Abstract
The history of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) dates back to the first half of the nineteenth century (see Chap. 1), and it has also been an established view for quite some time that HL comprises two different disease entities, namely, classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) and nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (LPHL). Both entities have in common that the neoplastic cell population, which can be mononucleated or multinucleated, makes up only a small percentage of all cells present in an affected lymph node. However, morphological, clinical, epidemiologic, and molecular evidence strongly support the belief that the pathogenesis of these lymphomas is distinct enough to be considered separate entities. From a diagnostic point of view, morphological details and immunohistochemistry for a selected set of markers almost always allow for a proper classification of a given lymphoma into the group of LPHL or cHL, the latter of which can be further subdivided into nodular sclerosis cHL (NSCHL), mixed cellularity cHL (MCCHL), lymphocyte-depleted cHL (LDCHL), and lymphocyte-rich cHL (LRCHL).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Pileri SA, Stein H et al (2008) Classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues, 4th edn. IARC Press, Lyon
Carbone A, Gloghini A, Gaidano G, Franceschi S, Capello D, Drexler HG et al (1998) Expression status of BCL-6 and syndecan-1 identifies distinct histogenetic subtypes of Hodgkin’s disease. Blood 92:2220–2228
Greiner A, Tobollik S, Buettner M, Jungnickel B, Herrmann K, Kremmer E et al (2005) Differential expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) in nodular lymphocyte-predominant and classical Hodgkin lymphoma. J Pathol 205:541–547
Hartmann S, Eichenauer DA, Plutschow A, Mottok A, Bob R, Koch K et al (2013) The prognostic impact of variant histology in nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma: a report from the German Hodgkin Study Group (GHSG). Blood 122:4246–4252
Hansmann ML, Fellbaum C, Hui PK, Zwingers T (1988) Correlation of content of B cells and Leu7-positive cells with subtype and stage in lymphocyte predominance type Hodgkin’s disease. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 114:405–410
Kamel OW, Gelb AB, Shibuya RB, Warnke RA (1993) Leu 7 (CD57) reactivity distinguishes nodular lymphocyte predominance Hodgkin’s disease from nodular sclerosing Hodgkin’s disease, T-cell-rich B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma. Am J Pathol 142:541–546
Nam-Cha SH, Roncador G, Sanchez-Verde L, Montes-Moreno S, Acevedo A, Dominguez-Franjo P et al (2008) PD-1, a follicular T-cell marker useful for recognizing nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma. Am J Surg Pathol 32:1252–1257
Foss HD, Reusch R, Demel G, Lenz G, Anagnostopoulos I, Hummel M et al (1999) Frequent expression of the B-cell-specific activator protein in Reed-Sternberg cells of classical Hodgkin’s disease provides further evidence for its B-cell origin. Blood 94:3108–3113
Korkolopoulou P, Cordell J, Jones M, Kaklamanis L, Tsenga A, Gatter KC et al (1994) The expression of the B-cell marker mb-1 (CD79a) in Hodgkin’s disease. Histopathology 24:511–515
Kuzu I, Delsol G, Jones M, Gatter KC, Mason DY (1993) Expression of the Ig-associated heterodimer (mb-1 and B29) in Hodgkin’s disease. Histopathology 22:141–144
Müschen M, Rajewsky K, Bräuninger A, Baur AS, Oudejans JJ, Roers A et al (2000) Rare occurrence of classical Hodgkin’s disease as a T cell lymphoma. J Exp Med 191:387–394
Seitz V, Hummel M, Marafioti T, Anagnostopoulos I, Assaf C, Stein H (2000) Detection of clonal T-cell receptor gamma-chain gene rearrangements in Reed-Sternberg cells of classic Hodgkin disease. Blood 95:3020–3024
Mani H, Jaffe ES (2009) Hodgkin lymphoma: an update on its biology with new insights into classification. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma 9:206–216
Traverse-Glehen A, Pittaluga S, Gaulard P, Sorbara L, Alonso MA, Raffeld M et al (2005) Mediastinal gray zone lymphoma: the missing link between classic Hodgkin’s lymphoma and mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma. Am J Surg Pathol 29:1411–1421
Eckerle S, Brune V, Döring C, Tiacci E, Bohle V, Sundstrom C et al (2009) Gene expression profiling of isolated tumour cells from anaplastic large cell lymphomas: insights into its cellular origin, pathogenesis and relation to Hodgkin lymphoma. Leukemia 23:2129–2138
Asano N, Yamamoto K, Tamaru J, Oyama T, Ishida F, Ohshima K et al (2009) Age-related Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders: comparison with EBV-positive classic Hodgkin lymphoma in elderly patients. Blood 113:2629–2636
Kanzler H, Küppers R, Hansmann ML, Rajewsky K (1996) Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells in Hodgkin’s disease represent the outgrowth of a dominant tumor clone derived from (crippled) germinal center B cells. J Exp Med 184:1495–1505
Küppers R, Rajewsky K, Zhao M, Simons G, Laumann R, Fischer R et al (1994) Hodgkin disease: Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells picked from histological sections show clonal immunoglobulin gene rearrangements and appear to be derived from B cells at various stages of development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91:10962–10966
Marafioti T, Hummel M, Foss H-D, Laumen H, Korbjuhn P, Anagnostopoulos I et al (2000) Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells represent an expansion of a single clone originating from a germinal center B-cell with functional immunoglobulin gene rearrangements but defective immunoglobulin transcription. Blood 95:1443–1450
Müschen M, Küppers R, Spieker T, Bräuninger A, Rajewsky K, Hansmann ML (2001) Molecular single-cell analysis of Hodgkin- and Reed-Sternberg cells harboring unmutated immunoglobulin variable region genes. Lab Invest 81:289–295
Küppers R, Zhao M, Hansmann ML, Rajewsky K (1993) Tracing B cell development in human germinal centres by molecular analysis of single cells picked from histological sections. EMBO J 12:4955–4967
Küppers R, Rajewsky K (1998) The origin of Hodgkin and Reed/Sternberg cells in Hodgkin’s disease. Annu Rev Immunol 16:471–493
Lebecque S, de Bouteiller O, Arpin C, Banchereau J, Liu YJ (1997) Germinal center founder cells display propensity for apoptosis before onset of somatic mutation. J Exp Med 185:563–571
Bräuninger A, Hansmann ML, Strickler JG, Dummer R, Burg G, Rajewsky K et al (1999) Identification of common germinal-center B-cell precursors in two patients with both Hodgkin’s disease and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. N Engl J Med 340:1239–1247
Küppers R, Sousa AB, Baur AS, Strickler JG, Rajewsky K, Hansmann ML (2001) Common germinal-center B-cell origin of the malignant cells in two composite lymphomas, involving classical Hodgkin’s disease and either follicular lymphoma or B-CLL. Mol Med 7:285–292
Marafioti T, Hummel M, Anagnostopoulos I, Foss HD, Huhn D, Stein H (1999) Classical Hodgkin’s disease and follicular lymphoma originating from the same germinal center B cell. J Clin Oncol 17:3804–3809
Montes-Moreno S, Roncador G, Maestre L, Martinez N, Sanchez-Verde L, Camacho FI et al (2008) Gcet1 (centerin), a highly restricted marker for a subset of germinal center-derived lymphomas. Blood 111:351–358
Natkunam Y, Lossos IS, Taidi B, Zhao S, Lu X, Ding F et al (2005) Expression of the human germinal center-associated lymphoma (HGAL) protein, a new marker of germinal center B-cell derivation. Blood 105:3979–3986
Braeuninger A, Küppers R, Strickler JG, Wacker HH, Rajewsky K, Hansmann ML (1997) Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells in lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin disease represent clonal populations of germinal center-derived tumor B cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94:9337–9342
Marafioti T, Hummel M, Anagnostopoulos I, Foss HD, Falini B, Delsol G et al (1997) Origin of nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin’s disease from a clonal expansion of highly mutated germinal-center B cells. N Engl J Med 337:453–458
Ohno T, Stribley JA, Wu G, Hinrichs SH, Weisenburger DD, Chan WC (1997) Clonality in nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin’s disease. N Engl J Med 337:459–465
Brune V, Tiacci E, Pfeil I, Döring C, Eckerle S, van Noesel CJM et al (2008) Origin and pathogenesis of nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma as revealed by global gene expression analysis. J Exp Med 205:2251–2268
Küppers R, Bräuninger A, Müschen M, Distler V, Hansmann ML, Rajewsky K (2001) Evidence that Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells in Hodgkin disease do not represent cell fusions. Blood 97:818–821
Drexler HG, Gignac SM, Hoffbrand AV, Minowada J (1989) Formation of multinucleated cells in a Hodgkin’s-disease-derived cell line. Int J Cancer 43:1083–1090
Newcom SR, Kadin ME, Phillips C (1988) L-428 Reed-Sternberg cells and mononuclear Hodgkin’s cells arise from a single cloned mononuclear cell. Int J Cell Cloning 6:417–431
Ikeda J, Mamat S, Tian T, Wang Y, Rahadiani N, Aozasa K et al (2010) Tumorigenic potential of mononucleated small cells of Hodgkin lymphoma cell lines. Am J Pathol 177:3081–3088
Rengstl B, Newrzela S, Heinrich T, Weiser C, Thalheimer FB, Schmid F et al (2013) Incomplete cytokinesis and re-fusion of small mononucleated Hodgkin cells lead to giant multinucleated Reed-Sternberg cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110:20729–20734
Nakashima M, Ishii Y, Watanabe M, Togano T, Umezawa K, Higashihara M et al (2010) The side population, as a precursor of Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells and a target for nuclear factor-kappaB inhibitors in Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Cancer Sci 101:2490–2496
Shafer JA, Cruz CR, Leen AM, Ku S, Lu A, Rousseau A et al (2010) Antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes can target chemoresistant side-population tumor cells in Hodgkin lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 51:870–880
Jansen MP, Hopman AH, Bot FJ, Haesevoets A, Stevens-Kroef MJ, Arends JW et al (1999) Morphologically normal, CD30-negative B-lymphocytes with chromosome aberrations in classical Hodgkin’s disease: the progenitor cell of the malignant clone? J Pathol 189:527
Spieker T, Kurth J, Küppers R, Rajewsky K, Bräuninger A, Hansmann ML (2000) Molecular single-cell analysis of the clonal relationship of small Epstein-Barr virus-infected cells and Epstein-Barr virus-harboring Hodgkin and Reed/Sternberg cells in Hodgkin disease. Blood 96:3133–3138
Jones RJ, Gocke CD, Kasamon YL, Miller CB, Perkins B, Barber JP et al (2009) Circulating clonotypic B cells in classic Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 113:5920–5926
Küppers R (2009) Clonogenic B cells in classic Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 114:3970–3971
Vockerodt M, Soares M, Kanzler H, Küppers R, Kube D, Hansmann ML et al (1998) Detection of clonal Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells with identical somatically mutated and rearranged VH genes in different biopsies in relapsed Hodgkin’s disease. Blood 92:2899–2907
Weber-Matthiesen K, Deerberg J, Poetsch M, Grote W, Schlegelberger B (1995) Numerical chromosome aberrations are present within the CD30+ Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells in 100% of analyzed cases of Hodgkin’s disease. Blood 86:1464–1468
Martin-Subero JI, Klapper W, Sotnikova A, Callet-Bauchu E, Harder L, Bastard C et al (2006) Chromosomal breakpoints affecting immunoglobulin loci are recurrent in Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells of classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer Res 66:10332–10338
Szymanowska N, Klapper W, Gesk S, Küppers R, Martin-Subero JI, Siebert R (2008) BCL2 and BCL3 are recurrent translocation partners of the IGH locus. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 186:110–114
Gravel S, Delsol G, Al Saati T (1998) Single-cell analysis of the t(14;18)(q32;p21) chromosomal translocation in Hodgkin’s disease demonstrates the absence of this transformation in neoplastic Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells. Blood 91:2866–2874
Poppema S, Kaleta J, Hepperle B (1992) Chromosomal abnormalities in patients with Hodgkin’s disease: evidence for frequent involvement of the 14q chromosomal region but infrequent bcl-2 gene rearrangement in Reed-Sternberg cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 84:1789–1793
Steidl C, Shah SP, Woolcock BW, Rui L, Kawahara M, Farinha P et al (2011) MHC class II transactivator CIITA is a recurrent gene fusion partner in lymphoid cancers. Nature 471:377–381
Renné C, Martin-Subero JI, Hansmann ML, Siebert R (2005) Molecular cytogenetic analyses of immunoglobulin loci in nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin’s lymphoma reveal a recurrent IGH-BCL6 juxtaposition. J Mol Diagn 7:352–356
Wlodarska I, Nooyen P, Maes B, Martin-Subero JI, Siebert R, Pauwels P et al (2003) Frequent occurrence of BCL6 rearrangements in nodular lymphocyte predominance Hodgkin lymphoma but not in classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 101:706–710
Wlodarska I, Stul M, De Wolf-Peeters C, Hagemeijer A (2004) Heterogeneity of BCL6 rearrangements in nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Haematologica 89:965–972
Maggio EM, van den Berg A, de Jong D, Diepstra A, Poppema S (2003) Low frequency of FAS mutations in Reed-Sternberg cells of Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Am J Pathol 162:29–35
Müschen M, Re D, Bräuninger A, Wolf J, Hansmann ML, Diehl V et al (2000) Somatic mutations of the CD95 gene in Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells. Cancer Res 60:5640–5643
Thomas RK, Schmitz R, Harttrampf AC, Abdil-Hadi A, Wickenhauser C, Distler V et al (2005) Apoptosis-resistant phenotype of classical Hodgkin’s lymphoma is not mediated by somatic mutations within genes encoding members of the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC). Leukemia 19:1079–1082
Bose S, Starczynski J, Chukwuma M, Baumforth K, Wei W, Morgan S et al (2007) Down-regulation of ATM protein in HRS cells of nodular sclerosis Hodgkin’s lymphoma in children occurs in the absence of ATM gene inactivation. J Pathol 213:329–336
Lespinet V, Terraz F, Recher C, Campo E, Hall J, Delsol G et al (2005) Single-cell analysis of loss of heterozygosity at the ATM gene locus in Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells of Hodgkin’s lymphoma: ATM loss of heterozygosity is a rare event. Int J Cancer 114:909–916
Schmitz R, Thomas RK, Harttrampf AC, Wickenhauser C, Schultze JL, Hansmann ML et al (2006) The major subtypes of human B-cell lymphomas lack mutations in BCL-2 family member BAD. Int J Cancer 119:1738–1740
Maggio EM, Stekelenburg E, Van den Berg A, Poppema S (2001) TP53 gene mutations in Hodgkin lymphoma are infrequent and not associated with absence of Epstein-Barr virus. Int J Cancer 94:60–66
Montesinos-Rongen M, Roers A, Küppers R, Rajewsky K, Hansmann M-L (1999) Mutation of the p53 gene is not a typical feature of Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells in Hodgkin’s disease. Blood 94:1755–1760
Feuerborn A, Moritz C, Von Bonin F, Dobbelstein M, Trümper L, Sturzenhofecker B et al (2006) Dysfunctional p53 deletion mutants in cell lines derived from Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 47:1932–1940
Küpper M, Joos S, Von Bonin F, Daus H, Pfreundschuh M, Lichter P et al (2001) MDM2 gene amplification and lack of p53 point mutations in Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells: results from single-cell polymerase chain reaction and molecular cytogenetic studies. Br J Haematol 112:768–775
Cabannes E, Khan G, Aillet F, Jarrett RF, Hay RT (1999) Mutations in the IkBa gene in Hodgkin’s disease suggest a tumour suppressor role for IkBa. Oncogene 18:3063–3070
Emmerich F, Meiser M, Hummel M, Demel G, Foss HD, Jundt F et al (1999) Overexpression of I kappa B alpha without inhibition of NF-kappaB activity and mutations in the I kappa B alpha gene in Reed-Sternberg cells. Blood 94:3129–3134
Jungnickel B, Staratschek-Jox A, Bräuninger A, Spieker T, Wolf J, Diehl V et al (2000) Clonal deleterious mutations in the IkBa gene in the malignant cells in Hodgkin’s disease. J Exp Med 191:395–401
Lake A, Shield LA, Cordano P, Chui DT, Osborne J, Crae S et al (2009) Mutations of NFKBIA, encoding IkappaBalpha, are a recurrent finding in classical Hodgkin lymphoma but are not a unifying feature of non-EBV-associated cases. Int J Cancer 125:1334–1342
Emmerich F, Theurich S, Hummel M, Haeffker A, Vry MS, Döhner K et al (2003) Inactivating I kappa B epsilon mutations in Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg cells. J Pathol 201:413–420
Otto C, Giefing M, Massow A, Vater I, Gesk S, Schlesner M et al (2012) Genetic lesions of the TRAF3 and MAP3K14 genes in classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Br J Haematol 157:702–708
Schmidt A, Schmitz R, Giefing M, Martin-Subero JI, Gesk S, Vater I et al (2010) Rare occurrence of biallelic CYLD gene mutations in classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 49:803–809
Joos S, Granzow M, Holtgreve-Grez H, Siebert R, Harder L, Martin-Subero JI et al (2003) Hodgkin’s lymphoma cell lines are characterized by frequent aberrations on chromosomes 2p and 9p including REL and JAK2. Int J Cancer 103:489–495
Joos S, Menz CK, Wrobel G, Siebert R, Gesk S, Ohl S et al (2002) Classical Hodgkin lymphoma is characterized by recurrent copy number gains of the short arm of chromosome 2. Blood 99:1381–1387
Martin-Subero JI, Gesk S, Harder L, Sonoki T, Tucker PW, Schlegelberger B et al (2002) Recurrent involvement of the REL and BCL11A loci in classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 99:1474–1477
Barth TF, Martin-Subero JI, Joos S, Menz CK, Hasel C, Mechtersheimer G et al (2003) Gains of 2p involving the REL locus correlate with nuclear c-Rel protein accumulation in neoplastic cells of classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 101:3681–3686
Steidl C, Telenius A, Shah SP, Farinha P, Barclay L, Boyle M et al (2010) Genome-wide copy number analysis of Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg cells identifies recurrent imbalances with correlations to treatment outcome. Blood 116:418–427
Martin-Subero JI, Wlodarska I, Bastard C, Picquenot JM, Höppner J, Giefing M et al (2006) Chromosomal rearrangements involving the BCL3 locus are recurrent in classical Hodgkin and peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Blood 108:401–402
Mathas S, Jöhrens K, Joos S, Lietz A, Hummel F, Janz M et al (2005) Elevated NF-kappaB p50 complex formation and Bcl-3 expression in classical Hodgkin, anaplastic large-cell, and other peripheral T-cell lymphomas. Blood 106:4287–4293
Kato M, Sanada M, Kato I, Sato Y, Takita J, Takeuchi K et al (2009) Frequent inactivation of A20 in B-cell lymphomas. Nature 459:712–716
Schmitz R, Hartmann S, Giefing M, Mechtersheimer G, Zuhlke-Jenisch R, Martin-Subero JI et al (2007) Inactivating mutations of TNFAIP3 (A20) indicate a tumor suppressor role for A20 in Hodgkin’s lymphoma and primary mediastinal B cell lymphoma. Haeamtologica/Hematol J 92(Suppl 5):41
Mosialos G, Birkenbach M, Yalamanchili R, VanArsdale T, Ware C, Kieff E (1995) The Epstein-Barr virus transforming protein LMP1 engages signaling proteins for the tumor necrosis factor receptor family. Cell 80:389–399
Uchida J, Yasui T, Takaoka-Shichijo Y, Muraoka M, Kulwichit W, Raab-Traub N et al (1999) Mimicry of CD40 signals by Epstein-Barr virus LMP1 in B lymphocyte responses. Science 286:300–303
Schumacher MA, Schmitz R, Brune V, Tiacci E, Döring C, Hansmann ML et al (2010) Mutations in the genes coding for the NF-kappaB regulating factors IkappaBalpha and A20 are uncommon in nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Haematologica 95:153–157
Mottok A, Renné C, Willenbrock K, Hansmann ML, Bräuninger A (2007) Somatic hypermutation of SOCS1 in lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma is accompanied by high JAK2 expression and activation of STAT6. Blood 110:3387–3390
Weniger MA, Melzner I, Menz CK, Wegener S, Bucur AJ, Dorsch K et al (2006) Mutations of the tumor suppressor gene SOCS-1 in classical Hodgkin lymphoma are frequent and associated with nuclear phospho-STAT5 accumulation. Oncogene 25:2679–2684
Joos S, Küpper M, Ohl S, von Bonin F, Mechtersheimer G, Bentz M et al (2000) Genomic imbalances including amplification of the tyrosine kinase gene JAK2 in CD30+ Hodgkin cells. Cancer Res 60:549–552
Green MR, Monti S, Rodig SJ, Juszczynski P, Currie T, O’Donnell E et al (2010) Integrative analysis reveals selective 9p24.1 amplification, increased PD-1 ligand expression, and further induction via JAK2 in nodular sclerosing Hodgkin lymphoma and primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma. Blood 116:3268–3277
Rui L, Emre NC, Kruhlak MJ, Chung HJ, Steidl C, Slack G et al (2010) Cooperative epigenetic modulation by cancer amplicon genes. Cancer Cell 18:590–605
Van Roosbroeck K, Cox L, Tousseyn T, Lahortiga I, Gielen O, Cauwelier B et al (2011) JAK2 rearrangements, including the novel SEC31A-JAK2 fusion, are recurrent in classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 117:4056–4064
Re D, Müschen M, Ahmadi T, Wickenhauser C, Staratschek-Jox A, Holtick U et al (2001) Oct-2 and Bob-1 deficiency in Hodgkin and Reed Sternberg cells. Cancer Res 61:2080–2084
Stein H, Marafioti T, Foss HD, Laumen H, Hummel M, Anagnostopoulos I et al (2001) Down-regulation of BOB.1/OBF.1 and Oct2 in classical Hodgkin disease but not in lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin disease correlates with immunoglobulin transcription. Blood 97:496–501
Watanabe K, Yamashita Y, Nakayama A, Hasegawa Y, Kojima H, Nagasawa T et al (2000) Varied B-cell immunophenotypes of Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg cells in classic Hodgkin’s disease. Histopathology 36:353–361
Schwering I, Bräuninger A, Klein U, Jungnickel B, Tinguely M, Diehl V et al (2003) Loss of the B-lineage-specific gene expression program in Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells of Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 101:1505–1512
Carbone A, Gloghini A, Larocca LM, Antinori A, Falini B, Tirelli U et al (1999) Human immunodeficiency virus-associated Hodgkin’s disease derives from post-germinal center B cells. Blood 93:2319–2326
Tiacci E, Döring C, Brune V, van Noesel CJ, Klapper W, Mechtersheimer G et al (2012) Analyzing primary Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells to capture the molecular and cellular pathogenesis of classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 120:4609–4620
Poppema S (1996) Immunology of Hodgkin’s disease. Baillieres Clin Haematol 9:447–457
Carbone A, Gloghini A, Gruss HJ, Pinto A (1995) CD40 ligand is constitutively expressed in a subset of T cell lymphomas and on the microenvironmental reactive T cells of follicular lymphomas and Hodgkin’s disease. Am J Pathol 147:912–922
Torlakovic E, Tierens A, Dang HD, Delabie J (2001) The transcription factor PU.1, necessary for B-cell development is expressed in lymphocyte predominance, but not classical Hodgkin’s disease. Am J Pathol 159:1807–1814
Bohle V, Döring C, Hansmann ML, Küppers R (2013) Role of early B-cell factor 1 (EBF1) in Hodgkin lymphoma. Leukemia 27:671–679
Overbeck BM, Martin-Subero JI, Ammerpohl O, Klapper W, Siebert R, Giefing M (2012) ETS1 encoding a transcription factor involved in B-cell differentiation is recurrently deleted and down-regulated in classical Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Haematologica 97:1612–1614
Küppers R, Klein U, Schwering I, Distler V, Bräuninger A, Cattoretti G et al (2003) Identification of Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cell-specific genes by gene expression profiling. J Clin Invest 111:529–537
Mathas S, Janz M, Hummel F, Hummel M, Wollert-Wulf B, Lusatis S et al (2006) Intrinsic inhibition of transcription factor E2A by HLH proteins ABF-1 and Id2 mediates reprogramming of neoplastic B cells in Hodgkin lymphoma. Nat Immunol 7:207–215
Renné C, Martin-Subero JI, Eickernjager M, Hansmann ML, Küppers R, Siebert R et al (2006) Aberrant expression of ID2, a suppressor of B-cell-specific gene expression, in Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Am J Pathol 169:655–664
Hacker C, Kirsch RD, Ju XS, Hieronymus T, Gust TC, Kuhl C et al (2003) Transcriptional profiling identifies Id2 function in dendritic cell development. Nat Immunol 4:380–386
Yokota Y, Mansouri A, Mori S, Sugawara S, Adachi S, Nishikawa S et al (1999) Development of peripheral lymphoid organs and natural killer cells depends on the helix-loop-helix inhibitor Id2. Nature 397:702–706
Jundt F, Acikgoz O, Kwon SH, Schwarzer R, Anagnostopoulos I, Wiesner B et al (2008) Aberrant expression of Notch1 interferes with the B-lymphoid phenotype of neoplastic B cells in classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Leukemia 22:1587–1594
Jundt F, Anagnostopoulos I, Förster R, Mathas S, Stein H, Dörken B (2002) Activated Notch 1 signaling promotes tumor cell proliferation and survival in Hodgkin and anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Blood 99:3398–3403
Köchert K, Ullrich K, Kreher S, Aster JC, Kitagawa M, Johrens K et al (2011) High-level expression of Mastermind-like 2 contributes to aberrant activation of the NOTCH signaling pathway in human lymphomas. Oncogene 30:1831–1840
Scheeren FA, Diehl SA, Smit LA, Beaumont T, Naspetti M, Bende RJ et al (2008) IL-21 is expressed in Hodgkin lymphoma and activates STAT5; evidence that activated STAT5 is required for Hodgkin lymphomagenesis. Blood 111:4706–4715
Stanelle J, Döring C, Hansmann ML, Küppers R (2010) Mechanisms of aberrant GATA3 expression in classical Hodgkin lymphoma and its consequences for the cytokine profile of Hodgkin and Reed/Sternberg cells. Blood 116:4202–4211
Doerr JR, Malone CS, Fike FM, Gordon MS, Soghomonian SV, Thomas RK et al (2005) Patterned CpG methylation of silenced B cell gene promoters in classical Hodgkin lymphoma-derived and primary effusion lymphoma cell lines. J Mol Biol 350:631–640
Ushmorov A, Leithäuser F, Sakk O, Weinhausel A, Popov SW, Möller P et al (2006) Epigenetic processes play a major role in B-cell-specific gene silencing in classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 107:2493–2500
Ammerpohl O, Haake A, Pellissery S, Giefing M, Richter J, Balint B et al (2012) Array-based DNA methylation analysis in classical Hodgkin lymphoma reveals new insights into the mechanisms underlying silencing of B cell-specific genes. Leukemia 26:185–188
Dukers DF, van Galen JC, Giroth C, Jansen P, Sewalt RG, Otte AP et al (2004) Unique polycomb gene expression pattern in Hodgkin’s lymphoma and Hodgkin’s lymphoma-derived cell lines. Am J Pathol 164:873–881
Raaphorst FM, van Kemenade FJ, Blokzijl T, Fieret E, Hamer KM, Satijn DP et al (2000) Coexpression of BMI-1 and EZH2 polycomb group genes in Reed-Sternberg cells of Hodgkin’s disease. Am J Pathol 157:709–715
Sanchez-Beato M, Sanchez E, Garcia JF, Perez-Rosado A, Montoya MC, Fraga M et al (2004) Abnormal PcG protein expression in Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Relation with E2F6 and NFkappaB transcription factors. J Pathol 204:528–537
Schneider EM, Torlakovic E, Stuhler A, Diehl V, Tesch H, Giebel B (2004) The early transcription factor GATA-2 is expressed in classical Hodgkin’s lymphoma. J Pathol 204:538–545
Lamprecht B, Walter K, Kreher S, Kumar R, Hummel M, Lenze D et al (2010) Derepression of an endogenous long terminal repeat activates the CSF1R proto-oncogene in human lymphoma. Nat Med 16:571–579
Yuki H, Ueno S, Tatetsu H, Niiro H, Iino T, Endo S et al (2013) PU.1 is a potent tumor suppressor in classical Hodgkin lymphoma cells. Blood 121:962–970
Bargou RC, Emmerich F, Krappmann D, Bommert K, Mapara MY, Arnold W et al (1997) Constitutive nuclear factor-kappaB-RelA activation is required for proliferation and survival of Hodgkin’s disease tumor cells. J Clin Invest 100:2961–2969
Carbone A, Gloghini A, Gattei V, Aldinucci D, Degan M, De Paoli P et al (1995) Expression of functional CD40 antigen on Reed-Sternberg cells and Hodgkin’s disease cell lines. Blood 85:780–789
Chiu A, Xu W, He B, Dillon SR, Gross JA, Sievers E et al (2007) Hodgkin lymphoma cells express TACI and BCMA receptors and generate survival and proliferation signals in response to BAFF and APRIL. Blood 109:729–739
Fiumara P, Snell V, Li Y, Mukhopadhyay A, Younes M, Gillenwater AM et al (2001) Functional expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB in Hodgkin disease cell lines. Blood 98:2784–2790
Molin D, Fischer M, Xiang Z, Larsson U, Harvima I, Venge P et al (2001) Mast cells express functional CD30 ligand and are the predominant CD30L-positive cells in Hodgkin’s disease. Br J Haematol 114:616–623
Schwab U, Stein H, Gerdes J, Lemke H, Kirchner H, Schaadt M et al (1982) Production of a monoclonal antibody specific for Hodgkin and Sternberg-Reed cells of Hodgkin’s disease and a subset of normal lymphoid cells. Nature 299:65–67
Hirsch B, Hummel M, Bentink S, Fouladi F, Spang R, Zollinger R et al (2008) CD30-induced signaling is absent in Hodgkin’s cells but present in anaplastic large cell lymphoma cells. Am J Pathol 172:510–520
Horie R, Watanabe T, Morishita Y, Ito K, Ishida T, Kanegae Y et al (2002) Ligand-independent signaling by overexpressed CD30 drives NF-kappaB activation in Hodgkin-Reed-Sternberg cells. Oncogene 21:2493–2503
Kilger E, Kieser A, Baumann M, Hammerschmidt W (1998) Epstein-Barr virus-mediated B-cell proliferation is dependent upon latent membrane protein 1, which simulates an activated CD40 receptor. EMBO J 17:1700–1709
Baus D, Pfitzner E (2006) Specific function of STAT3, SOCS1, and SOCS3 in the regulation of proliferation and survival of classical Hodgkin lymphoma cells. Int J Cancer 118:1404–1413
Kube D, Holtick U, Vockerodt M, Ahmadi T, Behrmann I, Heinrich PC et al (2001) STAT3 is constitutively activated in Hodgkin cell lines. Blood 98:762–770
Skinnider BF, Elia AJ, Gascoyne RD, Patterson B, Trümper L, Kapp U et al (2002) Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 is frequently activated in Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells of Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 99:618–626
Kapp U, Yeh WC, Patterson B, Elia AJ, Kagi D, Ho A et al (1999) Interleukin 13 is secreted by and stimulates the growth of Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells. J Exp Med 189:1939–1946
Skinnider BF, Elia AJ, Gascoyne RD, Trumper LH, von Bonin F, Kapp U et al (2001) Interleukin 13 and interleukin 13 receptor are frequently expressed by Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells of Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 97:250–255
Hinz M, Lemke P, Anagnostopoulos I, Hacker C, Krappmann D, Mathas S et al (2002) Nuclear factor kappaB-dependent gene expression profiling of Hodgkin’s disease tumor cells, pathogenetic significance, and link to constitutive signal transducer and activator of transcription 5a activity. J Exp Med 196:605–617
Lamprecht B, Kreher S, Anagnostopoulos I, Johrens K, Monteleone G, Jundt F et al (2008) Aberrant expression of the Th2 cytokine IL-21 in Hodgkin lymphoma cells regulates STAT3 signaling and attracts Treg cells via regulation of MIP-3{alpha}. Blood 112:3339–3347
Blume-Jensen P, Hunter T (2001) Oncogenic kinase signalling. Nature 411:355–365
Renné C, Willenbrock K, Küppers R, Hansmann M-L, Bräuninger A (2005) Autocrine and paracrine activated receptor tyrosine kinases in classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 105:4051–4059
Teofili L, Di Febo AL, Pierconti F, Maggiano N, Bendandi M, Rutella S et al (2001) Expression of the c-met proto-oncogene and its ligand, hepatocyte growth factor, in Hodgkin disease. Blood 97:1063–1069
Renné C, Willenbrock K, Martin-Subero JI, Hinsch N, Döring C, Tiacci E et al (2007) High expression of several tyrosine kinases and activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway in mediastinal large B cell lymphoma reveals further similarities to Hodgkin lymphoma. Leukemia 21:780–787
Renné C, Hinsch N, Willenbrock K, Fuchs M, Klapper W, Engert A et al (2007) The aberrant coexpression of several receptor tyrosine kinases is largely restricted to EBV-negative cases of classical Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Int J Cancer 120:2504–2509
Renne C, Minner S, Küppers R, Hansmann ML, Bräuninger A (2008) Autocrine NGFbeta/TRKA signalling is an important survival factor for Hodgkin lymphoma derived cell lines. Leuk Res 32:163–167
Nagel S, Burek C, Venturini L, Scherr M, Quentmeier H, Meyer C et al (2007) Comprehensive analysis of homeobox genes in Hodgkin lymphoma cell lines identifies dysregulated expression of HOXB9 mediated via ERK5 signaling and BMI1. Blood 109:3015–3023
Zheng B, Fiumara P, Li YV, Georgakis G, Snell V, Younes M et al (2003) MEK/ERK pathway is aberrantly active in Hodgkin disease: a signaling pathway shared by CD30, CD40, and RANK that regulates cell proliferation and survival. Blood 102:1019–1027
Mathas S, Hinz M, Anagnostopoulos I, Krappmann D, Lietz A, Jundt F et al (2002) Aberrantly expressed c-Jun and JunB are a hallmark of Hodgkin lymphoma cells, stimulate proliferation and synergize with NF-kappa B. EMBO J 21:4104–4113
Juszczynski P, Ouyang J, Monti S, Rodig SJ, Takeyama K, Abramson J et al (2007) The AP1-dependent secretion of galectin-1 by Reed Sternberg cells fosters immune privilege in classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:13134–13139
Watanabe M, Ogawa Y, Ito K, Higashihara M, Kadin ME, Abraham LJ et al (2003) AP-1 mediated relief of repressive activity of the CD30 promoter microsatellite in Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells. Am J Pathol 163:633–641
Dutton A, Reynolds GM, Dawson CW, Young LS, Murray PG (2005) Constitutive activation of phosphatidyl-inositide 3 kinase contributes to the survival of Hodgkin’s lymphoma cells through a mechanism involving Akt kinase and mTOR. J Pathol 205:498–506
Georgakis GV, Li Y, Rassidakis GZ, Medeiros LJ, Mills GB, Younes A (2006) Inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/Akt promotes G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in Hodgkin lymphoma. Br J Haematol 132:503–511
Dutton A, O’Neil JD, Milner AE, Reynolds GM, Starczynski J, Crocker J et al (2004) Expression of the cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) protects Hodgkin’s lymphoma cells from autonomous Fas-mediated death. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:6611–6616
Mathas S, Lietz A, Anagnostopoulos I, Hummel F, Wiesner B, Janz M et al (2004) c-FLIP mediates resistance of Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg cells to death receptor-induced apoptosis. J Exp Med 199:1041–1052
Re D, Hofmann A, Wolf J, Diehl V, Staratschek-Jox A (2000) Cultivated H-RS cells are resistant to CD95L-mediated apoptosis despite expression of wild-type CD95. Exp Hematol 28:31–35
Chu WS, Aguilera NS, Wei MQ, Abbondanzo SL (1999) Antiapoptotic marker Bcl-X(L), expression on Reed-Sternberg cells of Hodgkin’s disease using a novel monoclonal marker, YTH-2H12. Hum Pathol 30:1065–1070
Kashkar H, Haefs C, Shin H, Hamilton-Dutoit SJ, Salvesen GS, Krönke M et al (2003) XIAP-mediated caspase inhibition in Hodgkin’s lymphoma-derived B cells. J Exp Med 198:341–347
Kashkar H, Seeger JM, Hombach A, Deggerich A, Yazdanpanah B, Utermohlen O et al (2006) XIAP targeting sensitizes Hodgkin lymphoma cells for cytolytic T-cell attack. Blood 108:3434–3440
Sanchez-Beato M, Piris MA, Martinez-Montero JC, Garcia JF, Villuendas R, Garcia FJ et al (1996) MDM2 and p21WAF1/CIP1, wild-type p53-induced proteins, are regularly expressed by Sternberg-Reed cells in Hodgkin’s disease. J Pathol 180:58–64
Drakos E, Thomaides A, Medeiros LJ, Li J, Leventaki V, Konopleva M et al (2007) Inhibition of p53-murine double minute 2 interaction by nutlin-3A stabilizes p53 and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in Hodgkin lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res 13:3380–3387
Janz M, Stuhmer T, Vassilev LT, Bargou RC (2007) Pharmacologic activation of p53-dependent and p53-independent apoptotic pathways in Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg cells. Leukemia 21:772–779
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rosenwald, A., Küppers, R. (2015). Pathology and Molecular Pathology of Hodgkin Lymphoma. In: Engert, A., Younes, A. (eds) Hodgkin Lymphoma. Hematologic Malignancies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12505-3_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12505-3_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-12504-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-12505-3
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)