Abstract
The excessive travel distances have been observed for the landslides with abnormal large volume. The dominating mechanisms are still controversial. It is evidence that the volume of landslide is highly related to the thickness of the sliding mass. Accordingly, it is reasonable to speculate that the normal stress on the sliding surface could dominate the kinematics of landslides. This study tries to testify this conjecture experimentally. Series of rotary shear tests of dry sandstones and wet gouges under different normal stress are performed with an equivalent slip rate of 1.3 m/s. Interestingly, the steady-state friction coefficients of the tested samples, which is highly related to the kinematics of landslides, are decreased with increasing normal stress. The steady-state friction coefficients of the tested sandstones will decrease from 0.69 to 0.35 when the applied normal stresses were increased from 0.5 to 3.0 MPa. Moreover, the steady-state friction coefficients of the tested wet gouges will decrease from 0.26 to an extremely low value of 0.04. Simplified rigid block model predicted the travel distance increased with increasing normal stress. A normal stress threshold of 1.5 MPa on the sliding surface of the dry sandstone was observed to induce excessive travel distance. On the other hand, even with a low normal stress of 0.5 MPa, the sliding surface composed of wet gouges experienced large excessive travel distance. The results revealed that the normal stress on the sliding surface, as well as the sheared materials and their water content, of the large landslides dominating travel distance.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Blasio FVD (2011) Introduction to the physics of landslides. Lecture notes on the dynamics of mass wasting. Springer, Heidelberg
Di Toro G, Hirose T, Nielsen S, Pennacchioni G, Shimamoto T (2006) Natural and experimental evidence of melt lubrication of faults during earthquakes. Science 311(5761):647–649
Ferri F, Di Toro G, Hirose T, Han R, Noda H, Shimamoto T, Smith S, Pennacchioni G (2009) Evolution of the 1963 Vajont landslide (Norther Italy) from low and velocity friction experiment. EGU Gen Assem Geophys Res Abstr 11:2009–8138
Genevois R, Ghirotti M (2005) The 1963 Vaiont landslide. Giornale di Geollogia Applicata 1:41–53
Heim A (1932) Landslides and human lives (Bergsturz and Menchen leben). In: Skermer N (trans) Bi-Tech Publishers, Vancouver, p 196
Hirose T, Shimamoto T (2005) Growth of molten zone as a mechanism of slip weakening of simulated faults in gabbro during frictional melting. J Geophys Res 110:B05202
Hsü KJ (1975) Catastrophic debris streams (Struzstroms) generated by rockfalls. Bull Geol Soc Am 86:129–140
Mizoguchi K, Hirose T, Shimamoto T, Fukuyama E (2007) Reconstruction of seismic faulting by high-velocity friction experiments: an example of the 1995 Kobe earthquake. Geophys Res Lett 34:L01308
Oohashi K, Hirose T, Shimamoto T (2011) Shear-induced graphitization of carbonaceous materials during seismic fault motion: experiments and possible implications for fault mechanics. J Struct Geol 33:1122–1134
Scheidegger AE (1973) Physical aspects of natural catastrophes. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam
Shreve RL (1966) Sherman landslide. Alaska Sci 154(3757):1639–1643
Soukhoviskaya V, Mannga M (2006) Martian landslide in Valles Marineris: wet or dry? Icarus 180(2):348–352
Wen B, Wang S, Wang E, Zhang J (2004) Characteristics of rapid giant landslides in China. Landslide 1:247–261
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this paper
Cite this paper
Yang, CM., Chen, YR., Dong, JJ., Hsu, HH., Cheng, WB. (2015). The Normal Stress on the Slip Surface: A Dominating Factor on the Run-Out Distance of the Sliding Rock Mass. In: Lollino, G., et al. Engineering Geology for Society and Territory - Volume 2. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09057-3_301
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09057-3_301
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-09056-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-09057-3
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)