Abstract
Reverse Osmosis is used for desalination of especially sea water in areas suffering from water shortage, and there are thousands and thousands of desalination plants around the world and more to come. The produced high-purity water tends to be corrosive, and lacks minerals, causing decreased daily intake and loss of minerals from the body. Thus, such water needs re-mineralization. Water with toxic substances is harmful, and is also often treated with RO. There are indexes to be used as guides to choose re-mineralization method after RO. However, mineral balance is not reached by remineralization, as only concentrations of calcium and bicarbonate, and in some cases magnesium is increased. Treatment with dissolution of dolomitic-calcitic limestone or other limestone with low levels of toxic elements is preferable. Hard water, on the other hand, may cause scaling, and is often softened, making the concentrations of calcium and magnesium low or extremely low. General advices on choice of treatment method to preserve or improve the mineral content and mineral balance of a water is presented in the chapter.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Alm J (2014, Personal communication) Skärgårdsstiftelsen. The Foundation of the Archipelago, Stockholm
al-Qarawi SN, el Bushra HE, Fontaine RE, Bubshait SA, el Tantawy NA (1995) Typhoid fever from water desalinized using reverse osmosis. Epidemiol Infect 114:41–50
Avni N, Eben-Chaime M, Oron G (2013) Optimizing desalinated sea water blending with other sources to meet magnesium requirements for potable and irrigation waters. Water Res 47:2164–2176
Birnhack L, Lahav O (2007) A new post-treatment process for attaining Ca2+, Mg2+ SO4 2- and alkalinity criteria in desalinated water. Water Res 41(17):3989–3997
Birnhack L, Fridman N, Lahav O (2009) Potential applications of quarry dolomite for post treatment of desalinated water. Desalin Water Treat 1:58–67
Blute NK, McGuire MJ, West N, Voutchkov N, Maclaggan P, Reich K (2008) Integration of desalinated seawater into a distribution system: a corrosion pilot study. Am Water Works Assoc 100(9):117–131
Brenner A, Tenne A (2010) Mineral balance and quality standards for desalinated water: the Israeli experience. Presented at the COST Action 637 4th international conference on metals and related substances in drinking water, Kristianstad, Sweden, 13–15 Oct 2010
Crittenden JC, Trussell RR, Hand DW, Howe KJ, Tchobanoglous G (2012a) Reverse osmosis. MWHs Water Treat 17:1335–1414
Crittenden JC, Trussell RR, Hand DW, Howe KJ, Tchobanoglous G (2012b) Water treatment: principles and design. Wiley, Hoboken
Heidfors I (1992) Water treatment methods. Swedish edition: Vattenbehandlingsmetoder. Vattenteknik AB. Malmö, Sweden
Hernández-Suárez M (2009) GuÃa para la remineralizacioón de las aguas desaladas. In: Guideline for the remineralisation of desalinated waters, 2nd edn. Acuamed, Madrid, Spain
IMBC (2012) e-mail communication. www.imbc.com
Kozisek F (2005) Health risks from drinking demineralized water. In: Nutrients in drinking water. Water, sanitation and health protection and the human environment. World Health Organization, Geneva
Kurttio P, Auvinen A, Salonen L, Saha H, Pekkanen J, Makelainen I, Vaisanen SB, Penttila IM, Komulainen H (2002) Renal effects of uranium in drinking water. Environ Health Perspect 110:337–342
Landaburu-Aguirre J, GarcÃa V, Pongrácz E, Keiski R (2006) Applicability of membrane technologies for the removal of heavy metals. Desalination 200(1–3):272–273
MERUS (2014) (e-mail. Comm, Dworschak R) http://www.merusonline.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=128
Nanda D, Tung K-L, Hsiung C-C, Chuang C-J, Ruaan R-C, Chiang Y-C, Chen C-S, Wu T-H (2008) Effect of solution chemistry on water softening using charged nanofiltration membranes. Desalination 234(1–3):344–353
Plitman SI, Novikov YV, Tulakina NV, Metelskaya GN, Kochetkova TA, Khvastunov RM (1989) On the issue of correction of hygenic standards with special reference to the hardness of drinking water (in Russian). Gig Sant (7):7–10
Reimann C, de Caritat P (1998) Chemical elements in the environment. Springer, New York, 398 pp
Rosborg I, Gerhardsson L, Nihlgård B (2003) Inorganic constituents of well water in one acid and one alkaline area of South Sweden. Water Air Soil Pollut 142:261–277
Rosborg I, Nihlgård B, Gerhardsson L, Sverdrup H (2006) Concentrations of inorganic elements in 20 municipal waters in Sweden before and after treatment – links to human health. Environ Geochem Health 28:215–229
Tang Z, Hong S, Xiao W, Taylor J (2006) Impacts of blending ground, surface and saline waters on lead release in drinking water distribution systems. Water Res 40:943–950
Van der Bruggen B, Koninckx A, Vandecasteele C (2004) Separation of monovalent and divalent ions from aqueous solution by electrodialysis and nanofiltration. Water Res 38:1347–1353
VAV (1994) Drinking water techniques. Ground water. Swedish edition: Dricksvattentekni. Grundvatten. The Swedish Drinking water and Waste Water Association. Svenska Vatten-och Avloppsverksföreningen, p 71.
Whiting SJ, Wood RJ (1997) Adverse effects of high-Ca diets in humans. Nutr Rev 55(1):1–9
WHO (2009) Ca and Mg in drinking water: public health significance. World Health Organization, Geneva, 180 pp
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Brenner, A., Persson, K.M., Russell, L., Rosborg, I., Kozisek, F. (2015). Technical and Mineral Level Effects of Water Treatment. In: Rosborg, I. (eds) Drinking Water Minerals and Mineral Balance. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09593-6_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09593-6_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-09592-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-09593-6
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)