Abstract
Neg-Raising (NR) verbs form a class of verbs with a clausal complement that show the following behavior: when a negation syntactically attaches to the matrix predicate, it can semantically attach to the embedded predicate. This paper presents an account of NR predicates within Tree Adjoining Grammar (TAG). We propose a lexical semantic interpretation that heavily relies on a Montague-like semantics for TAG and on higher-order types.
This work has been supported by the French agency Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-12-CORD-0004).
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Notes
- 1.
We do not discuss here the use of subjunctive in the embedded clause when the matrix predicate is in negative form as it does not add to the constraints we describe.
- 2.
At least some NPI. Some other NPI seems to perfectly occur in a similar position. See [2].
- 3.
For sake of clarity, we use a simplified version here.
- 4.
In addition to defining
on the atomic types and on the constants of \(\varSigma \), we have:-
if \(\alpha \rightarrow \beta \) is a type build on \(\varSigma \) then
; -
if \(x \in \varLambda (\varSigma )\) (resp. \(\lambda x.t \in \varLambda (\varSigma )\) and \(t\,u \in \varLambda (\varSigma )\)) then
(resp. 
and 
);
with the proviso that for any constant \(c: \alpha \) of \(\varSigma \) we have
. -
- 5.
We follow [15] and we do not use
categories. Using it would not change our analysis. - 6.
We use the \(\beta _{{\small \mathrm {\tiny NR~predicate}}}\) notation for constants to be interpreted with the non-NR reading, and \(\beta _{{\small \mathrm {\tiny NR~predicate}}}'\) for those to be interpreted with the NR reading.
- 7.
In the described architecture, the semantic ambiguities are derived from “derivation ambiguities”. We can avoid this in considering an intermediate level between
and \(\varSigma _{{{\textit{trees}}}}\). \(\beta _{{\small \mathrm {pense}}}\) and \(\beta _{{\small \mathrm {pense}}}'\) would map on the same term of this intermediate level, and the latter would be considered as the actual derivation tree representation level. The upper part would then be considered as lying within the semantic device. However this intermediate level would not provide any additional modeling capability so we do not consider it here. - 8.
We should be more careful with the licensed combinations, but this is enough to show how to force the reading.
on the atomic types and on the constants of 
;
(resp. 
and 
);
.
categories. Using it would not change our analysis.
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Danlos, L., de Groote, P., Pogodalla, S. (2014). A Type-Theoretic Account of Neg-Raising Predicates in Tree Adjoining Grammars. In: Nakano, Y., Satoh, K., Bekki, D. (eds) New Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence. JSAI-isAI 2013. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 8417. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10061-6_1
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