Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Inflammatory Infertility

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Clinical Management of Male Infertility

  • 1431 Accesses

Abstract

Approximately 10–15 % of infertile men have genital tract inflammation, most often chronic prostatitis. Prostatitis is classified according to five categories: acute prostatitis, chronic bacterial prostatitis, abacterial inflammatory prostatitis, abacterial noninflammatory prostatitis, and asymptomatic prostatitis. Urinary or lymphatic (transrectal) ascendent infections by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp., Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Ureaplasma urealiticum are the most common causes. Urine culture and expressed prostatic secretion (EPS) represent the most important investigations for the diagnosis and categorization of prostatitis. EPS has been fully described in the literature. Antibiotic treatment often eradicates microorganisms but cannot reverse anatomic dysfunctions, and it might improve sperm quality, which does not necessarily enhance the probability of conception.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Weidner W, Krause W, Ludwig M (1999) Relevance of male accessory gland infection for subsequent fertility with special focus on prostatitis. Hum Reprod Update 5:421–432

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. World Health Organization (2010) WHO manual for the examination and processing of human semen, 5th edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  3. Punab M, Kullisaar T, Mändar R (2013) Male infertility workup needs additional testing of expressed prostatic secretion and/or post-massage urine. PLoS One 8(12):e82776

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Jungwirth A, Giwercman A, Tournaye H, Diemer T, Kopa Z, Dohle G, Krausz C, European Association of Urology Working Group on Male Infertility (2012) European Association of Urology guidelines on Male Infertility: the 2012 update. Eur Urol 62:324–332

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Max EE, Sell S (2001) Immunology, immunopathology, and immunity. ASM Press, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  6. Belloni V, Sorci G, Paccagnini E, Guerreiro R, Bellenger J, Faivre B (2014) Disrupting immune regulation incurs transient costs in male reproductive function. PLoS One 9(1):e84606. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084606

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Mayerhofer A (2013) Human testicular peritubular cells: more than meets the eye. Reproduction 145:107–116

    Google Scholar 

  8. Hedger MP (2002) Macrophages and the immune responsiveness of the testis. J Reprod Immunol 57:19–34

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Bhushan S, Hossain H, Lu Y, Geisler A, Tchatalbachev S, Mikulski Z, Schuler G, Klug J, Pilatz A, Wagenlehner F, Chakraborty T, Meinhardt A (2011) Uropathogenic E. coli induce different immune response in testicular and peritoneal macrophages: implications for testicular immune privilege. PLoS One 6(12):e28452

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Berger RE, Alexander ER, Harnisch JP, Paulsen CA, Monda GD, Ansell J, Holmes KK (1979) Etiology, manifestations and therapy of acute epididymitis: prospective study of 50 cases. J Urol 121:750–754

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Trojian TH, Lishnak TS, Heiman D (2009) Epididymitis and orchitis: an overview. Am Fam Physician 79:583–587

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases. Treatment guidelines 2006. Epididymitis. http://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment/2006/epididymitis

  13. Domingue GJ Sr, Hellstrom WJ (1998) Prostatitis. Clin Microbiol Rev 11:604–613

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Schaeffer AJ (2006) Clinical practice. Chronic prostatitis and the chronic pelvic pain syndrome. N Engl J Med 355:1690–1698

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Nickel JC (2003) Prostatitis: diagnosis and classification. Curr Urol Rep 4:259–260

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Cheng I, Witte JS, Jacobsen SJ, Haque R, Quinn VP, Quesenberry CP, Caan BJ, Van Den Eeden SK (2010) Prostatitis, sexually transmitted diseases, and prostate cancer: the California Men’s Health Study. PLoS One 5:e8736

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Krieger JN, Riley DE, Cheah PY, Liong ML, Yuen KH (2003) Epidemiology of prostatitis: new evidence for a world-wide problem. World J Urol 21:70–74

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Lobel B, Rodriguez A (2003) Chronic prostatitis: what we know, what we do not know, and what we should do! World J Urol 21:57–63

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Choi YS, Kim KS, Choi SW, Kim S, Bae WJ, Cho HJ, Hong SH, Kim SW, Hwang TK, Lee JY (2013) Microbiological etiology of bacterial prostatitis in general hospital and primary care clinic in Korea. Prostate Int 1:133–138

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Hou DS, Long WM, Shen J, Zhao LP, Pang XY, Xu C (2012) Characterisation of the bacterial community in expressed prostatic secretions from patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome and infertile men: a preliminary investigation. Asian J Androl 14:566–573

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Vicari E, La Vignera S, Arcoria D, Condorelli R, Vicari LO, Castiglione R, Mangiameli A, Calogero AE (2011) High frequency of chronic bacterial and non-inflammatory prostatitis in infertile patients with prostatitis syndrome plus irritable bowel syndrome. PLoS One 6(4):e18647

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Walczak-Jedrzejowska R, Wolski JK, Slowikowska-Hilczer J (2013) The role of oxidative stress and antioxidants in male fertility. Cent European J Urol 66:60–67

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Litwin MS, McNaughton-Collins M, Fowler FJ Jr, Nickel JC, Calhoun EA, Pontari MA, Alexander RB, Farrar JT, O’Leary MP (1999) The National Institutes of Health chronic prostatitis symptom index: development and validation of a new outcome measure. Chronic Prostatitis Collaborative Research Network. J Urol 162:369–375

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Giubilei G, Mondaini N, Crisci A, Raugei A, Lombardi G, Travaglini F, Del Popolo G, Bartoletti R (2005) The Italian version of the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index. Eur Urol 47:805–811

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Mears EM, Stamey TAS (1969) Bacteriologic localization patterns in bacterial prostatitis and ureteritis. Invest Urol 5:492–518

    Google Scholar 

  26. Oh MM, Chae JY, Kim JW, Kim JW, Yoon CY, Park MG, du Moon G (2013) Positive culture for extended-spectrum β-lactamase during acute prostatitis after prostate biopsy is a risk factor for progression to chronic prostatitis. Urology 81:1209–1212

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Shoskes DA, Lee CT, Murphy D, Kefer J, Wood HM (2007) Incidence and significance of prostatic stones in men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Urology 70:235–238

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Lee KS, Choi JD (2012) Chronic prostatitis: approaches for best management. Korean J Urol 53:69–77

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Dousset B, Hussenet F, Daudin M, Bujan L, Foliguet B, Nabet P (1997) Seminal cytokine concentrations (IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-6, sR IL-2, sR IL-6), semen parameters and blood hormonal status in male infertility. Hum Reprod 12:1476–1479

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Comhaire F, Verschraegen G, Vermeulen L (1980) Diagnosis of accessory gland infection and its possible role in male infertility. Int J Androl 3:32–45

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Wagenlehner FM, Diemer T, Naber KG, Weidner W (2008) Chronic bacterial prostatitis (NIH type II): diagnosis, therapy and influence on the fertility status. Andrologia 40:100–104

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Bonde JP, Ernst E, Jensen TK, Hjollund NH, Kolstad H, Henriksen TB, Scheike T, Giwercman A, Olsen J, Skakkebaek NE (1998) Relation between semen quality and fertility: a population-based study of 430 first-pregnancy planners. Lancet 352:1172–1177

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Cooper TG, Noonan E, von Eckardstein S, Auger J, Baker HW, Behre HM, Haugen TB, Kruger T, Wang C, Mbizvo MT, Vogelsong KM (2010) World Health Organization reference values for human semen characteristics. Hum Reprod Update 16:231–245

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Guzick DS, Overstreet JW, Factor-Litvak P, Brazil CK, Nakajima ST, Coutifaris C, Carson SA, Cisneros P, Steinkampf MP, Hill JA, Xu D, Vogel DL, National Cooperative Reproductive Medicine Network (2001) Sperm morphology, motility, and concentration in fertile and infertile men. N Engl J Med 345:1388–1393

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Cavallini G, Cristina Magli M, Crippa A, Resta S, Vitali G, Pia Ferraretti A, Gianaroli L (2011) The number of spermatozoa collected with testicular sperm extraction is a novel predictor of intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcome in non-obstructive azoospermic patients. Asian J Androl 13:312–316

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Cavallini G, Magli MC, Crippa A, Ferraretti AP, Gianaroli L (2012) Reduction in sperm aneuploidy levels in severe oligoasthenoteratospermic patients after medical therapy: a preliminary report. Asian J Androl 14:591–598

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Masarani M, Wazait H, Dinneen M (2006) Mumps orchitis. J R Soc Med 99:573–575

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Bartak V (1973) Sperm count, morphology, and motility after unilateral mumps orchitis. J Reprod Fertil 32:491–493

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Adamopoulos DA, Lawrence DM, Vassilopoulos P, Contoyiannis PA, Swyer GI (1978) Pituitary-testicular interrelationships in mumps orchitis and other infections. BMJ 1:1177–1180

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Casella R, Leibundgut B, Lehmann K, Gasser TC (1997) Mumps orchitis: report of a mini-epidemic. J Urol 158:2158–2161

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Masuda H, Inamoto T, Azuma H, Katsuoka Y, Tawara F (2011) Successful testicular sperm extraction in an azoospermic man with postpubertal mumps orchitis. Hinyokika Kiyo 57:529–530

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Agarwal A, Said TM (2003) Role of sperm chromatin abnormalities and DNA damage in male infertility. Hum Reprod Update 9:331–345

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. De Jonge C (2002) The clinical value of sperm nuclear DNA assessment. Hum Fertil 5:51–53

    Google Scholar 

  44. Morris ID, Ilott S, Dixon L, Brison DR (2002) The spectrum of DNA damage in human sperm assessed by single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet assay) and its relationship to fertilization and embryo development. Hum Reprod 17:990–998

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Evenson DP, Larson KL, Jost LK (2002) Sperm chromatin structure assay: its clinical use for detecting sperm DNA fragmentation in male infertility and comparisons with the other techniques. J Androl 23:25–43

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Evenson DP, Jost LK, Marshall D et al (1999) Utility of sperm chromatin structure assay as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in the human fertility clinic. Hum Reprod 14:1039–1049

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Agarwal A, Allamaneni SS (2005) Sperm DNA damage assessment: a test whose time has come. Fertil Steril 84:850–853

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Zini A, Bielecki R, Phang D et al (2001) Correlations between two markers of sperm DNA integrity, DNA denaturation and DNA fragmentation, in fertile and infertile men. Fertil Steril 75:674–677

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Zini A, Kamal K, Phang D et al (2001) Biologic variability of sperm DNA denaturation in infertile men. Urology 58:258–261

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Oleszczuk K, Augustinsson L, Bayat N et al (2013) Prevalence of high DNA fragmentation index in male partners of unexplained infertile couples. Andrology 1(3):357–360

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Qiu Y, Wang L, Zhang L et al (2008) Analysis of sperm chromosomal abnormalities and sperm DNA fragmentation in infertile males. Zhonghua Yi Xue Yi Chuan Xue Za Zhi 25(6):681–685

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Host E, Lindenberg S, Ernst E et al (1999) DNA strand breaks in human spermatozoa: a possible factor to be considered in couples suffering from unexplained infertility. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 78:622–625

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Saleh RA, Agarwal A, Nelson DR et al (2002) Increased sperm nuclear DNA damage in normozoospermic infertile men: a prospective study. Fertil Steril 78(2):313–318

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Sergerie M, Laforest G, Bujan L et al (2005) Sperm DNA fragmentation: threshold value in male fertility. Hum Reprod 20(12):3446–3451

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Seli E, Gardner DK, Schoolcraft WB et al (2004) Extent of nuclear DNA damage in ejaculated spermatozoa impacts on blastocyst development after in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 82:378–383

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Borini A, Tarozzi N, Bizzaro D et al (2006) Sperm DNA fragmentation: paternal effect on early post-implantation embryo development in ART. Hum Reprod 21:2876–2881

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Benchaib M, Lornage J, Mazoyer C et al (2007) Sperm deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation as a prognostic indicator of assisted reproductive technology outcome. Fertil Steril 87:93–100

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Pacey AA (2010) Environmental and lifestyle factors associated with sperm DNA damage. Hum Fertil (Camb) 13(4):189–193

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Potts RJ, Newbury CJ, Smith G et al (1999) Sperm chromatin damage associated with male smoking. Mutat Res 423:103–111

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Chatterjee R, Haines GA, Perera DM et al (2000) Testicular and sperm DNA damage after treatment with fludarabine for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Hum Reprod 15:762–766

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Morris ID (2002) Sperm DNA damage and cancer treatment. Int J Androl 25:255–261

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Chan D, Delbès G, Landry M et al (2012) Epigenetic alterations in sperm DNA associated with testicular cancer treatment. Toxicol Sci 125(2):532–543

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Kumar D, Salian SR, Kalthur G et al (2013) Semen abnormalities, sperm DNA damage and global hypermethylation in health workers occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation. PLoS One 8(7):e69927. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069927

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Cordelli E, Fresegna AM, Leter G et al (2003) Evaluation of DNA damage in different stages of mouse spermatogenesis after testicular X irradiation. Radiat Res 160(4):443–451

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Kobayashi H, Larson K, Sharma RK et al (2001) DNA damage in patients with untreated cancer as measured by the sperm chromatin structure assay. Fertil Steril 75:469–475

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Saleh RA, Agarwal A, Sharma RK et al (2003) Evaluation of nuclear DNA damage in spermatozoa from infertile men with varicocele. Fertil Steril 80:1431–1436

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Nasr Esfahani MH, Tavalaee M (2012) Origin and role of DNA damage in varicocele. Int J Fertil Steril 6(3):141–146

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Alvarez JG, Sharma RK, Ollero M et al (2002) Increased DNA damage in sperm from leukocytospermic semen samples as determined by the sperm chromatin structure assay. Fertil Steril 78:319–329

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Erenpreiss J, Hlevicka S, Zalkalns J et al (2002) Effect of leukocytospermia on sperm DNA integrity: a negative effect in abnormal semen samples. J Androl 23:717–723

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Das M, Al-Hathal N, San-Gabriel M et al (2013) High prevalence of isolated sperm DNA damage in infertile men with advanced paternal age. J Assist Reprod Genet 30(6):843–848

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Singh NP, Muller CH, Berger RE (2003) Effects of age on DNA double-strand breaks and apoptosis in human sperm. Fertil Steril 80:1420–1430

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. García-Ferreyra J, Romero R, Hilario R et al (2012) High levels of DNA fragmentation observed in an infertile population attending a fertility center are related to advanced paternal age. Fert In Vitro 2:5. http://www.omicsgroup.org/journals/2165-7491/2165-7491-2-113.php?aid=9646%3Faid=9646

  73. Sergerie M, Mieusset R, Croute F et al (2007) High risk of temporary alteration of semen parameters after recent acute febrile illness. Fertil Steril 88(4):970.e1–7

    Google Scholar 

  74. Potts JM, Pasqualotto FF (2003) Seminal oxidative stress in patients with chronic prostatitis. Andrologia 35(5):304–308

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Kullisaar T, Türk S, Punab M et al (2008) Oxidative stress in leucocytospermic prostatitis patients: preliminary results. Andrologia 40(3):161–172

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Hu YY, Cao SS, Lü JQ (2013) Impact of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome on sperm DNA fragmentation and nucleoprotein transition. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 19(10):907–911

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Zhou JF, Xiao WQ, Zheng YC et al (2006) Increased oxidative stress and oxidative damage associated with chronic bacterial prostatitis. Asian J Androl 8(3):317–323

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Henkel R, Maass G, Hajimohammad M et al (2003) Urogenital inflammation: changes of leucocytes and ROS. Andrologia 35(5):309–313

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Sharma RK, Pasqualotto FF, Nelson DR et al (1999) The reactive oxygen species-total antioxidant capacity score is a new measure of oxidative stress to predict male infertility. Hum Reprod 14(11):2801–2807

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Fraga GG, Motchnik PA, Shigenaga MK et al (1991) Ascorbic acid protects against endogenous oxidative DNA damage in human sperm. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88:11003–11006

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  81. Sun JG, Jurisicova A, Casoer RF (1997) Detection of deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation human sperm: correlation with fertilization in vitro. Biol Reprod 56:519–524

    Google Scholar 

  82. Murphy AB, Macejko A, Taylor A et al (2009) Chronic prostatitis: management strategies. Drugs 69(1):71–84

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Krieger JN, Lee SW, Jeon J et al (2008) Epidemiology of prostatitis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 31(Suppl 1):S85–S90

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  84. Roberts RO, Jacobson DJ, Girman CJ et al (2002) Prevalence of prostatitis-like symptoms in a community based cohort of older men. J Urol 168(6):2467–2471

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Nickel JC, Downey J, Hunter D et al (2001) Prevalence of prostatitis-like symptoms in a population based study using the National Institutes of Health chronic prostatitis symptom index. J Urol 165:842–845

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Collins MM, Stafford RS, O’Leary MP et al (1998) How common is prostatitis? A national survey of physician visits. J Urol 159(4):1224–1228

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Britton JJ, Carson CC (1998) Prostatitis. AUA Update Series 17:154–159

    Google Scholar 

  88. Schappert SM (1994) National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 1991 summary. Vital Health Stat 13(116):1–110

    Google Scholar 

  89. Riley DE, Krieger JN (2002) X Chromosomal short tandem repeat polymorphisms near the phosphoglycerate kinase gene in men with chronic prostatitis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1586(1):99–107

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Dohle GR (2003) Inflammatory-associated obstructions of the male reproductive tract. Andrologia 35(5):321–324

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. El-Bayoumi MA, Hamada TA, El-Mokaddem HH (1982) Male infertility: etiologic factors in 385 consecutive cases. Andrologia 14(4):333–339

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Li HJ, Xu P, Liu JS et al (2004) Prevalence of chronic prostatitis and its effects on male infertility. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 84(5):369–371

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Gorczyca W, Gong J, Darzynkiewicz Z (1993) Detection of DNA strand breaks in individual apoptotic cells by the in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase and nick translation assays. Cancer Res 53:1945–1951

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Haines G, Marples B, Daniel P et al (1998) DNA damage in human and mouse spermatozoa after in vitro-irradiation assessed by the comet assay. Adv Exp Med Biol 444:79–91; discussion 92–93

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Evenson DP, Darzynkiewicz Z, Melamed MR (1980) Relation of mammalian sperm chromatin heterogeneity to fertility. Science 210(4474):1131–1133

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Muriel L, Garrido N, Fernández JL et al (2006) Value of the sperm deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation level, as measured by the sperm chromatin dispersion test, in the outcome of in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Fertil Steril 85(2):371–383

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Zhang LH, Qiu Y, Wang KH et al (2010) Measurement of sperm DNA fragmentation using bright-field microscopy: comparison between sperm chromatin dispersion test and terminal uridine nick-end labeling assay. Fertil Steril 94(3):1027–1032

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Ribas-Maynou J, García-Peiró A, Fernandez-Encinas A et al (2012) Double stranded sperm DNA breaks, measured by Comet assay, are associated with unexplained recurrent miscarriage in couples without a female factor. PLoS One 7(9):e44679. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0044679

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  99. Evenson DP, Wixon R (2008) Data analysis of two in vivo fertility studies using Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay-derived DNA fragmentation index vs. pregnancy outcome. Fertil Steril 90(4):1229–1231

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Dada R, Thilagavathi J, Venkatesh S et al (2011) Genetic testing in male infertility. Open Reprod Sci J 3:42–56

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Sharma RK, Sabanegh E, Mahfouz R et al (2010) TUNEL as a test for sperm DNA damage in the evaluation of male infertility. Urology 76(6):1380–1386

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Simon L, Lutton D, McManus J et al (2011) Sperm DNA damage measured by the alkaline Comet assay as an independent predictor of male infertility and in vitro fertilization success. Fertil Steril 95(2):652–657

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Ribas-Maynou J, García-Peiró A, Fernández-Encinas A et al (2013) Comprehensive analysis of sperm DNA fragmentation by five different assays: TUNEL assay, SCSA, SCD test and alkaline and neutral Comet assay. Andrology 1(5):715–722

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Zini A, San Gabriel M, Baazeem A (2009) Antioxidants and sperm DNA damage: a clinical perspective. J Assist Reprod Genet 26(8):427–432

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  105. Baker K, McGill J, Sharma R et al (2013) Pregnancy after varicocelectomy: impact of postoperative motility and DFI. Urology 81(4):760–766

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Santos EP, López-Costa S, Chenlo P et al (2011) Impact of spontaneous smoking cessation on sperm quality: case report. Andrologia 43(6):431–435

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Talevi R, Barbato V, Fiorentino I et al (2013) Protective effects of in vitro treatment with zinc, d-aspartate and coenzyme q10 on human sperm motility, lipid peroxidation and DNA fragmentation. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 11(1):81

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  108. Lewis SE, John Aitken R, Conner SJ et al (2013) The impact of sperm DNA damage in assisted conception and beyond: recent advances in diagnosis and treatment. Reprod Biomed Online 27(4):325–337

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Greco E, Romano S, Iacobelli M et al (2005) ICSI in cases of sperm DNA damage: beneficial effect of oral antioxidant treatment. Hum Reprod 20(9):2590–2594

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Andrological Section, Gynepro-Medical Team, via Tranquillo Cremona 8, Bologna, 40137, Italy

    Giorgio Cavallini

  2. Department of Urology, Andrology Center, Regina Apostolorum Hospital, Albano L., Rome, Italy

    Gianni Paulis

Authors
  1. Giorgio Cavallini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Gianni Paulis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Giorgio Cavallini .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Andrological Unit, Gynepro Medical Team, Bologna, Italy

    Giorgio Cavallini

  2. Andrological and Reproductive Medicine Unit, Centro Demetra, Firenze, Italy

    Giovanni Beretta

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Cavallini, G., Paulis, G. (2015). Inflammatory Infertility. In: Cavallini, G., Beretta, G. (eds) Clinical Management of Male Infertility. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08503-6_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08503-6_12

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-08502-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-08503-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation