Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Digestion Tests to Measure Heavy Metal Bioavailability in Soils

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
CO2 Sequestration, Biofuels and Depollution

Part of the book series: Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World ((ECSW,volume 5))

  • 1759 Accesses

Abstract

In-vitro digestion tests have been recently used to assess the health risk of oral ingestion of heavy metals from soils. These tests measure the solubility of soil heavy metals in simulated human digestive juice. Here we first introduce the origin, development and merits of the in-vitro digestion test, and related definitions and terms. We present the various procedures such as mouth, stomach and intestine; and effects of test parameters: soil particle size, temperature, mixing, pH, solid-to-liquid ratio, retention time, digestive compositions, food addition, analysis and calculation. We describe the six commonly used in-vitro digestion tests are (1) the physiologically-based extraction test (PBET), (2) the simple bioaccessibility extraction test (SBET), (3) the unified barge methods (UBM) from the bioaccessibility research group of Europe (BARGE), (4) the United States pharmacopeia methodology (USPM), (5) the in vitro gastrointestinal method (IVG) and (6) the diluted HCl solution test. We also review the effects of soil properties and ageing on bioaccessibility. We present the applications of in-vitro digestion test in soil metal pollution research with focus on remediation and bioaccessibility. The challenges of comparing results from in-vitro digestion test research are due to the differing extraction abilities of individual in-vitro digestion test; and the lack of regulation allowing operators to modify the composition and procedure of in-vitro digestion test.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abrahams PW, Follansbee MH, Hunt A, Smith B, Wragg J (2006) Iron nutrition and possible lead toxicity: an appraisal of geophagy undertaken by pregnant women of UK Asian communities. Appl Geochem 21:98–108

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Rmalli SW, Jenkins RO, Watts MJ, Haris PI (2010) Risk of human exposure to arsenic and other toxic elements from geophagy: trace element analysis of baked clay using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Environ Health 9:79

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bamett MO, Turner RR (2001) Bioaccessibility of mercury in soils. Soil Sediment Contam 10(3):301–316

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolondi L, Bortolotti M, Santi V, Calletti T, Gaiani S, Labo G (1985) Measurement of gastric emptying time by real-time ultrasonography. Gastroenterology 89(4):752–759

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borgstrom B, Dahlqvist A, Lundh G, Sjovall J (1957) Studies of intestinal digestion and absorption in the human. J Clin Invest 36(10):1521–1536

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bosso ST, Enzweiler J (2008) Bioaccessible lead in soils, slag, and mine wastes from an abandoned mining district in Brazil. Environ Geochem Health 30:219–229

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cabanero AI, Madrid Y, Camara C (2004) Selenium and mercury bioaccessibility in fish samples: an in vitro digestion method. Anal Chim Acta 526:51–61

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calabrese EJ, Stanek EJ, James RC, Roberts SM (1997) Soil ingestion: a concern for acute toxicity in children. Environ Health Perspect 105:1354–1358

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cao X, Wahbi A, Ma L, Li B, Yang Y (2009) Immobilization of Zn, Cu, and Pb in contaminated soils using phosphate rock and phosphoric acid. J Hazard Mater 164:555–564

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carrizales L, Razo I, Tellez-Hernandez JI, Torres-Nerio R, Torres A, Batres LE, Cubillas AC, Diaz-Barriga F (2006) Exposure to arsenic and lead of children living near a copper-smelter in San Luis Potosi, Mexico: importance of soil contamination for exposure of children. Environ Res 101:1–10

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cave M, Wragg J, Klinck B, Gron C, Oomen A, Van de Wiele T, Ollson C, Koch I, Reimer K, Basta N, Tack K (2006) Preliminary assessment of a unified bioaccessibility method for potentially harmful elements in soils. Epidemiology 17:39

    Google Scholar 

  • Contin M, Mondini C, Leita L, Zaccheo P, Crippa L, De Nobili M (2008) Immobilisation of soil toxic metals by repeated additions of Fe (II) sulphate solution. Geoderma 147:133–140

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Correa P (1988) A human model of gastric carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 48:3554–3560

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cui Y, Chen X (2011) Lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) bioaccessibility in various soils from south China. Environ Monit Assess 177:481–492

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cui Y, Du X, Weng L, Van Riemsdijk WH (2010) Assessment of in situ immobilization of lead (Pb) and Arsenic (As) in contaminated soils with phosphate and iron: solubility and bioaccessibility. Water Air Soil Pollut 213:95–104

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cui Y, Fu J, Chen X (2011) Speciation and bioaccessibility of lead and cadmium in soil treated with metal-enriched Indian mustard leaves. J Environ Sci 23(4):624–632

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis S, Mirick DK (2006) Soil ingestion in children and adults in the same family. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 16:63–75

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis A, Ruby MV, Bergstrom PD (1994) Factors controlling lead bioavailability in the Butte mining district, Montana, USA. Environ Geochem Health 16(3–4):147–157

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Almeida PDV, Gregio AMT, Machado MAN, De Lima AAS, Azevedo LR (2008) Saliva composition and functions: a comprehensive review. J Contemp Dent Pract 9(3):72–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Denys S, Caboche J, Tack K, Rychen G, Wragg J, Cave M, Jondreville C, Feidt C (2012) In vivo validation of the unified BARGE method to assess the bioaccessibility of arsenic, antimony, cadmium, and lead in soils. Environ Sci Technol 46:6252–6260

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dodds MWJ, Johnson DA (1993) Influence of mastication on saliva, plaque pH and masseter muscle activity in man. Arch Oral Biol 38(7):623–626

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drexler JW, Brattin WJ (2007) An in vitro procedure for estimation of lead relative bioavailability: with validation. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 13:383–401

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duggan MJ, Inskip MJ (1985) Childhood exposure to lead in surface dust and soil: a community health problem. Public Health Rev 13 (1–2):1–54

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ellickson KM, Meeker RJ, Gallo MA, Buckley BT, Lioy PJ (2001) Oral bioavailability of lead and arsenic from a NIST standard reference soil material. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 40:128–135

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ettler V, Kribek B, Majer V, Knesl I, Mihaljevic M (2012) Differences in the bioaccessibility of metals/metalloids in soils from mining and smelting areas (Copperbelt, Zambia). J Geochem Explor 113:68–75

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fendorf S, La Force MJ, Li Guangchao (2004) Temporal changes in soil partitioning and bioaccessibility of arsenic, chromium, and lead. J Environ Qual 33:2049–2055

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Finch CA, Ragan HA, Dyer IA, Cook JD (1978) Body iron loss in animals. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 159:335–338

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flecknell P (2002) Replacement, reduction and refinement. Altex 19(2):73–78

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman GB, Johnson JD, Liao SC, Davis AO, Ruby MV, Schoof RA, Chaney RL, Bergstrom PD (1994) Absolute bioavailability of lead acetate and mining waste lead in rats. Toxicology 91:151–163

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman GB, Dill JA, Johnson JD, Kurtz PJ, Parham F, Matthews HB (1996) Comparative absorption of lead from contaminated soil and lead salts by weanling Fischer 344 rats. Fundam Appl Toxicol 33:109–119

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gbefa BK, Entwistle JA, Dean JR (2011) Oral bioaccessibility of metals in an urban catchment, Newcastle upon Tyne. Environ Geochem Health 33:167–181

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geissler PW, Prince RJ, Levene M, Poda C, Beckerleg SE, Mutemi W, Shulman CE (1999) Perception of soil-eating and anaemia among pregnant women on the Kenyan coast. Soc Sci Med 48:1069–1079

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamel SC, Buckley B, Lioy PJ (1998) Bioaccessibility of metals in soils for different liquid to solid ratios in synthetic gastric fluid. Environ Sci Technol 32:358–362

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamel SC, Ellickson KM, Lioy PJ (1999) The estimation of the bioaccessibility of heavy metals in soils using artificial biofluids by two novel methods: mass-balance and soil recapture. Sci Total Environ 243/244:273–283

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton S, Rothenberg SJ, Khan FA, Manalo M, Norris KC (2001) Neonatal lead poisoning from maternal pica behavior during pregnancy. J Natl Med Assoc 93:317–319

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen JB, Oomen AG, Edelgaard I, Gron C (2007) Oral bioaccessibility and leaching: tests for soil risk assessment. Eng Life Sci 7(2):170–176

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang YZ, Hao XW (2012) Effect of red mud addition on the fractionation and bio-accessibility of Pb, Zn and As in combined contaminated soil. Chem Ecol 28(1):37–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Hubal EAC, Sheldon LS, Burke JM, McCurdy TR, Berry MR, Rigas ML, Zartarian VG, Freeman NC (2000) Children’s exposure assessment: a review of factors influencing children’s exposure, and the data available to characterize and assess that exposure. Environ Health Perspect 108:475–486

    Google Scholar 

  • Intawongse M, Dean JR (2008) Use of the physiologically-based extraction test to assess the oral bioaccessibility of metals in vegetable plants grown in contaminated soil. Environ Pollut 152:60–72

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Juhasz AL, Weber J, Smith E, Naidu R, Marschner B, Rees M, Rofe A, Kuchel T, Sansom L (2009) Evaluation of SBRC-gastric and SBRC-intestinal methods for the prediction of in vivo relative lead bioavailability in contaminated soils. Environ Sci Technol 43:4503–4509

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Juhasz AL, Weber J, Smith E (2011) Impact of soil particle size and bioaccessibility on children and adult lead exposure in peri-urban contaminated soils. J Hazard Mater 186:1870–1879

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karadas C, Kara D (2011) In vitro gastro-intestinal method for the assessment of heavy metal bioavailability in contaminated soils. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 18:620–628

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karadas C, Kara D (2012) Chemometric evaluation for the relation of BCR sequential extraction method and in vitro gastro-intestinal method for the assessment of metal bioavailability in contaminated soils in Turkey. Environ Sci Pollut Res 19:1280–1295

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawai K, Saathoff E, Antelman G, Msamanga G, Fawzi WW (2009) Geophagy (soil-eating) in relation to anemia and helminth infection among HIV-infected pregnant women in Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80:36–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Kientz K, Jimenez BD, Perez L, Rodriguez-Sierra CJ (2003) In vitro bioaccessibility of metals in soils from a superfund site in Puerto Rico. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 70:927–934

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim SKY (1968) Small intestine transit time in the normal small bowel study. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 104(3):522–524

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim KR, Owens G, Naidu R (2009) Heavy metal distribution, bioaccessibility, and phytoavailability in long-term contaminated soils from Lake Macquarie, Australia. Aust J Soil Res 47:166–176

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kong F, Singh RP (2008) Disintegration of solid foods in human stomach. J Food Sci 73(5):R67–R80

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kou F, Takahama U (1995) Hydrogen peroxide-induced luminescence and evolution of molecular oxygen in human saliva. Arch Oral Biol 40(1):15–21

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krul C, Luiten-Schuite A, Baan R, Verhagen H, Mohn G, Feron V, Havenaar R (2000) Application of a dynamic in vitro gastrointestinal tract model to study the availability of food mutagens, using heterocyclic aromatic amines as model compounds. Food Chem Toxicol 38:783–792

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krul C, Luiten-Schuite A, Tenfelde A, Van Ommen B, Verhagen H, Havenaar R (2001) Antimutagenic activity of green tea and black tea extracts studied in a dynamic in vitro gastrointestinal model. Mutat Res 474:71–85

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laird BD, Peak D, Siciliano SD (2011) Bioaccessibility of metal cations in soil is linearly related to its water exchange rate constant. Environ Sci Technol 45:4139–4144

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Le Bot B, Gilles E, Durand S, Glorennec P (2010) Bioaccessible and quasi-total metals in soil and indoor dust. Eur J Mineral 22:651–657

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li Y, Zhang M (2012) A comparison of physiologically based extraction test (PBET) and single-extraction methods for release of Cu, Zn, and Pb from mildly acidic and alkali soils. Environ Sci Pollut Res. doi:10.1007/s11356-012-1234-0

    Google Scholar 

  • Li Y, Demisie W, Zhang M (2013) The function of digestive enzymes on Cu, Zn, and Pb release from soil in in vitro digestion tests. Environ Sci Pollut Res. doi:10.1007/s11356-013-1472–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Lim HS, Lee JS, Chon HT, Sager M (2008) Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in the vicinity of the abandoned Songcheon Au-Ag mine in Korea. J Geochem Explor 96:223–230

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu R, Zhao D (2007) Reducing leachability and bioaccessibility of lead in soils using a new class of stabilized iron phosphate nanoparticles. Water Res 41:2491–2502

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu Y, Yin W, Huang L, Zhang G, Zhao Y (2011) Assessment of bioaccessibility and exposure risk of arsenic and lead in urban soils of Guangzhou City, China. Environ Geochem Health 33:93–102

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luo X, Yu S, Li X (2011) Distribution, availability, and sources of trace metals in different particle size fractions of urban soils in Hong Kong: implications for assessing the risk to human health. Environ Pollut 159:1317–1326

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luo XS, Ding J, Xu B, Wang YJ, Li HB, Yu S (2012a) Incorporating bioaccessibility into human health risk assessment of heavy metals in urban park soils. Sci Total Environ 424:88–96

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luo X, Yu S, Li X (2012b) The mobility, bioavailability, and human bioaccessibility of trace metals in urban soils of Hong Kong. Appl Geochem 27:995–1004

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Madrid F, Biasioli M, Ajmone-Marsan F (2008a) Availability and bioaccessibility of metals in fine particles of some urban soils. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 55:21–32

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Madrid F, Diaz-Barrientos E, Madrid L (2008b) Availability and bio-accessibility of metals in the clay fraction of urban soils of Sevilla. Environ Pollut 156:605–610

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Man YB, Sun XL, Zhao YG, Lopez BN, Chung SS, Wu SC, Cheung KC, Wong MH (2010) Health risk assessment of abandoned agricultural soils based on heavy metal contents in Hong Kong, the world’s most populated city. Environ Int 36:570–576

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marschner B, Welge P, Hack A, Wittsiepe J, Wilhelm M (2006) Comparison of soil Pb in vitro bioaccessibility and in vivo bioavailability with Pb pools from a sequential soil extraction. Environ Sci Technol 40:2812–2818

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mercier G, Duchesne J, Carles-Gibergues A (2002) A simple and fast screening test to detect soils polluted by lead. Environ Pollut 118:285–296

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller RM (1995) Biosurfactant-facilitated remediation of metal-contaminated soils. Environ Health Perspect 103(Suppl 1):59–62

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller DD, Schricker BR, Rasmussen RR, Campen DV (1981) An in vitro method for estimation of iron availability from meals. Am J Clin Nutr 34:2248–2256

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Minekus M, Marteau P, Havenaar R, Huis in’t Veld JHJ (1995) A multicompartmental dynamic computer-controlled model simulating the stomach and small intestine. ATLA 23(2):197–209

    Google Scholar 

  • Navarro MC, Perez-Sirvent C, Martinez-Sanchez MJ, Vidal J, Marimon J (2006) Lead, cadmium and arsenic bioavailability in the abandoned mine site of Cabezo Rajao (Murcia, SE Spain). Chemosphere 63:484–489

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oomen AG, Hack A, Minekus M, Zeijdner E, Cornelis G, Verstraete W, De Wiele TV, Wragg J, Rompelberg CJM, Sips AJAM, Van Wijnen JH (2002) Comparison of five in vitro digestion models to study the bioaccessibility of soil contaminants. Environ Sci Technol 36:3326–3334

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oomen AG, Tolls J, Sips AJAM, Groten JP (2003a) In vitro intestinal lead uptake and transport in relation to speciation. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 44:116–124

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oomen AG, Rompelberg CJM, Bruil MA, Dobbe CJG, Pereboom DPKH, Sips AJAM (2003b) Development of an in vitro digestion model for estimating the bioaccessibility of soil contaminants. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 44:281–287

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oomen AG, Rompelberg CJM, Kamp EV, Pereboom DPKH, Zwart LLD, Sips AJAM (2004) Effect of bile type on the bioaccessibility of soil contaminants in an in vitro digestion model. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 46:183–188

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen AM, Bardow A, Jensen SB, Nauntofte B (2002) Saliva and gastrointestinal functions of taste, mastication, swallowing and digestion. Oral Dis 8:117–129

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peijnenburg WJGM, Posthuma L, Eijsackers HJP, Allen HE (1997) A conceptual framework for implementation of bioavailability of metals for environmental management purposes. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 37:163–172. doi:10.1006/eesa.1997.1539

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pelfrene A, Waterlot C, Douay F (2011a) In vitro digestion and DGT techniques for estimating cadmium and lead bioavailability in contaminated soils: influence of gastric juice pH. Sci Total Environ 409:5076–5085

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pelfrene A, Waterlot C, Mazzuca M, Nisse C, Bidar G, Douay F (2011b) Assessing Cd, Pb, Zn human bioaccessibility in smelter-contaminated agricultural topsoils (northern France). Environ Geochem Health 33:477–493

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pelfrene A, Waterlot C, Mazzuca M, Nisse C, Cuny D, Richard A, Denys S, Heyman C, Roussel H, Bidar G, Douay F (2012) Bioaccessibility of trace elements as affected by soil parameters in smelter-contaminated agricultural soils: a statistical modeling approach. Environ Pollut 160:130–138

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poggio L, Vrscaj B, Schulin R, Hepperle E, Marsan FA (2009) Metals pollution and human bioaccessibility of topsoils in Grugliasco (Italy). Environ Pollut 157(2):680–689

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rao BSN, Prabhavathi T (1978) An in vitro method for predicting the bioavailability of iron from foods. Am J Clin Nutr 31:169–175

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen PE, Beauchemin S, Nugent M, Dugandzic R, Lanouette M, Chenier M (2008) Influence of matrix composition on the bioaccessibility of copper, zinc, and nickel in urban residential dust and soil. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 14:351–371

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez RR, Basta N (1999) An in vitro gastrointestinal method to estimate bioavailable arsenic in contaminated soils and solid media. Environ Sci Technol 33:642–649

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rotard W, Christmann W, Knoth W, Mailahn W (1995) Bestimmung der resorptionsverfugbaren PCDD/PCDF aus Kieselrot. UWSF-Z Umweltchem Okotox 7:3–9

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roussel H, Waterlot C, Pelfrene A, Pruvot C, Mazzuca M, Douay F (2010) Cd, Pb and Zn oral bioaccessibility of urban soils contaminated in the past by atmospheric emissions from two lead and zinc smelters. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 58:945–954

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruby MV, Davis A, Kempton JH, Drexler JW, Bergstrom PD (1992) Lead bioavailability: dissolution kinetics under simulated gastric conditions. Environ Sci Technol 26:1242–1248

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruby MV, Davis A, Link TE, Schoof R, Chaney RL, Freeman GB, Bergstrom P (1993) Development of an in vitro screening test to evaluate the in vivo bioaccessibility of ingested mine-waste lead. Environ Sci Technol 27:2870–2877

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruby MV, Davis A, Schoof R, Eberle S, Sellstone CM (1996) Estimation of lead and arsenic bioavailability using a physiologically based extraction test. Environ Sci Technol 30:422–430

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruby MV, Schoof R, Brattin W, Goldade M, Post G, Harnois M, Mosby DE, Casteel SW, Berti W, Carpenter M, Edwards D, Cragin D, Chappell W (1999) Advances in evaluating the oral bioavailability of inorganics in soil for use in human health risk assessment. Environ Sci Technol 33(21):3697–3705

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samloff IM, O’Dell C (1985) Inhibition of peptic activity by sucralfate. Am J Med 79(2):15–18

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schenkels LCPM, Veerman ECI, Amerongen AVN (1995) Biochemical composition of human saliva in relation to other mucosal fluids. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 6(2):161–175

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schroder JL, Basta NT, Si J (2003) In vitro gastrointestinal method to estimate relative bioavailable cadmium in contaminated soil. Environ Sci Technol 37:1365–1370

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schroder JL, Basta NT, Casteel SW, Evans TJ, Payton ME, Si J (2004) Validation of the in vitro gastrointestinal (IVG) method to estimate relative bioavailable lead in contaminated soils. J Environ Qual 33:513–521

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sialelli J, Urquhart GJ, Davidson CM, Hursthouse AS (2010) Use of a physiologically based extraction test to estimate the human bioaccessibility of potentially toxic elements in urban soils from the city of Glasgow, UK. Environ Geochem Health 32:517–527

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sialelli J, Davidson CM, Hursthouse AS, Ajmone-Marsan F (2011) Human bioaccessibility of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in urban soils from the city of Torino, Italy. Environ Chem Lett 9:197–202

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith BA, Kirk JL, Stephenson GL (2010) The influence of liquid to soil ratios on arsenic and lead bioaccessibility in reference and field soil. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 16:149–162

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith E, Weber J, Naidu R, McLaren RG, Juhasz AL (2011) Assessment of lead bioaccessibility in peri-urban contaminated soils. J Hazard Mater 186:300–305

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart MA, Jardine PM, Barnett MO, Mehlhorn TL, Hyder LK, McKay LD (2003) Influence of soil geochemical and physical properties on the sorption and bioaccessibility of chromium (Ш). J Environ Qual 32:129–137

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tang XY, Zhu YG, Chen SB, Tang LL, Chen XP (2004) Assessment of the effectiveness of different phosphorus fertilizers to remediate Pb-contaminated soil using in vitro test. Environ Int 30:531–537

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tang XY, Zhu YG, Cui YS, Duan J, Tang L (2006) The effect of ageing on the bioaccessibility and fractionation of cadmium in some typical soils of China. Environ Int 32:682–689

    Google Scholar 

  • Tang XY, Cui YS, Duan J, Tang L (2008) Pilot study of temporal variations in lead bioaccessibility and chemical fractionation in some Chinese soils. J Hazard Mater 160(1):29–36

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner A, Radford A (2010) Bioaccessibility of trace metals in boat paint particles. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 73:817–824

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner A, Singh N, Richards JP (2009) Bioaccessibility of metals in soils and dusts contaminated by marine antifouling paint particles. Environ Pollut 157:1526–1532

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vicky R (2005) Finding alternatives: an overview of the 3Rs and the use of animals in research. School Sci Rev 87(319):111–114

    Google Scholar 

  • Watt J, Thornton I, Cotter-Howells J (1993) Physical evidence suggesting the transfer of soil Pb into young children via hand-to-mouth activity. Appl Geochem 8:269–272

    Google Scholar 

  • Welfringer B, Zagury G (2009) Evaluation of two in vitro protocols for determination of mercury bioaccessibility: influence of mercury fractionation and soil properties. J Environ Qual 38:2237–2244

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitcomb DC, Lowe ME (2007) Human pancreatic digestive enzymes. Dig Dis Sci 52:1–17

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wragg J, Cave M, Basta N, Brandon E, Casteel S, Denys S, Gron C, Oomen A, Reimer K, Tack K, Wiele TV (2011) An inter-laboratory trial of the unified BARGE bioaccessibility method for arsenic, cadmium and lead in soil. Sci Total Environ 409:4016–4030.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xiao-Wei H, Yi-Zong H, Yan-Shan C (2010) Effect of bone char addition on the fractionation and bio-accessibility of Pb and Zn in combined contaminated soil. Acta Ecologica Sinica 30:118–122

    Google Scholar 

  • Xue J, Zartarian V, Moya J, Freeman N, Beamer P, Black K, Tulve N, Shalat S (2007) A meta-analysis of children¢s hand-to-mouth frequency data for estimating nondietary ingestion exposure. Risk Anal 27(2):411–420

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang J, Mosby D (2006) Field assessment of treatment efficacy by three methods of phosphoric acid application in lead-contaminated urban soil. Sci Total Environ 366:136–142

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang J, Mosby DE, Casteel SW, Blanchar RW (2001) Lead immobilization using phosphoric acid in a smelter-contaminated urban soil. Environ Sci Technol 35:3553–3559

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang J, Mosby ED, Casteel SW, Blanchar RW (2002) In vitro lead bioaccessibility and phosphate leaching as affected by surface application of phosphoric acid in lead-contaminated soil. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 43:399–405

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zapusek U, Lestan D (2009) Fractionation, mobility and bio-accessibility of Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and Ni in aged artificial soil mixtures. Geoderma 154:164–169

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang XB, Ohta Y (1991) In vitro binding of mutagenic pyrolyzates to lactic acid bacterial cells in human gastric juice. J Dairy Sci 74(3):752–757

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Resource Science, College of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China

    Dr. Yi Li, Walelign Demisie & Ming-kui Zhang

  2. Department of Dry Land Crop Science, Jigiga University, Jigiga, Ethiopoa

    Walelign Demisie

  3. School of Geography and Tourism, Guizhou Normal College, 550018, Guiyang, China

    Dr. Yi Li

Authors
  1. Dr. Yi Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Walelign Demisie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ming-kui Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yi Li .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. UMR1347 Agroécologie, INRA, Dijon, France

    Eric Lichtfouse

  2. RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany

    Jan Schwarzbauer

  3. Université de Lorraine, Saint-Avold, France

    Didier Robert

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Li, Y., Demisie, W., Zhang, Mk. (2015). Digestion Tests to Measure Heavy Metal Bioavailability in Soils. In: Lichtfouse, E., Schwarzbauer, J., Robert, D. (eds) CO2 Sequestration, Biofuels and Depollution. Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World, vol 5. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11906-9_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation