Abstract
Coaching practices are rapidly changing due to advances in pervasive computing: behavior of coachees can unobtrusively be monitored in real time, and coaching can be remote or even fully automated. Fully autonomous e-coaching systems hold promise for improving people’s self-management, but also raise questions about the importance of human involvement in the e-coaching process. This paper describes an empirical ‘Wizard of Oz’ study in which coachees (N=82) were coached to take the stairs by either another person (N=20) or the e-coaching system eMate. Crucially, some coachees were made to believe that they would receive one type of coaching (human or computerized), while in reality they received the other. Results show that the coaching was equally effective in all groups, but that people who believed to be coached by a human judged the coaching to be more influential. No difference was found between groups in how trustworthy coachees found their coaches.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Anderson, J.H., Kamphorst, B.A.: Ethics of e-coaching: Implications of employing pervasive computing to promote healthy and sustainable lifestyles. In: Proc. of IEEE SIPC Workshop 2014, in Conjunction with PerCom 2014, pp. 351–356. IEEE (2014)
Bandura, A.: Guide for constructing self-efficacy scales. In: Pajares, F., Urdan, T. (eds.) Self-efficacy Beliefs of Adolescents, pp. 307–337. Adolescence and Education, Information Age Publishing (2006)
Bickmore, T.W., Picard, R.W.: Establishing and maintaining long-term human-computer relationships. ACM Transactions of Computer-Human Interaction 12(2), 293–327 (2005)
Blount, S.: When social outcomes aren’t fair. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 63(2), 131–144 (1995)
Bode, C., Thoolen, B.J., de Ridder, D.T.D.: Het meten van proactieve copingvaardigheden. Psychometrische eigenschappen van de utrechtse proactieve coping competentie lijst (UPCC). Psychologie & Gezondheid 36, 81–91 (2008)
Endler, N., Parker, D.: Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS): Manual. Multi Health Systems, Toronto (1999) (Dutch translation by De Ridder, D.T.D., Maes, S.)
Fogg, B.J.: Persuasive Technology: Using computers to change what we think and do. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Francisco (2003)
Fogg, B.J., Nass, C.: Silicon sycophants: The effects of computers that flatter. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 46(5), 551–561 (1997)
Gyllensten, K., Palmer, S.: The coaching relationship: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. International Coaching Psychology Review 2(2), 168–177 (2007)
Kamphorst, B.A., Kalis, A.: Why option generation matters for the design of autonomous e-coaching systems. AI & Society (2014) (online)
Kamphorst, B.A., Klein, M.C.A., Van Wissen, A.: Autonomous e-coaching in the wild: Empirical validation of a model-based reasoning system. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS 2014), pp. 725–732. ACM, New York (2014)
Klein, M., Mogles, N., van Wissen, A.: Why won’t you do what’s good for you? Using intelligent support for behavior change. In: Salah, A.A., Lepri, B. (eds.) HBU 2011. LNCS, vol. 7065, pp. 104–115. Springer, Heidelberg (2011)
Klein, M.C.A., Mogles, N.M., Van Wissen, A.: An intelligent coaching system for therapy adherence. IEEE Pervasive Computing 12(3), 22–30 (2013)
Lee, J.R., Nass, C.I.: Trust in computers: The computers-are-social-actors (CASA) paradigm and trustworthiness perception in human-computer communication. In: Latusek, D., Gerbasi, A. (eds.) Trust and Technology in a Ubiquitous Modern Environment: Theoretical and Methodological Perspectives, pp. 1–15. IGI Global (2010)
Madsen, M., Gregor, S.: Measuring human-computer trust. In: Proc. of the 11th Australian Conference on Information Systems, pp. 6–8 (2000)
McAuley, E., Courneya, K.S.: The subjective exercise experiences scale (SEES): Development and preliminary validation. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 16(2), 163–177 (1994)
Nass, C., Moon, Y., Carney, P.: Are people polite to computers? Responses to computer-based interviewing systems. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 29(5), 1093–1110 (1999)
Prochaska, J., DiClemente, C.: The transtheoretical approach: Crossing traditional boundaries of therapy. Dow Jones-Irwin, Homewood (1984)
Pruitt, D.G., Carnevale, P.J.: Negotiation in social conflict. Thomson Brooks/Cole Publishing Co., Belmont (1993)
Reed, G.R., Velicer, W.F., Prochaska, J.O., Rossi, J.S., Marcus, B.H.: What makes a good staging algorithm: Examples from regular exercise. American Journal of Health Promotion 12(1), 57–66 (1997)
Reeves, B., Nass, C.: The Media Equation: How People Treat Computers, Television, and New Media Like Real People and Places. CSLI Lecture Notes Series, vol. 63, Center for the Study of Language and Informatics (1996)
Ryan, R.M., Connell, J.P.: Perceived locus of causality and internalization: Examining reasons for acting in two domains. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57(5), 749–761 (1989)
Sorbi, M.J., Mak, S.B., Houtveen, J.H., Kleiboer, A.M., Van Doornen, L.J.P.: Mobile web-based monitoring and coaching: Feasibility in chronic migraine. Journal of Medical Internet Research 9(5) (2007)
Sutton, S.: Back to the drawing board? A review of applications of the transtheoretical model to substance use. Addiction 96(1), 175–186 (2001)
Van Dongen, K., Van Maanen, P.P.: Under-reliance on the decision aid: A difference in calibration and attribution between self and aid. In: Proc. of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society’s 50th Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA, vol. 50, pp. 225–229 (2006)
Van Wissen, A., Gal, Y., Kamphorst, B.A., Dignum, M.V.: Human-agent teamwork in dynamic environments. Computers in Human Behavior 28(1), 23–33 (2012)
Van Wissen, A., Van Diggelen, J., Dignum, V.: The effects of cooperative agent behavior on human cooperativeness. In: Proc. of AAMAS, pp. 1179–1180 (2009)
Warner, T.: E-coaching systems: Convenient, anytime, anywhere, and nonhuman. Performance Improvement 51(9), 22–28 (2012)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this paper
Cite this paper
Kamphorst, B.A., Klein, M.C.A., van Wissen, A. (2014). Human Involvement in E-Coaching: Effects on Effectiveness, Perceived Influence and Trust. In: Park, H.S., Salah, A.A., Lee, Y.J., Morency, LP., Sheikh, Y., Cucchiara, R. (eds) Human Behavior Understanding. HBU 2014. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 8749. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11839-0_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11839-0_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-11838-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-11839-0
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)