubMed PMID: 17347896. Epub 2007/03/10. eng
Scheumann GF, Gimm O, Wegener G, Hundeshagen H, Dralle H (1994) Prognostic significance and surgical management of locoregional lymph node metastases in papillary thyroid cancer. World J Surg 18(4):559-67; discussion 67-8. PubMed PMID: 7725745. Epub 1994/07/01. eng
Shah MD, Hall FT, Eski SJ, Witterick IJ, Walfish PG, Freeman JL (2003) Clinical course of thyroid carcinoma after neck dissection. Laryngoscope 113(12):2102–2107. PubMed PMID: 14660910. Epub 2003/12/09. eng
Shaha AR, Shah JP, Loree TR (1996) Risk group stratification and prognostic factors in papillary carcinoma of thyroid. Ann Surg Oncol 3(6):534–538. PubMed PMID: 8915484. Epub 1996/11/01. eng
Hughes DT, White ML, Miller BS, Gauger PG, Burney RE, Doherty GM (2010) Influence of prophylactic central lymph node dissection on postoperative thyroglobulin levels and radioiodine treatment in papillary thyroid cancer. Surgery 148(6):1100-6; discussion 006-7. PubMed PMID: 21134539. Epub 2010/12/08. eng
Simon D, Goretzki PE, Witte J, Roher HD (1996) Incidence of regional recurrence guiding radicality in differentiated thyroid carcinoma. World J Surg 20(7):860-6; discussion 6. PubMed PMID: 8678963. Epub 1996/09/01. eng
Moo TA, McGill J, Allendorf J, Lee J, Fahey T, 3rd Zarnegar R (2010) Impact of prophylactic central neck lymph node dissection on early recurrence in papillary thyroid carcinoma. World J Surg 34(6):1187–1191. PubMed PMID: 20130868. Epub 2010/02/05. eng
Wang TS, Evans DB, Fareau GG, Carroll T, Yen TW (2012) Effect of prophylactic central compartment neck dissection on serum thyroglobulin and recommendations for adjuvant radioactive iodine in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 19(13):4217–4222. PubMed PMID: 23010732. Epub 2012/09/27. eng
Popadich A, Levin O, Lee JC, Smooke-Praw S, Ro K, Fazel M et al (2011) A multicenter cohort study of total thyroidectomy and routine central lymph node dissection for cNo papillary thyroid cancer. Surgery 150(6):1048–1057. PubMed PMID: 22136820. Epub 2011/12/06. eng
Laird AM, Gauger PG, Miller BS, Doherty GM (2012) Evaluation of postoperative radioactive iodine scans in patients who underwent prophylactic central lymph node dissection. World J Surg 36(6):1268–1273. PubMed PMID: 22270997. Epub 2012/01/25. eng
Sywak M, Cornford L, Roach P, Stalberg P, Sidhu S, Delbridge L (2006) Routine ipsilateral level VI lymphadenectomy reduces postoperative thyroglobulin levels in papillary thyroid cancer. Surgery 140(6):1000–1005; discussion 5-7. PubMed PMID: 17188149. Epub 2006/12/26. eng
Wang TS, Cheung K, Farrokhyar F, Roman SA, Sosa JA (2013) A meta-analysis of the effect of prophylactic central compartment neck dissection on locoregional recurrence rates in patients with papillary thyroid cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 20(11):3477–3483. PubMed PMID: 23846784. Epub 2013/07/13. eng
Gyorki DE, Untch B, Tuttle RM, Shaha AR (2013) Prophylactic central neck dissection in differentiated thyroid cancer: an assessment of the evidence. Ann Surg Oncol 20(7):2285–2289. PubMed PMID: 23417435. Epub 2013/02/19. eng
Pereira JA, Jimeno J, Miquel J, Iglesias M, Munne A, Sancho JJ et al (2005) Nodal yield, morbidity, and recurrence after central neck dissection for papillary thyroid carcinoma. Surgery 138(6):1095–1100, discussion 100-1. PubMed PMID: 16360396. Epub 2005/12/20. eng
Hay ID, Bergstralh EJ, Goellner JR, Ebersold JR, Grant CS (1993) Predicting outcome in papillary thyroid carcinoma: development of a reliable prognostic scoring system in a cohort of 1779 patients surgically treated at one institution during 1940 through 1989. Surgery 114(6):1050–1057; discussion 7-8. PubMed PMID: 8256208. Epub 1993/12/01. eng
Bhattacharyya N (2003) A population-based analysis of survival factors in differentiated and medullary thyroid carcinoma. Otolaryngol–Head Neck Surg (official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery) 128(1):115–123. PubMed PMID: 12574769. Epub 2003/02/08. eng
Podnos YD, Smith D, Wagman LD, Ellenhorn JD (2005) The implication of lymph node metastasis on survival in patients with well-differentiated thyroid cancer. Am Surg. 71(9):731–734. PubMed PMID: 16468507. Epub 2006/02/14. eng
Tisell LE, Nilsson B, Molne J, Hansson G, Fjalling M, Jansson S et al (1996) Improved survival of patients with papillary thyroid cancer after surgical microdissection. World J Surg 20(7):854–859. PubMed PMID: 8678962. Epub 1996/09/01. eng
Steinmuller T, Klupp J, Rayes N, Ulrich F, Jonas S, Graf KJ et al (2000) Prognostic factors in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Euro J Surg = Acta Chir 166(1):29–33. PubMed PMID: 10688213. Epub 2000/02/25. eng
Chisholm EJ, Kulinskaya E, Tolley NS (2009) Systematic review and meta-analysis of the adverse effects of thyroidectomy combined with central neck dissection as compared with thyroidectomy alone. Laryngoscope 119(6):1135–1139. PubMed PMID: 19358241. Epub 2009/04/10. eng
Cheah WK, Arici C, Ituarte PH, Siperstein AE, Duh QY, Clark OH (2002) Complications of neck dissection for thyroid cancer. World J Surg 26(8):1013–1016. PubMed PMID: 12045861. Epub 2002/06/05. eng
Segal K, Friedental R, Lubin E, Shvero J, Sulkes J, Feinmesser R (1995) Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. Otolaryngol–Head Neck Surg (official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery) 113(4):356–363. PubMed PMID: 7567004. Epub 1995/10/01. eng
Carling T, Carty SE, Ciarleglio MM, Cooper DS, Doherty GM, Kim LT et al (2012) American Thyroid Association design and feasibility of a prospective randomized controlled trial of prophylactic central lymph node dissection for papillary thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid (official journal of the American Thyroid Association) 22(3):237–244. PubMed PMID: 22313454. Epub 2012/02/09. eng
Conzo G, Pasquali D, Bellastella G, Esposito K, Carella C, De Bellis A et al (2013) Total thyroidectomy, without prophylactic central lymph node dissection, in the treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer. Clinical retrospective study on 221 cases. Endocrine 44(2):419–425. PubMed PMID: 23334946. Epub 2013/01/22. eng
Cayo AK, Yen TW, Misustin SM, Wall K, Wilson SD, Evans DB et al (2012) Predicting the need for calcium and calcitriol supplementation after total thyroidectomy: results of a prospective, randomized study. Surgery 152(6):1059–1067. PubMed PMID: 23068088. Epub 2012/10/17. eng
Sawka AM, Brierley JD, Tsang RW, Thabane L, Rotstein L, Gafni A et al (2008) An updated systematic review and commentary examining the effectiveness of radioactive iodine remnant ablation in well-differentiated thyroid cancer. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 37(2):457–480, x. PubMed PMID: 18502337. Epub 2008/05/27. eng
Mazzaferri EL, Kloos RT (2001) Clinical review 128: Current approaches to primary therapy for papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86(4):1447–1463. PubMed PMID: 11297567. Epub 2001/04/12. eng
Goffredo P, Roman SA, Sosa JA. Have 2006 ATA practice guidelines affected the treatment of differentiated Thyroid cancer in the United States? Thyroid 24(3):463–471. PubMed PMID: 23978295. Epub 2013/08/28. eng
DeGroot LJ, Kaplan EL, McCormick M, Straus FH. Natural history, treatment, and course of papillary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 71(2):414–424. PubMed PMID: 2380337. Epub 1990/08/01. eng
Samaan NA, Schultz PN, Hickey RC, Goepfert H, Haynie TP, Johnston DA et al (1992) The results of various modalities of treatment of well differentiated thyroid carcinomas: a retrospective review of 1599 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 75(3):714–720. PubMed PMID: 1517360. Epub 1992/09/01. eng
Tsang RW, Brierley JD, Simpson WJ, Panzarella T, Gospodarowicz MK, Sutcliffe SB (1998) The effects of surgery, radioiodine, and external radiation therapy on the clinical outcome of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Cancer 82(2):375–388. PubMed PMID: 9445196. Epub 1998/01/28. eng
Nixon IJ, Shah JP (2014) Well differentiated thyroid cancer: are we over treating our patients? Euro J Surg Oncol (the journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology) 40(2):129–132. PubMed PMID: 24373300. Epub 2014/01/01. eng
Hay ID, Thompson GB, Grant CS, Bergstralh EJ, Dvorak CE, Gorman CA et al (2002) Papillary thyroid carcinoma managed at the Mayo clinic during six decades (1940–1999): temporal trends in initial therapy and long-term outcome in 2444 consecutively treated patients. World J Surg 26(8):879–885. PubMed PMID: 12016468. Epub 2002/05/23. eng
Sawka AM, Thabane L, Parlea L, Ibrahim-Zada I, Tsang RW, Brierley JD et al (2009) Second primary malignancy risk after radioactive iodine treatment for thyroid cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thyroid (official journal of the American Thyroid Association) 19(5):451–457. PubMed PMID: 19281429. Epub 2009/03/14. eng
Almeida JP, Sanabria AE, Lima EN, Kowalski LP (2011) Late side effects of radioactive iodine on salivary gland function in patients with thyroid cancer. Head Neck 33(5):686–690. PubMed PMID: 21484917. Epub 2011/04/13. eng
Alexander C, Bader JB, Schaefer A, Finke C, Kirsch CM (1998) Intermediate and long-term side effects of high-dose radioiodine therapy for thyroid carcinoma. J Nucl Med: (official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine) 39(9):1551–1554. PubMed PMID: 9744341. Epub 1998/09/23. eng
Lang BH, Wong IO, Wong KP, Cowling BJ, Wan KY (2012) Risk of second primary malignancy in differentiated thyroid carcinoma treated with radioactive iodine therapy. Surgery 151(6):844–850. PubMed PMID: 22341041. Epub 2012/02/22. eng
Gramza A, Schuff KG (2009) Recombinant human thyroid stimulating hormone in 2008: focus on thyroid cancer management. Onco Targets Ther 1:87–101. PubMed PMID: 21127756. Pubmed Central PMCID: Pmc2994210. Epub 2009/01/01. eng
Lee J, Yun MJ, Nam KH, Chung WY, Soh EY, Park CS (2010) Quality of life and effectiveness comparisons of thyroxine withdrawal, triiodothyronine withdrawal, and recombinant thyroid-stimulating hormone administration for low-dose radioiodine remnant ablation of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid (official journal of the American Thyroid Association) 20(2):173–179. PubMed PMID: 20151824. Epub 2010/02/16. eng
Luster M, Felbinger R, Dietlein M, Reiners C (2005) Thyroid hormone withdrawal in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma: a one hundred thirty-patient pilot survey on consequences of hypothyroidism and a pharmacoeconomic comparison to recombinant thyrotropin administration. Thyroid (official journal of the American Thyroid Association) 15(10):1147–1155. PubMed PMID: 16279848. Epub 2005/11/11. eng
Dow KH, Ferrell BR, Anello C (1997) Quality-of-life changes in patients with thyroid cancer after withdrawal of thyroid hormone therapy. Thyroid (official journal of the American Thyroid Association) 7(4):613–619. PubMed PMID: 9292951. Epub 1997/08/01. eng
Taieb D, Sebag F, Cherenko M, Baumstarck-Barrau K, Fortanier C, Farman-Ara B et al (2009) Quality of life changes and clinical outcomes in thyroid cancer patients undergoing radioiodine remnant ablation (RRA) with recombinant human TSH (rhTSH): a randomized controlled study. Clin Endocrinol 71(1):115–23. PubMed PMID: 18803678. Epub 2008/09/23. eng
Roberts CG, Ladenson PW (2004) Hypothyroidism. Lancet 363(9411):793–803. PubMed PMID: 15016491. Epub 2004/03/16. eng
Robbins RJ, Driedger A, Magner J (2006) Recombinant human thyrotropin-assisted radioiodine therapy for patients with metastatic thyroid cancer who could not elevate endogenous thyrotropin or be withdrawn from thyroxine. Thyroid (official journal of the American Thyroid Association) 16(11):1121–1130. PubMed PMID: 17123339. Epub 2006/11/25. eng
Barbaro D, Boni G, Meucci G, Simi U, Lapi P, Orsini P et al (2006) Recombinant human thyroid-stimulating hormone is effective for radioiodine ablation of post-surgical thyroid remnants. Nucl Med Comm 27(8):627–632. PubMed PMID: 16829763. Epub 2006/07/11. eng
Tuttle RM, Brokhin M, Omry G, Martorella AJ, Larson SM, Grewal RK et al (2008) Recombinant human TSH-assisted radioactive iodine remnant ablation achieves short-term clinical recurrence rates similar to those of traditional thyroid hormone withdrawal. J Nucl Med (official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine) 49(5):764–770. PubMed PMID: 18413378. Epub 2008/04/17. eng
Molinaro E, Giani C, Agate L, Biagini A, Pieruzzi L, Bianchi F et al (2013) Patients with differentiated thyroid cancer who underwent radioiodine thyroid remnant ablation with low-activity (1)(3)(1)I after either recombinant human TSH or thyroid hormone therapy withdrawal showed the same outcome after a 10-year follow-up. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98(7):2693–2700. PubMed PMID: 23626005. Epub 2013/04/30. eng
Pacini F, Molinaro E, Castagna MG, Lippi F, Ceccarelli C, Agate L et al (2002) Ablation of thyroid residues with 30 mCi (131)I: a comparison in thyroid cancer patients prepared with recombinant human TSH or thyroid hormone withdrawal. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87(9):4063–4068. PubMed PMID: 12213846. Epub 2002/09/06. eng
Wang TS, Cheung K, Mehta P, Roman SA, Walker HD, Sosa JA. To stimulate or withdraw? A cost-utility analysis of recombinant human thyrotropin versus thyroxine withdrawal for radioiodine ablation in patients with low-risk differentiated thyroid cancer in the United States. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95(4):1672–1680. PubMed PMID: 20139234. Epub 2010/02/09. eng
Caglar M, Bozkurt FM, Akca CK, Vargol SE, Bayraktar M, Ugur O et al (2012) Comparison of 800 and 3700 MBq iodine-131 for the postoperative ablation of thyroid remnant in patients with low-risk differentiated thyroid cancer. Nucl Med Commun 33(3):268–274. PubMed PMID: 22205241. Epub 2011/12/30. eng
Cheng W, Ma C, Fu H, Li J, Chen S, Wu S et al (2013) Low- or high-dose radioiodine remnant ablation for differentiated thyroid carcinoma: a meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98(4):1353–1360. PubMed PMID: 23436920. Epub 2013/02/26. eng
Fallahi B, Beiki D, Takavar A, Fard-Esfahani A, Gilani KA, Saghari M et al (2012) Low versus high radioiodine dose in postoperative ablation of residual thyroid tissue in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma: a large randomized clinical trial. Nucl Med Commun 33(3):275–282. PubMed PMID: 22124360. Epub 2011/11/30. eng
Hundahl SA, Fleming ID, Fremgen AM, Menck HR (1998) A National Cancer data base report on 53,856 cases of thyroid carcinoma treated in the U.S. 1985–1995 (see commetns). Cancer 83(12):2638–2648. PubMed PMID: 9874472. Epub 1999/01/05 21:59. eng
Enewold L, Zhu K, Ron E, Marrogi AJ, Stojadinovic A, Peoples GE et al (2009) Rising thyroid cancer incidence in the United States by demographic and tumor characteristics, 1980–2005. Cancer Epidemiol, Biomark Prev (a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology) 18(3):784–791. PubMed PMID: 19240234. Pubmed Central PMCID: Pmc2676561. Epub 2009/02/26. eng
Elisei R (2008) Routine serum calcitonin measurement in the evaluation of thyroid nodules. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 22(6):941–953. PubMed PMID: 19041824. Epub 2008/12/02. eng
Bondeson L, Ljungberg O (1981) Occult thyroid carcinoma at autopsy in Malmo, Sweden. Cancer 47(2):319–323. PubMed PMID: 7459819. Epub 1981/01/15. eng
Bondeson L, Ljungberg O (1984) Occult papillary thyroid carcinoma in the young and the aged. Cancer 53(8):1790–1792. PubMed PMID: 6697317. Epub 1984/04/15. eng
Bergholm U, Adami HO, Telenius-Berg M, Johansson H, Wilander E (1990) Incidence of sporadic and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma in Sweden 1959 through 1981. A nationwide study in 126 patients. Swedish MCT study group. Acta Oncol (Stockholm, Sweden) 29(1):9–15. PubMed PMID: 2310607. Epub 1990/01/01. eng
Kloos RT, Eng C, Evans DB, Francis GL, Gagel RF, Gharib H et al (2009) Medullary thyroid cancer: management guidelines of the American Thyroid Association. Thyroid (official journal of the American Thyroid Association) 19(6):565–612. PubMed PMID: 19469690. Epub 2009/05/28. eng
Baloch ZW, LiVolsi VA (2001) Prognostic factors in well-differentiated follicular-derived carcinoma and medullary thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid (official journal of the American Thyroid Association) 11(7):637–645. PubMed PMID: 11484892. Epub 2001/08/04. eng
Daniels GH (2011) Screening for medullary thyroid carcinoma with serum calcitonin measurements in patients with thyroid nodules in the United States and Canada. Thyroid (official journal of the American Thyroid Association) 21(11):1199–1207. PubMed PMID: 21936671. Epub 2011/09/23. eng
Vierhapper H, Niederle B, Bieglmayer C, Kaserer K, Baumgartner-Parzer S (2005) Early diagnosis and curative therapy of medullary thyroid carcinoma by routine measurement of serum calcitonin in patients with thyroid disorders. Thyroid (official journal of the American Thyroid Association) 15(11):1267–1272. PubMed PMID: 16356091. Epub 2005/12/17. eng
Costante G, Meringolo D, Durante C, Bianchi D, Nocera M, Tumino S et al (2007) Predictive value of serum calcitonin levels for preoperative diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma in a cohort of 5817 consecutive patients with thyroid nodules. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92(2):450–455. PubMed PMID: 17119000. Epub 2006/11/23. eng
Pacini F, Fontanelli M, Fugazzola L, Elisei R, Romei C, Di Coscio G et al (1994) Routine measurement of serum calcitonin in nodular thyroid diseases allows the preoperative diagnosis of unsuspected sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 78(4):826–829. PubMed PMID: 8157706. Epub 1994/04/01. eng
Cheung K, Roman SA, Wang TS, Walker HD, Sosa JA (2008) Calcitonin measurement in the evaluation of thyroid nodules in the United States: a cost-effectiveness and decision analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93(6):2173–2180. PubMed PMID: 18364376. Epub 2008/03/28. eng
Hay ID, Grant CS, Taylor WF, McConahey WM (1987) Ipsilateral lobectomy versus bilateral lobar resection in papillary thyroid carcinoma: a retrospective analysis of surgical outcome using a novel prognostic scoring system. Surgery 102(6):1088–1095. PubMed PMID: 3686348. Epub 1987/12/01. eng
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Asare, E.A., Wang, T.S. (2015). Comparative Effectiveness in Thyroid Cancer: Key Questions and How to Answer Them. In: Bilimoria, K., Minami, C., Mahvi, D. (eds) Comparative Effectiveness in Surgical Oncology. Cancer Treatment and Research, vol 164. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12553-4_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12553-4_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-12552-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-12553-4
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)