Abstract
CW-EPR spectroscopic studies on the radical ions of small fluorinated hydrocarbons and related compounds are reviewed. The radical ions were generated and stabilized in low temperature solid media by ionizing radiation. Structures, dynamics and reactions are discussed based on the EPR hyperfine (hf) and g-tensors compared with the quantum chemical computations for the radical anions of perfluorocycloalkanes c-CnF2n − (n: 3–5), perfluoroalkenes CnF2n−2 − (n: 2–5), and related compounds, and for the radical cations of mono- and di-haloalkanes, [H(CH2)nX]+ and [X(CH2)nX]+ (X: Cl, Br; n < 10), fluorinated ethylenes and benzenes, and halogen-substituted dimethylethers.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Kaiser ET, Kevan L (eds) (1968) Radical ions. Interscience Publishers, New York
Lund A, Shiotani M (eds) (1991) Radical ionic systems: properties in condensed phases. Kluwer, Dordrecht
Shiotani M, Yoshida H (1991) ESR of radical ions. In: Tabata Y (ed) CRC handbook of radiation chemistry. CRC, Boca Raton, pp 440–467
Lund A, Shiotani M (eds) (2003) EPR of free radicals in solids. Kluwer, Dordrecht
Lund A, Shiotani M, Shimada (2011) Principles and applications of ESR spectroscopy. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 211–271
Lund A, Shiotani M (eds) (2013) EPR of Free radicals in solids I: trends in method and applications, 2nd ed. Springer, Dordrecht
Lund A, Shiotani M (eds) (2013) EPR of Free radicals in solids II: trends in method and applications, 2nd ed. Springer, Dordrecht
Shiotani M (1987) ESR studies of radical cations in solid matrixes. Magn Reson Rev 12:333–381
Atkins PW, Symons MCR (1967) The structure of inorganic radicals. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Hudson A, Root K (1971) Halogen hyperfine interactions. In: Waugh J (ed) Advances in magnetic resonance, vol 5. Academic Press, New York, pp 1–63
Barnes AJ (ed) (1981) Matrix-isolation spectroscopy. NATO advanced study institutes series. C 76, Reidel, Dordrecht
Dunkin IR (1989) Matrix-isolation techniques: a practical approach. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Hasegawa A, Shiotani M, Williams F (1978) Electron spin resonance studies of electron attachment to fluorocarbons and related compounds. Faraday Discuss Chem Soc 63(Radiation effects on liquids and solids):157–174
Lund A, Lindgren M, Lunell S, Maruani J (1989) Hydrocarbon radical cations in condensed phases. In: Maruani J (ed) Molecules in physics, chemistry and biology. Topics in molecular organization and engineering, vol 3. Springer, New York, pp 259–300
Shiotani M (1991) ESR detection of radicals trapped in solid. In: Tabata Y (ed) CRC handbook of radiation chemistry. CRC, Boca Raton, pp 139–144
Shiotani M (1991) ESR spectra of free radicals generated by ionizing radiations. In: Tabata Y (ed) CRC Handbook of radiation chemistry. CRC, Boca Raton, pp 544–567
Lindgren M, Shiotani M (1991) ESR studies of radical cations of cycloalkanes and saturated heterocycles. In: Lund A, Shiotani M (eds) Radical ionic systems: properties in condensed phases. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 125–150
Shiotani M, Lund A (1991) Deuterium labeling studies of cation radicals. In: Lund A, Shiotani M (eds) Radical ionic systems: properties in condensed phases. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 151–176
Hasegawa A (1991) Radical anions in disordered matrices. In: Lund A, Shiotani M (eds) Radical ionic systems: properties in condensed phases. Kluwer, Dordrecht
Shiotani M, Komaguchi K (2003) Quantum effects in isotopically labeled radicals at low temperatures. In: Lund A, Shiotani M (eds) EPR of free radicals in solids. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 153–195
Shiotani M, Komaguchi K (2012) Deuterium labeling studies and quantum effects of radicals in solids. In: Lund A, Shiotani M (eds) EPR of free radicals in solids, 2nd ed. I. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 171–221
Morton JR, Preston KF (1977) Magnetic properties of free radicals. In: Landolt-Börnstein, Group II molecules and radicals. vol 9, Part a–d. Springer, Berlin
Muto H (1991) Trapped anions on organic crystals. In: Lund A, Shiotani M (eds) Radical ionic systems: properties in condensed phases. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 337–360
Shida T, Nosaka Y, Kato T (1978) Electronic absorption spectra of some cation radicals as compared with ultraviolet photoelectron spectra. J Phys Chem 82:695–698
Shiotani M, Lindgren M (1994) Radicals on surfaces formed by ionizing radiation. In: Lund A, Rhodes CJ (eds) Radicals on surfaces. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 179–199
Knight LB Jr, Steadman J (1982) An experimental procedure for ESR studies of rare gas matrix isolated molecular cation radicals: 12CO + , 13CO + , 14NH3 + , and 15NH3 + . J Chem Phys 77:1750–1756
Knight LB Jr, Steadman J (1983) ESR investigations of H2O + , HDO + , D2O + , and H2 17O + isolated in neon matrices at 4 K. J Chem Phys 78:5940–5945
Knight LB Jr, Steadman J, Feller D, Davidson ER (1984) Experimental evidence for a C2v (2B1) ground-state structure of the methane cation radical: ESR and ab initio CI investigations of methane cation radicals (CH4 + and CD2H2 + ) in neon matrixes at 4 K. J Am Chem Soc 106:3700–3701
Knight LB Jr (1991) Generation and study of inorganic cations in rare gas matrices by electron spin resonance. In Lund A, Shiotani M (eds) Radical ionic systems: properties in condensed phases. Kluwer, Dordrecht, Chapter I.3
Knight LB Jr, King GM, Petty JT, Matsushita M, Momose T, Shida T (1995) Electron spin resonance studies of the methane radical cations (12,13CH4 + , 12,13CDH3 + , 12CD2H2 + , 12CD3H + , 12CD4 + ) in solid neon matrices between 2.5 and 11 K: analysis of tunneling. J Chem Phys 103:3377–3385
Rajbenbach LA (1966) Nondissociative electron attachment reactions in γ-radiolysis of solutions of cyclic perfluorocarbons in alkanes. J Am Chem Soc 88:4275–4277
Rajbenbach LA, Kaldor U (1967) Yield of scavengeable hydrogen atoms, electrons, and positive charges in the radiolysis of liquid hexane. J Chem Phys 47:242–247
Sagert NH (1968) γ-Radiolysis of cyclohexane with electron scavengers. III. Perfluorocarbons as electron scavengers. Canad J Chem 46:95–99
Rajbenbach LA (1969) Radiolysis of solutions of perfluorocarbons in hexane. J Phys Chem 73:356–360
Asundi RK, Craggs JD (1964) Electron capture and ionization phenomena in SF6 and C7F14. Proc Phys Soc 83:611–618
Mahan BH, Yong CE (1966) Electron capture and ionization phenomena in SF6 and C7F14. J Chem Phys 44:2192–2196
Fessenden RW, Bansal KM (1970) Direct observation of electron disappearance in pulse irradiated fluorocarbon gases. J Chem Phys 53:3468–3473
Bansal KM, Fessenden RW (1973) Electron disappearance in pulse irradiated fluorocarbon gases. J Chem Phys 59:1760–1768
Naff WT, Cooper CD, Compton RN (1968) Transient negative-ion states in alicyclic and aromatic fluorocarbon molecules. J Chem Phys 49:2784–2788
Davis FJ, Compton RN, Nelson DR (1973) Thermal energy electron attachment rate constants for some polyatomic molecules. J Chem Phys 59:2324–2329
Christophorou LG, McCorkle DL, Pittman D (1974) Attachment of slow (< 1 eV) electron to molecular oxygen in very high pressures of nitrogen, ethylene, and ethane. J Chem Phys 60:1183–1184
Green SW, Slinn DSL, Simpson RNF, Woytek AJ (1994) In: Banks RE, Smart BE, Tatlow JC (eds) Organofluorine chemistry: principles and commercial applications. Plenum, NY, pp 1–89
Barthe-Rosa LP, Gladysz JA (1999) Chemistry in fluorous media: a user’s guide to practical considerations in the application of fluorous catalysts and reagents. Coord Chem Rev 190:587–605
Takahashi K, Ithoh A, Nakamura T, Tachibana K (2000) Radical kinetics for polymer film deposition in fluorocarbon (C4F8, C3F6 and C5F8) plasmas. Thin Solid Films 374:303–310
Tachi S (2003) Impact of plasma processing on integrated circuit technology migration: from 1 μm to 100 nm and beyond. J Vac Sci Technol A21:S131–S138
Hiraoka K, Takao K, Iino T, Nakagawa F, Suyama H, Mizuno T, Yamabe S (2002) Gas-phase ion-molecule reactions in C3F6. J Phys Chem A 106:603–611
Hiraoka K, Fujita K, Ishida M, Okada K, Hizumi A, Wada A, Yamabe S, Tsuchida N (2005) Gas-phase ion/molecule reactions in C5F8. J Phys Chem A 109:1049–1056
Fessenden RW (1962) Second-order splittings in the electron spin resonance (E.S.R) spectra of organic radicals. J Chem Phys 37:747–750
Fessenden RW, Schuler RH (1965) E.S.R. spectra and structure of the fluorinated methyl radicals. J Chem Phys 43:2704–2714
Fessenden RW, Schuler RH (1963) Electron spin resonance studies of transient alkyl radicals. J Chem Phys 39:2147–2195
Iwasaki M (1971) Electron spin resonance of irradiated organic fluorine compounds. Fluorine Chem Rev 5:1–56
Iwasaki M (1971) Origin of the ESR hyperfine anisotropy and the cos2θ rule of the β-fluorine couplings. Mol Phys 20:503–512
Chachaty C, Forchioni A, Shiotani M (1969) Résonance paramagnéique électronique de radicaux cycliques perfluorés. C R Acad Sci Paris Ser C 268:1181–1184
Chachaty C, Forchioni A, Shiotani M (1970) Etude par résonance paramagnétique électronique de la radiolyse en phase solid composé cyclique perfluorés. Can J Chem 48:435–446
Chachaty C, Shiotani M (1971) Résonance paramagnétique électronique de radicaux aliphatiques fluorés. J Chim Phys 66:300–310
Edlund O, Lund A, Shiotani M, Sohma J, Thuomas KA (1976) Theory for the anisotropic hyperfine coupling with fluorine: the perfluoromethyl radical. Mol Phys 32:49–69
Maruani J, McDowell CA, Nakajima H, Raghunathan P (1968) The electron spin resonance spectra of randomly oriented trifluoromethyl radicals in rare-gas matrixes at low temperatures. Mol Phys 14:349–366
Maruani J, Coope JAR, McDowell CA (1970) Detailed analysis of the singularities and origin of the ‘extra’ lines in the ESR spectrum of the CF3 radical in a polycrystalline matrix. Mol Phys 18:165–176
Shiotani M, Williams F (1976) Electron spin resonance spectrum of the perfluorocyclobutane radical anion. J Am Chem Soc 98:4006–4008
Shiotani M, Lund A, Lunell S, Williams F (2007) Structures of the hexafluorocyclopropane, octafluorocyclobutane and decafluorocyclopentane radical anions probed by experimental and computational studies of anisotropic ESR spectra. J Phys Chem A 111:321–338
Aguirregabiria J (2013) Ejs Symmetric Top Model. http://www.opensourcephysics.org/items/detail.cfm?ID=7872
Shimizu Y, Kumada T, Kumagai J (2008) Electron spin resonance spectroscopy of molecules in large precessional motion: a case of H6 + and H4D2 + in solid parahydrogen. J Mag Res 19:76–80
Shiotani M, Iimura D, Murabayashi S, Sohma J (1975) Dissociative electron capture of fluorinated acetic acids. Int J Radiat Phys Chem 7:265–274
Shiotani M, Sohma J (1975) Dissociative electron capture in low temperature solid phase. Kagaku (Chemistry) 30:161–163
Wentworth WE, George R, Keith H (1969) Dissociative thermal electron attachment to some aliphatic chloro, bromo, iodo compounds. J Chem Phys 51:1791–1801
Sprague ED, Williams F (1971) ESR observation of methyl radical-halide ion pairs produced by dissociative electron capture in a crystalline matrix. J Chem Phys 54:5425–5427
Mishra SP, Symons MCR (1973) Unstable intermediates. Part CXXIV. Alkyl radical-halide ion adducts. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans II:391–394
Fujita Y, Katsu T, Sato M, Takahashi K (1974) Carbon-13 hyperfine splittings of normal and abnormal methyl radicals trapped on the porous Vycor glass surface. J Chem Phys 61:4307–4311
Hasegawa A, Williams F (1977) ESR spectra and structure of the CF3Cl−, CF3Br−, and CF3I− radical anions. Chem Phys Lett 46:66–68
Muto H, Nunome K (1991) Electron spin resonance and optical studies on the radiolysis of carbon tetrachloride. II. Structure and reaction of CCl4 − radical anion in tetramethylsilane low temperature solids. J Chem Phys 94:4741–4748
Morton JR, Preston KF (1975) Etude R.P.E. des anions paramagnétiques SnH4 − et SiF4 −. Mol Phys 30:1213–1215
Hasegawa A, Uchimura S, Koseki K, Hayashi M (1978) ESR spectrum and structure of the SiF3Cl− radical anion. Chem Phys Lett 53:337–340
Hasegawa A, Uchimura S, Hayashi M (1980) Electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of SiF3X− (X = Cl, Br, I) and SiFnCl4−n− (n = 0−2) radical anions. J Mag Res 38:391–400
Toriyama K, Nunome K, Iwasaki M (1982) Structures and reactions of radical cations of some prototype alkanes in low temperature solids as studied by ESR spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 77:5891–5912
Toriyama K (1991) ESR studies of radical cations of saturatedhadrocarbons: structure, orbital debgeneracy, dynamics, and Reactions. In: Lund A, Shiotani M (eds) Radical ionic systems: properties in condensed phases. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 99–124
Eastland GW, Maj SP, Symons MCR, Hasegawa A, Glidewell C, Hayashi M, Wakabayashi T (1984) Radiation chemical formation of radical cations of halo alkanes and their electron spin resonance spectra and structure. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 2:1439–1447
Symons MCR (1985) Radical cations of di-, tri-, and tetra-bromomethane formed by radiolysis: an electron spin resonance study. J Chem Res 8:256–257
Hasegawa A, Symons MCR, Shiotani M (1989) Electron spin resonance spectra and structure of the radical cations of 1,3-dichloropropane and other dichloroalkanes. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans II:147–151
Hasegawa A, Symons MCR, Shiotani M (1989) Electron spin resonance spectra and structure of the radical cations of dibromoalkanes and monobromoalkanes. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans II:657–665
Muto H, Nunome K, Iwasak M (1989) An electron spin resonance study of the structure of the tetrachloromethane radical cation (CCl4 + ) in carbon tetrachloride γ-irradiated at low temperatures by powder and single crystal analyses. J Chem Phys 90:6827–6832
Knight LB Jr, Gregory BW, Hill DW, Arrington CA, Momose T, Shida T (1991) Electron spin resonance studies of 12CH3F + , 13CH3F + , and 12CH2DF + in neon matrices at 4 K: comparison with theoretical calculations. J Chem Phys 94:67–79
Komaguchi K, Sakurai H, Shiotani M, Hasegawa A (2001) The ESR spectra, electronic structure, and thermal reactivity of fluoroethane cations. Bull Chem Soc Jap 74:2319–2324
Gillbro T, Kerr CML, Williams F (1974) Electron spin resonance identification of the dimer radical cation (MeO)3PP(OMe)3 + in γ-irradiated trimethyl phosphite from second-order hyperfine structure. Mol Phys 28:1225–1232
Hasegawa A, McConnachie GDG, Symons MCR (1984) Preparation and structure of certain phosphorus-centred radical cations: an electron spin resonance study. J Chem Soc Faraday Trans I 80:1005–1016
Nelson DJ, Petersen RL, Symons MCR (1977) Unstable intermediates. Part 178. The structure of intermediates formed in the radiolysis of thiols. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans II:2005–2015
Petersen RL, Nelson DJ, Symons MCR (1978) Unstable intermediates. Part 179. Electron spin resonance studies of radicals formed in irradiated organic sulphides and disulphides. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans II:225–231
Rao DNO, Svmons MCR, Wren BW (1984) Radical cations of organic sulphides and disulphides formed by radiolysis: an electron spin resonance study. J Chem Soc Pekin Trans II:1681–1687
Qin XZ, Meng O, Williams F (1987) ESR studies of the thietane and thiirane radical cations in freon matrixes. Evidence for ethylene molecule extrusion from a σ* thiirane dimer radical cation [C2H4S–SC2H4 + ]. J Am Chem Soc 109:6778–6788
Symons MCR (1979) Electron spin resonance studies of radicals derived from dithionate, tetrathionate, and thiosulphate anions. J Chem Soc Dalton Trans 1979:1468–1472
Mishra SP, Symons MCR (1975) Unstable intermediates. Part CLIX. Dihalide anions and related species as products in the radiolysis of organic halides. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans II:1492–1498
Sevilla MD, Becker D, Sevilla CL, Swarts S (1984) An ESR investigation of ester π-cation radicals in a Freon matrix at low temperatures: evidence for unusual barriers to methyl group rotation and intramolecular bonding. J Phys Chem 88:1701–1706
Sevilla MD, Becker D, Sevilla CL, Swarts S (1985) Reactions of the methyl and ethyl formate cation radicals: deuterium isotope effects. J Phys Chem 89:633–636
Snow LD, Williams F (1983) An ESR study of the acetaldehyde radical cation in freon matrixes: evidence for halogen superhyperfine interaction. Chem Phys Lett 100:198–202
Clark T, Hasegawa A, Symons MCR (1985) Matrix interactions for radical cations: theoretical and experimental results for the trichlorofluoromethane matrix illustrated by 19F coupling for Me2Se + radical cations. Chem Phys Lett 116:79–82
Becker D, Plante K, Sevilla MD (1983) Methyl formate cation radical: electron spin resonance evidence for a σ* radical formed by strong matrix-solute cation interaction in frozen fluorotrichloromethane solutions. J Phys Chem 87:1648–1652
Hasegawa A, Symons MCR (1983) Electron spin resonance spectra of tetrafluoroethylene radical cation. J Chem Soc Faraday Trans 1(79):93–97
Shiotani M, Nagata Y, Sohma J (1984) Electron spin resonance studies on propylene radical cation. J Phys Chem 88:4078–4082
Fujisawa J, Sato S, Shimokoshi K, Shida T (1985) Environment effects on the ESR spectrum of the cation radical of dimethylketene in low temperature matrixes. Bull Chem Soc Jap 58:1267–1272
Maj P, Hasegawa A, Symons MCR (1983) Radical cations of halobenzenes: an electron spin resonance study. J Chem Soc Faraday Trans 1(79):1931–1938
Symons MCR, Hasegawa A, Maj P (1982) ESR spectra of matrix-isolated bromobenzene cations formed by radiolysis. Chem Phys Lett 8:254–257
McNeil RI, Shiotani M, Williams F, Yim MB (1977) The isotropic and anisotropic ESR spectra of the tetrafluoroethylene radical anion. Chem Phys Lett 51:433–437
McNeil RI, Shiotani M, Williams F, Yim MB (1977) Novel cycloaddition of tetrafluoroethylene to the tetrafluoroethylene radical anion at 95 K: direct observation by EPR studies. Chem Phys Lett 51:438–441
Paddon-Row MN, Rondan NG, Houk KN, Jordan KD (1982) Geometries of the radical anions of ethylene, fluoroethylene, 1,1-difluoroethylene, and tetrafluoroethylene. J Am Chem Soc 104:1143–1145
Schastnev PV, Shchegoleva LN (1995) Molecular distortions in ions and excited states. CRC, Boca Raton, Chapter 3
Hasegawa A, Symons MCR (1983) Structure of the tetrafluoroethylene radical anion and interpretations of its electron spin resonance spectra. J Chem Soc Faraday Trans I 79:1565–1571
Shiotani M, Person P, Lunell S, Lund A, Williams F (2006) Structures of tetrafluorocyclopropene, hexafluorocyclobutene, octafluorocyclopentene and related perfluoroalkene radical anions revealed by ESR spectroscopic and computational studies. J Phys Chem A 110:6307–6323
McNeil RI, Williams F, Yim MB (1979) EPR Spectra and structure of the chlorotrifluoroethylene and bromotrifluoroethylene radical anions. Chem Phys Lett 61:293–298
Itagaki Y, Shiotani M (1999) Photoinduced isomerization of trans-acetylene radical anion to vinylidene radical anion in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran. J Phys Chem A 103:5189–5195
Matsuura K, Muto H (1993) Electronic structure of acetylene radical anion with a transbent form. J Phys Chem 97:8842–8844
Hasegawa A, Symons MCR (1983) Electron spin resonance spectra of tetrafluoroethylene radical cation. J Chem Soc Faraday Trans I 79:93–97
Ohta K, Shiotani M, Sohma J (1987) ESR spectra and structures of radical cations of chlorotrifluoroethylene and bromotrifluoroethylene. Chem Phys Lett 140:148–153
Carrington A, McLachlan (1967) Introduction to magnetic resonance. Harper & Row, New York
Itagaki Y, Shiotani M, Hasegawa A, Kawazoe H (1998) EPR spectra and structure of the radical cations of fluorinated ethylenes and propenes. Bull Chem Soc Jpn 71:2547–2554
Li WZ, Huang MB (2003) Equilibrium structures and hyperfine parameters of some fluorinated hydrocarbon radical cations: a DFT BLYP and MP2 study. J Mol Struc (Theochem) 639:71–79
Lunell S, Huang MB (1990) The hyperfine structure in the ethylene radical cation: an accurate CI study. Chem Phys Lett 168:63–68
Shiotani M, Kawazoe H, Sohma J (1984) The radical cation of hexafluoro-1,3-butadiene: an ESR study. Chem Phys Lett 111:254–257
Xiao HY, Cao J, Liu YJ, Fang WH, Tachikawa H, Shiotani M (2007) Structures and cis-to-trans photoisomerization of hexafluoro-1,3-butadiene radical cation: electron spin resonance (ESR) and computational studies. J Phys Chem A 111:5192–5200
Shiotani M, Ohta K, Nagata Y, Sohma J (1985) Novel cycloaddition of dimethylacetylene to the dimethylacetylene radical cation: direct observation by ESR. J Am Chem Soc 107:2562–2564
Chang CH, Andreassen AL, Hbaiter SHS (1971) Molecular structure of perfluoro-2-butyne and perfluoro-1,3-butadiene as studied by gas phase electron diffraction. J Org Chem 36:920–923
Aston JG, Sasz G, Woolley HW, Brickwedde FG (1946) Thermodynamic properties of gaseous 1,3-butadiene and the normal butenes above 25 °C equilibria in the system 1,3-butadiene, n-butenes, and n-butane. J Chem Phys 14:67–79
Itagaki Y, Yanagida N, Shiotani M (2002) Formation and structure of dimer radical cations of fluorinated benzenes in solid matrices. Phys Chem Chem Phys 4:5982–5987
Slinkin AA, Kucherov AV, Kondrat’ev DA, Bondarenko TN, Rubinstein AM, Minachev KM (1986) Formation of radicals and catalytic activity of pentasil-type zeolites in unsaturated hydrocarbon conversions: part 1. Radical formation upon olefin adsorption. J Mole Cat 35:97–105
Kucherov AV, Slinkin AA, Kondratyev DA, Bondarenko TN, Rubinstein AM, Minachev KM (1986) Formation of radicals and catalytic activity of H-ZSM-5-type zeolites in unsaturated hydrocarbon conversions: part 2. Radical formation upon adsorption of aromatic compounds. J Mol Cat 37:107–115
Volodin AM, Bolshov VA, Panov GI (1994) The Role of Surface α-Oxygen in Formation of Cation Radicals at Benzene Adsorption on ZSM-5 Zeolite. J Phys Chem 98:7548–7550
Bolshov VA, Volodin AM, Zhidomirov GM, Shubin AA, Bedilo AF (1994) Radical intermediates in the photoinduced formation of benzene cation-radicals over H-ZSM-5 zeolites. J Phys Chem 98:7551–7554
Jahn HA, Teller E (1937) Stability of polyatomic molecules in degenerate electronic states I: orbital degeneracy. Proc R Soc Lond A 161:220–235
Dewar MJS, Yamaguchi Y, Doraisways S, Sharma SD, Such SH (1979) Structures and properties of fluorinated pyridines; assignment of the two homo’s of pyridine. Chem Phys 41:21–33 (and references cited therein)
von Nissen W, Diercksen GHF, Cederbaum S (1975) The electronic structure of molecules by a many-body approach: II. Ionization potentials one-electron properties of pyridine and phosphoridine. Chem Phys 10:345–360
Berg JO, Parker DH, El-Sayed MA (1978) Assignment of the lowest ionization potentials in pyridine and pyrazine by multiphoton ionization spectroscopy. Chem Phys Lett 56:411–416
Duke CB, Yip KL, Ceaser GP, Potts AW, Streets DG (1977) Electronic structure of the fluorobenzenes, ethylene, and tetrafluoroethylene. J Chem Phys 66:256–268
Frazier JR, Christophorou LG, Carter JG, Schweinler HC (1978) Low-energy electron interactions with organic molecules: negative ion states of fluorobenzenes. J Chem Phys 69:3807–3818
Rabalais JW (1977) Principles of ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. Wiley, New York
Turner DW, Baker C, Baker AD, Brundle CR (1970) Molecular photoelectron spectroscoy. Wiley, New York
Brundle CR, Robin MB, Kuebler NA, Basch H (1972) Perfluoro effect in photoelectron spectroscopy I: nonaromatic molecules. J Am Chem Soc 94:1451–1465
Brundle CR, Robin MB, Kuebler NA (1972) Perfluoro effect in photoelectron spectroscopy II: aromatic molecules. J Am Chem Soc 94:1466–1475
Hasegawa A, Shiotani M, Hama Y (1994) ESR Studies of Jahn-Teller distortion in the radical anions and cations of hexafluorobenzene. J Phys Chem 98:1834–1839
Hasegawa A, Itagaki Y, Shiotani M (1997) EPR spectra and structure of the radical cations of fluorinated benzenes. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 2:1625–1631
Itagaki Y, Lund A, Shiotani M, Hasegawa A (1999) Substitution effects on the structure of benzene radical cations. Trends Chem Phys 7:277–300
Williams LF, Yim MB, Wood DE (1973) Electron paramagnetic resonance of free radicals in adamantane matrix. VI. Hexaflurorbenzene anion radical. J Am Chem Soc 95:6475–6477
Yim MB, Wood DE (1976) Free radicals in an adamantane matrix. XII. EPR and INDO study of σ*-π* crossover in fluorinated benzene anions. J Amer Chem Soc 98:2053–2059
Symons MCR, Selby RC, Simth IG, Bratt SW (1977) ESR studies on the structure of C6F6 − anions. Chem Phys Lett 48:100–102
Wang JT, Williams F (1980) Carbon-13 hyperfine interaction in the hexafluorobenzene radical anion. Chem Phys Lett 71:471–475
Anisimov OA Grigoryants VM, Molin YN (1980) Optical detection of the ESR spectrum of hexafluorobenzene anion radicals in squalane at room temperature. Chem Phys Lett 74:15–18
Shchegoleva LN, Bilkis II, Schastnev PV (1983) Geometrical and electronic structure of fluoro-substituted benzene radical anions based on quantum chemical analysis of hyperfine interactions. Chem Phys 82:343–353
Hou XJ, Huang MB (2003) Structure of the hexafluorobenzene anion. J Mol Struc (Theochem) 638:209–214
Barlukova MM, Beregovaya IV, Vysotsky VP, Shchegoleva LN, Bagryansky VA, Molin YN (2005) Intramolecular dynamics of 1,2,3-trifluorobenzene radical anions as studied by OD ESR and quantum-chemical methods. J Phys Chem A 109:4404–4409
Tuttle TR Jr, Weissmn SI (1958) Electron spin resonance spectra of the anions of benzene, toluene and the xylenes. J Am Chem Soc 80:5342–5344
Lawler RG, Bolton JR, Fraenkel GK, Brown TH (1964) Orbital degeneracy and the electron spin resonance spectrum of the benzene-1-d negative Ion. J Am Chem Soc 86:520–521
Lawler RG, Fraenkel (1968) Effects of deuterium substitution on the ESR spectrum of the benzene negative ion. J Chem Phys 49:1126–1139
Edlund O, Kinell PO, Lund A, Shimizu A (1967) Electron spin resonance spectra of monomeric and dimeric cations of benzene. J Chem Phys 46:3679–3680
Edlund O, Kinell PO, Lund A, Shimizu A (1968) Electron spin resonance study of energy transfer in the γ-irradiated system benzene-silica gel. In: Gould RF (ed) Advances in chemistry series. American Chemical Society Publications, 82:311–326
Nagai S, Ohnishi S, Nitta I (1971) ESR study of adsorbed monomer and dimer cation radicals of benzene and its methyl derivatives. Bull Chem Soc Jpn 44:1230–1233
Raghavachari K, Haddon RC, Miller TA, Bondybey VE (1983) Theoretical study of Jahn-Teller distortions in C6H6 + and C6F6 + . J Chem Phys 79:1387–1395
Lindner R, Müller-Dethlefs K, Wedum E, Haber K, Grant ER (1996) On the shape of C6H6 + . Science 271:1698–1702
Bowers KW (1968) Orbital degeneracy in benzene and substituent effects. In: Kaiser ET, Kevan L (eds) Radical ions. Interscience Publishers, New York, pp 211–244
Komatsu T, Lund A, Kinell PO (1972) Electron spin resonance studies on irradiated heterogeneous systems VIII: radical cation formation from toluene. J Phys Chem 76:1721–1726
Komatsu T, Lund A (1972) Electron spin resonance studies on irradiated heterogeneous systems IX: anisotropy of the g factor and the hyperfine coupling constant of the benzene cation in the adsorbed state. J Phys Chem 76:1727–1728
Tabata M, Lund A (1983) ESR of cation radicals of methyl-substituted benzenes in a trichlorotrifluoroethane matrix. Zeitschrift fuer Naturforschung, Teil A: Physik, Physikalische Chemie. Kosmophysi 38A:428–433
Iwasaki M, Toriyama K, Nunome K (1983) ESR evidence for the static distortion of 2E1 g benzene cations giving 2B2 g with D2h symmetry in low temperature matrixes. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 1983:320–322
Huang MB, Lunell S (1990) Accurate configuration interaction calculations of the hyperfine interactions in the benzene cation. J Chem Phys 92:6081–6083
Feldman VI, Suknov FF, Orlov AY (1999) An ESR study of benzene radical cation in an argon matrix: evidence for favourable stabilization of 2B1 g rather than 2B2 g state. Chem Phys Lett 300:713–718
Feldman VI, Suknov FF, Orlov AY, Kadam RM, Itagaki Y, Lund A (2000) Effect of matrix and substituent on the electronic structure of trapped benzene radical cations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2(1):29–35
Erickson R, Lund A, Lindgren M (1995) Analysis of powder EPR and ENDOR spectra of the biphenyl radical cation on H-ZSM-5 zeolite, silica gel and in CFCl3. Chem Phys 193:89–99
Kadam RM, Erickson R, Komaguchi K, Shiotani M, Lund A (1998) ENDOR and EPR studies of benzene radical cations in halocarbon matrices: the Jahn-Teller distortion of the monomer and geometry of the dimer cation. Chem Phys Lett 290:371–378
Kadam RM, Itagaki Y, Benetis NP, Lund A, Erickson R, Hubar M, Hilczer W (1999) An EPR, ENDOR and ESEEM study of the benzene radical cation in CFCl3 matrix: isotopic substitution effects on structure and dynamics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 1:4967–4973
Toriyama K, Okazaki M (1999) Benzene cation radical in mesoporous silicate: EPR detection of unusually stabilized Jahn-Teller distortion. Phys Chem Chem Phys 1:2607–2612
Xiao HY, Cao J, Liu YJ, Fang WH, Liu RZ, Shiotani M (2008) Hyperfine coupling constants of fluorinated benzene radical cations: a DFT B3LYP and MP2 study. J Theo Comp Chem 7:879–887
Shiotani M, Kawazoe H, Sohma J (1984) ESR studies of fluorinated pyridine radical cations. J Phys Chem 88:2220–2224
Shida T, Kato T (1979) ESR and optical studies on the cation radical of pyridine in a γ-irradiated rigid matrix at low temperatures. Chem Phys Lett 68:106–110
Erickson R, Benetis NP, Lund A, Lindgren M (1997) Radical cation of naphthalene on H-ZSM-5 zeolite and in CFCl3 Matrix. A theoretical and experimental EPR, ENDOR, and ESEEM Study. J Phys Chem 101:2390–2396
Kadam RM, Itagaki Y, Erickson R, Lund A (1999) ENDOR and ESR studies of radical cations of methyl-substituted benzene in halocarbon matrixes. J Phys Chem A 103:1480–1486
Stoll S, Schweiger A (2006) EasySpin, a comprehensive software package for spectral simulation and analysis in EPR. J Magn Reson 178:42–55
Shiotani M, Nagata Y, Tasaki M, Sohma J, Shida T (1983) Electron spin resonance studies on radical cations of five-membered heteroaromatics: furan, thiophene, pyrrole, and related compounds. J Phys Chem 87:1170–1174
Shiotani M, Ohta K, Nagata Y, Sohma J (1985) Novel cycloaddition of dimethylacetylene to the dimethylacetylene radical cation: direct observation by ESR. J Am Chem Soc 107:2562–2564
Ohta K, Shiotani M, Sohma J, Hasegawa A, Symons MCR (1987) Formation of methylpropargyl radicals from tetramethylcyclobutadiene radical cations: an ESR study. Chem Phys Lett 136:465–470
Komaguchi K, Nomura N, Shiotani M, Lund A, Jansson M, Lunell S (2006) ESR and theoretical studies of trimer radical cations of coronene. Spectrochimica Acta A63:76–84
Edlund O, Kinell PO, Lund A, Shimizu A (1967) Electron spin resonance spectra of monomeric and dimeric cations of benzene. J Chem Phys 46:3679–3680
Itagaki Y, Lund A, Shiotani M, Hasegawa A (1999) Substitution effects on the structure of benzene radical cations. Trends Chem Phys 7:277–300
Itagaki Y, Benetis NP, Kadam RM, Lund A (2000) Structure of dimeric radical cations of benzene and toluene in halocarbon matrices: an EPR, ENDOR and MO study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2:2683–2689
Tzong J, Williams F (1981) ESR detection of the dimethyl ether radical cation. J Am Chem Soc 103:6994–6996
Kubodera H, Shida T, Shimokoshi K (1981) ESR evidence for the cation radicals of tetrahydrofurans and dimethyl ether produced in a.gamma-irradiated frozen matrix of trichlorofluoromethane. J Phys Chem 85:2583–2586
Shiotani M, Isamoto N, Hayashi M, Fängström T, Lunell S (2000) Deuterium isotope effects on rotation of methyl hydrogens: a study of the dimethyl ether radical cation by ESR spectroscopy and ab initio and density functional theory. J Am Chem Soc 122:12281–12288
Itagaki Y, Wang P, Isamoto N, Shiotani M, Hasegawa A, Jansson M, Lunell S (2002) Static and dynamic structures of halogenated dimethyl ether radical cations: an ESR and MO study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 4:2524–2529
Itagaki Y, Wang P, Shiotani M, Hasegawa A (2002) ESR spectra and structure of bis-chlorinated dimethyl ether radical cation, ClCH2OCH2Cl + . Phys Chem Chem Phys 4:2530–2533
Brown JK, Sheppard N (1955) Infra-red spectroscopic studies of rotational isomerism in the polymethylene halides. Proc R Soc Lond A 231:555–574
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer International Publishing
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Shiotani, M., Komaguchi, K. (2014). EPR Studies of Radical Ions Produced by Radiolysis of Fluorinated Hydrocarbons and Related Compounds in Solid Media. In: Lund, A., Shiotani, M. (eds) Applications of EPR in Radiation Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09216-4_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09216-4_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-09215-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-09216-4
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)