Abstract
Pioneers of ophthalmology developed ingenious methods to examine the attributes of the visual pathway. Many of today’s testing methods for functional ophthalmic problems are derived from these historical testing methods. This chapter reviews historical tests for visual field defects, night vision, and a plethora of tests for complaints of blindness or diminished vision using sensory trickery with color, optical illusion, light polarization, prisms, and cylinders. Examiners also used image manipulation with haploscopes, including tubes that caused intersection of the lines of sight, pseudoscopes, amblyoscopes, and stereoscopes. There were also a variety of testing techniques that manipulated the lines of test optotypes and the distance to the test objects.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abraham, F. A. (1986). A device for testing malingering and binocular refraction. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 101(5), 613–4.
Asher, H., & Law, F. W. (1952). Communications. Stereoscopy – and a new stereoscope. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 36, 225–39.
Bailey, P. (1918). Malingering in U.S. troops, Home Forces, 1917 (concluded). Military Surgeon, 42(4), 427–49.
Baudry, S. (1900a). Simulated blindness. In W. F. Norris & C. A. Oliver (Eds.), System of diseases of the eye by American, British, Dutch, French, German, and Spanish authors (pp. 861–905). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Company.
Baudry, S. (1900b). Part third. Chapter I. Simulated or exaggerated affections for the eye. In S. Baudry (Ed.), Injuries to the eye in their medico-legal aspect (pp. 110–32). Philadelphia, PA: The FA Davis Company Publishers.
Beaumont, W. M. (1918). Chapter XIX. Malingering in relation to sight. In A. B. Jones & L. J. Llewellyn (Eds.), Malingering or the simulation of disease (pp. 324–415). Philadelphia, PA: Blakiston Son & Co.
Brackup, A. H. (1963). A simple test for monocular malingering. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 56, 658–61.
Brodhun, E. (1900). Binocular vision, conflicts of the field of vision, apparent and natural size of objects, etc. In W. F. Norris & C. A. Oliver (Eds.), System of diseases of the eye (Vol. 1, pp. 539–580). London: JB Lippincott Company.
Craik, K. J. W. (1943). Specifications for dark-adaptation tests. British Medical Journal, 1(4298), 632–3. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.4298.632.
Derby, R. H. (1899). Modification of the stereoscope. Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society, 8, 587–91.
Duke-Elder, S., & Abrams, D. (1970). Malingering (Chapter XI). In S. Duke-Elder (Ed.), Ophthalmic optics and refraction (Vol. V, pp. 487–501). St. Louis, MO: The C.V. Mosby Co.
Enzenauer R et al. (n.d.) University of. Personal experience
Epstein, E., & Lesser, S. A. H. (1945). A trick test to detect night-blindness “malingerers”. British Medical Journal, 2(4427), 644–5.
Evans, J. J. (1908). The Construction, Technique, and Theory of Remy’s Diploscope. In S. Stephenson & C. A. Oliver (Eds.), Ophthalmoscope, 6(7) (pp. 954–7). London: George Pulman and Sons.
Fuchs, E., & Duane, A. (1892). Functional testing. In E. Fuchs (Ed.), Text-book of ophthalmology (p. 788). New York, NY: D Appleton and Co.
Godding, E. W. (1941). Testing night vision. British Medical Journal, 2(4217), 631–2.
Hanif, S., Rowe, F., & O’Connor, A. (2009). A comparative analysis of monocular excursion measures. Strabismus, 17(1), 29–32. doi:10.1080/09273970802697891.
Harman, N. B. (1909). The “diaphragm test” for binocular vision. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 2(Neurol Sect), 111–8.
Harman, N. B. (1941a). Testing night vision. British Medical Journal, 1(4190), 636–7.
Harman, N. B. (1941b). Shamming night blindness. British Medical Journal, 11(Nov 22), 737–44.
Harman, N. B. (1943a). The measure of night vision. British Medical Journal, 1(4279), 43.
Harman, N. B. (1943b). Night-vision tests. British Medical Journal, 1(4301), 736.
Holgado, S., Toth, C. A., & Freedman, S. F. (2008). Quantifying vertical angle kappa after macular translocation surgery: A new use for the synoptophore. Strabismus, 16(4), 139–43. doi:10.1080/09273970802505136.
Hudson, A. C. (1918). A reversible screen stereoscope. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 2(8), 427–9.
Hudson, A. C. (1955). A cross-armed reversible screen stereoscope. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 39, 634–8.
Hulett, A. G. (1941). Malingering – A study. Military Surgeon, 89(2), 129–39.
Jackson E. (1907) Digest of the Literature, Methods of Diagnosis: Detection of Pretended Blindness. In: Jackson E, de Schweinitz G, editors. Ophthalmic Year Book, Vol. 4. Denver: The Herrick Book and Stationary Company. p. 22.
Jackson, G. R., Owsley, C., & McGwin, G. (1999). Aging and dark adaptation. Vision Research, 39(23), 3975–82.
Jaeger test types – Definition of Jaeger test types in the Medical dictionary. (n.d.). Free online medical dictionary, thesaurus and encyclopedia. Retrieved April 30, 2014, from http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Jaeger+test+types
Janet, P. (1907). Lecture IX: The troubles of vision. In The major symptoms of hysteria: Fifteen lectures given in the medical school of Harvard University (pp. 182–207). New York City, NY: The Macmillan Company.
Kalloniatis, M., & Luu, C. (University of U.) (n.d.). Light and dark adaptation. Webvision: The organization of the retina and visual system. Retrieved April 28, 2014, from http://webvision.med.utah.edu/book/part-viii-gabac-receptors/light-and-dark-adaptation/
Keeler, R., Singh, A. D., & Dua, H. S. (2013). The amblyoscope that was “Worth” it. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 97(12), 1495–6. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-304482.
Koc, F., Erten, Y., & Yurdakul, N. S. (2013). Does restoration of binocular vision make any difference in the quality of life in adult strabismus. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 97(11), 1425–30. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-303704.
Krimsky, E. (1937). The stereoscope in theory and practice, also a new precision type stereoscope. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 21(4), 161–97.
Lister, A., & Bishop, J. W. (1943). Night vision in the army. British Medical Journal, 2(4314), 325–7.
Longmore, T. (1885). The optical manual, or handbook of instructions for the guidance of surgeons in testing the range and quality of vision of recruits and others seeking employment in the military service of Great Britain, and in distinguishing and dealing with Optical Defe (Vol. 3). London: Superintendence of Her Majesty’s Stationary Office.
McAuley, A. G. (1923). The ocular malingerer. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 13(12), 903–6.
Miller, B. W. (1973). A review of practical tests for ocular malingering and hysteria. Survey of Ophthalmology, 17(4), 241–6.
Millodot, M. (2009). Dictionary of optometry and visual science (7th ed.). Edinburgh: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Minor, J. L. (1893). New colored letter tests for simulated monocular blindness. Archives of Ophthalmology, 22(4), 493–5.
Pollack, C. E. (1911). Malingering. Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps, 16, 50–63.
Runge, P. E. (2000). Eduard Jaeger’s Test-Types (Schrift-Scalen) and the historical development of vision tests. Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society, 98, 375–438.
Rycroft, B. W. (1942). Night vision in the army. British Medical Journal, 2(4271), 576–7.
Schweigger, C., & Porter Farley, M. D. (1878). Handbook of ophthalmology (p. 555). Philadelphia, PA: J.B. Lippincott & Co.
Smith, H. R. (1921). Night blindness and the malingering of night blindness. JAMA, 77, 1001–3.
Spector, R. H. (1990). Visual fields. In H. Walker, W. Hall, & J. Hurst (Eds.), Clinical methods: The history, physical, and laboratory examinations (3rd ed.). Boston, MA: Butterworths, A Division of Reed Publishing.
Steinbach, M. J. (1977). Phase-difference haploscope using only one shutter disk. Behavior Research Methods and Instrumentation, 9(3), 267–8.
Stereoscopy.com – The Library: Wheatstone Paper 1852. (n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2014, from http://www.stereoscopy.com/library/wheatstone-paper1852.html
Thibaudet, test, acuité, vision, orthoptie, ophtalmologie, simulation, www.fnro.net. (n.d.). Retrieved May 3, 2014, from http://www.fnro.net/ophtalmologie/Thibaudet/Thibaudet.html
Thompson, H. S. (1985). Functional visual loss. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 100(1), 209–13.
Ver Hoeve, J. N. (2006). Visual adaptation. In A. J. Brucker (Ed.), Duane’s ophthalmology. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
Wade, N. J. (2002). Charles Wheatstone (1802–1875). Perception, 31(3), 265–72.
Worth, C. A. (1903). Squint: Its causes, pathology and treatment (p. 229). Philadelphia, PA: Blakiston.
Wright, W. D. (1941a). Test for night vision (p. 6). Pitman: Bath.
Wright, W. D. (1941b). Testing night vision. British Medical Journal, 1(4194), 795.
Yudkin, J., & Ferguson, A. (1943). Bishop Harman test for night vision. British Medical Journal, 1(4298), 633–5.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Enzenauer, R., Morris, W., O’Donnell, T., Montrey, J. (2014). Tests of Historical Interest in Functional Visual Loss. In: Functional Ophthalmic Disorders. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08750-4_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08750-4_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-08749-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-08750-4
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)