Abstract
The current density pattern on the surface of an electrode depends on the electrode shape and position [9, 11, 12, 14, 17]. It affects the corrosion behavior of the electrodes considerably. If electrode polarization is ignored, it was shown in [12] that on a disk electrode, with the surface in the same level as the surface of the surrounding insulator, the current density increases from the center of the disk while approaching the edge, with theoretically an infinite value at the edge. This assumption (no electrode polarization) can be made if the potential on the electrolyte side of the double layer is equal to that of the electrode. The current density under this condition is called primary current distribution. This state prevails at high frequency when the double layer capacitance behaves as a short circuit [14].
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahuja AK, Behrend MR, Whalen JJ, Humayun MS, Weiland JD (2008) The dependence of spectral impedance on disc microelectrode radius. Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on 55(4):1457–1460, DOI 10.1109/TBME.2007.912430
Barnett DW, Fahy JB, Wu HJ, Lytle A, Kim Y (1988) Finite element model applications in defibrillation and external cardiac pacing. In: Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 1988. Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE, pp 200–201 vol. 1, DOI 10.1109/IEMBS.1988.94477
Behrend MR, Ahuja AK, Weiland JD (2008) Dynamic current density of the disk electrode double-layer. Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on 55(3):1056–1062, DOI 10.1109/TBME.2008.915723
Brummer S, Turner M (1975) Electrical stimulation of the nervous system: The principle of safe charge injection with noble metal electrodes. Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics 2(1):13–25, DOI 10.1016/0302-4598(75)80002-X, URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/030245987580002X
Brummer SB, Turner MJ (1977a) Electrical stimulation with Pt electrodes: A method for determination of “real” electrode areas. Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on BME-24(5):436–439, DOI 10.1109/TBME.1977.326178
Brummer SB, Turner MJ (1977b) Electrochemical considerations for safe electrical stimulation of the nervous system with platinum electrodes. Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on BME-24(1):59–63, DOI 10.1109/TBME.1977.326218
Clark GM, Shepherd RK, Patrick JF, Black RC, Tong YC (1983) Design and fabrication of the banded electrode arraya. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 405(1):191–201, DOI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1983.tb31632.x, URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1983.tb31632.x
Henley IE, Fisher AC (2003) Computational electrochemistry: The simulation of voltammetry in microchannels with low conductivity solutions. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 107(27):6579–6585, DOI 10.1021/jp030238k, URL http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jp030238k, http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/jp030238k
Humayun MS (2001) Intraocular retinal prosthesis
Hung A, Zhou D, Greenberg R, Judy J (2003) Dynamic electrochemical simulation of micromachined electrodes for neural-stimulation systems. In: Neural Engineering, 2003. Conference Proceedings. First International IEEE EMBS Conference on, pp 200–203, DOI 10.1109/CNE.2003.1196792
Ksienski DA (1992) A minimum profile uniform current density electrode. Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on 39(7):682–692, DOI 10.1109/10.142643
Newman J (1966) Resistance for flow of current to a disk. Journal of the electrochemical society, May, 501–502
Rubinstein JT (1988) Quasi-static analytical models of electrodes and electrode arrays for electrical stimulation of the cochlea, auditory nerve and cochlear nucleus. Thesis, University of Washington
Rubinstein JT, Spelman FA, Soma M, Suesserman MF (1987) Current density profiles of surface mounted and recessed electrodes for neural prostheses. Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on BME-34(11):864–875, DOI 10.1109/TBME.1987.326007
Shepherd RK, Murray MT, Hougiton ME, Clark GM (1985) Scanning electron microscopy of chronically stimulated platinum intracochlear electrodes. Biomaterials 6(4):237–242, DOI 10.1016/0142-9612(85)90019-5, URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0142961285900195
Wang B, Weiland JD (2012) Reduction of current density at disk electrode periphery by shaping current pulse edges. In: Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), 2012 Annual International Conference of the IEEE, pp 5138–5141, DOI 10.1109/EMBC.2012.6347150
Wiley JD, Webster JG (1982) Analysis and control of the current distribution under circular dispersive electrodes. Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on BME-29(5):381–385, DOI href10.1109/TBME.1982.32491010.1109/TBME.1982.324910
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Aryan, N.P., Kaim, H., Rothermel, A. (2015). Primary Current Distribution and Electrode Geometry. In: Stimulation and Recording Electrodes for Neural Prostheses. SpringerBriefs in Electrical and Computer Engineering, vol 78. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10052-4_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10052-4_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-10051-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-10052-4
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)