Abstract
This chapter will review the role of radionuclide imaging in the diagnosis and management of coronary artery disease, acute ischemic syndromes, and heart failure. The pathophysiology of coronary artery disease and its complications, pertinent radiotracers and imaging instruments, and the clinical circumstances under which these tools are applied to clinical decision making will be reviewed.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Fuster V, Badimon L, Badimon JJ et al (1992) The pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and the acute coronary syndromes. Parts I and II. N Engl J Med 326:1062–1088
Fuster V (1994) Mechanisms leading to myocardial infarction: insights from studies of vascular biology. Circulation 90:2126–2146
Fuster V, Gotto AM, Libby P et al (1966) Matching the intensity of risk factor management with the hazard for coronary artery disease events. Pathogenesis of coronary artery disease: the biologic role of risk factors. J Am Coll Cardiol 27:964–976
Saikku P, Leinonen M, Mattila K et al (1988) Serological evidence of an association of a novel Chlamydia, TWAR, with chronic coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 2:983–986
Markus HS, Sitzer M, Carrington D et al (1999) Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and early asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis. Circulation 100:832–837
Falk E, Shah PK, Fuster V (1995) Coronary plaque disruption. Circulation 92:657–671
Gotto AM (1997) Cholesterol management in theory and practice. Circulation 96:4424–4430
Davies MJ (1995) Stability and instability: two faces of coronary atherosclerosis. Circulation 94:2013–2019
Richardson PD, Davies MJ, Born GV (1989) Influence of plaque configuration and stress distribution on fissuring of coronary atherosclerotic plaques. Lancet 2:941–944
Ambrose JA, Tannenbaum M, Alexopoulos D et al (1988) Angiographic progression of coronary artery disease and the development of myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 12:56–62
Fuster V, Fayad ZA, Badimon JJ (1999) Acute coronary syndromes: biology. Lancet 353(Suppl II):5–9
Fuster V, Kottke BA (1987) Atherosclerosis A. Pathogenesis, pathology, and presentation of atherosclerosis. In: Brandenburg RO, Fuster V, Giuliani ER, McGoon DC (eds) Cardiology: fundamentals and practice. Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago, p 981
Gutstein DE, Fuster V (1999) Pathophysiology and clinical significance of atherosclerotic plaque rupture. Cardiovasc Res 41:323–333
Stary HC, Chandler AB, Dinsmore RE et al (1995) A definition of advanced types of atherosclerotic lesions and a histologic classification of atherosclerosis: a report from the Committee on Arteriosclerosis. American Heart Association. Circulation 92:1355–1374
Mintz GS, Pichard AD, Popma JJ et al (1997) Determinants and correlates of target lesion calcium in coronary artery disease: a clinical, angiographic and intravascular ultrasound study. J Am Coll Cardiol 29:268–274
Burke AP, Farb A, Malcolm GT et al (1997) Coronary risk factors and plaque morphology in men with coronary disease who died suddenly. N Engl J Med 226:1276–1281
Guststein DE, Fuster V (1999) Pathophysiology and clinical significance of atherosclerotic vessel rupture. Cardiovasc Res 41:323–333
Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I et al (1995) Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia: West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study. N Engl J Med 333:1301–1307
Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group (1994) Randomized trial of cholesterol lowering in 444 patients with coronary artery disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study. Lancet 344:1383–1389
The Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) Trial Investigators (1996) The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 335:1001–1009
Fuster V, Badimon JJ (1995) Regression or stabilization of atherosclerosis means regression or stabilization of what we don’t see in the arteriogram. Eur Heart J 16:6–12
Waters D (1996) Review of cholesterol-lowering therapy: coronary angiographic and events trials. Am J Med 101:34S–39S
Fuster V, Fallon JT, Badimon JJ et al (1997) The unstable atherosclerotic plaque: clinical significance and therapeutic intervention. Thromb Haemost 78:247–255
Corti R, Fayad ZA, Fuster V et al (2001) Effects of lipid-lowering by simvastatin on human atherosclerotic lesions: a longitudinal study by high –resolution, noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 104:249–252
Rudd JHF, Warburton EA, Fryer TD et al (2002) Imaging atherosclerotic plaque inflammation with 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Circulation 105:2708–2711
Ray KK, Cannon C (2005) The potential relevance of the multiple lipid-independent (pleiotropic) effects of statins in the management of acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol 46:1425–1433
Gould KL, Lipscomb K, Hamilton GW (1974) A physiological basis for assessing critical coronary stenosis: instantaneous flow response and regional distribution during coronary hyperemia as measures of coronary flow reserve. Am J Cardiol 33:84
Kirkeeide R, Gould KL, Parsel L et al (1986) Assessment of coronary stenoses by myocardial imaging during coronary vasodilation: VII: Validation of coronary flow reserve as a single integrated measure of stenosis severity accounting for all its geometry dimensions. J Am Coll Cardiol 7:103–113
Wilson RF (1996) Assessing the severity of coronary artery stenosis. N Engl J Med 334:1735–1737
Pohost GM, Alpert NM, Ingwall JS et al (1980) Thallium redistribution mechanisms and clinical utility. Semin Nucl Med 10:70–93
Dilsizian V, Bonow RO (1992) Differential uptake and apparent Tl-201 washout after thallium reinjection: options regarding early redistribution imaging before reinjection or late redistribution imaging after reinjection. Circulation 85:1032–1038
Dilsizian V, Bonow RO (1993) Current diagnostic techniques of assessing myocardial viability in patients with hibernating and stunned myocardium. Circulation 87:1–20
Dilsizian V, Rocco TP, Freedman NMT et al (1990) Enhanced detection of ischemic but viable myocardium by the reinjection of thallium after stress-redistribution imaging. N Engl J Med 323:141–146
Dilsizian V, Freedman NMT, Bacharach SL et al (1992) Regional thallium uptake in irreversible defects: magnitude of change in thallium activity after reinjection distinguishes viable from nonviable myocardium. Circulation 85:627–634
Cuocolo A, Pace L, Ricciardelli B et al (1992) Identification of viable myocardium in patients with chronic coronary artery disease: comparison of Thallium-201 scintigraphy with reinjection and Technetium-99m-methoxyisobutyl isonitrile. J Nucl Med 33:505–511
Gibson RS, Beller GA (1986) Role of thallium-201 scintigraphy in predicting future cardiac events. In: Ohost GM, Higgins CB, Morganroth J, Ritchie JL, Schelbert HR (eds) New concepts in cardiac imaging 1986. Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago
Maddahi J, Rodrigues E, Kiat J, Van Train KF, Berman DS (1995) Detection and evaluation of coronary artery disease by thallium-201 myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. In: DePuey EG, Berman DS, Garcia E (eds) Cardiac SPECT imaging. Raven, New York
Travin MI, Wexler JP (1999) Pharmacological stress testing. Semin Nucl Med 29:298–318
Okada RD (1988) Myocardial kinetics of technetium-99m hexakis 2-methoxyl 2 methylopropyl isonitrile. Circulation 77:491
Wackers FJT, Berman DS, Maddahi HJ et al (1989) Technetium-99 m hexakis 2-methoxyisobutyl isonitrile: human biodistribution, dosimetry, safety, and preliminary comparison to thallium-201 for myocardial perfusion imaging. J Nucl Med 30:301–311
Germano G, Kiat H, Moriel M, Kavanagh P, Chua T, Friedman J, Berman DS (1993) Quantitative automatic measurement of left ventricular ejection fraction by gated SPECT. Development and preliminary validation. Clin Nucl Med 18:924
Palmas W, Silber W, Friedman J, Kiat H, Klein J, Takemono K, Berman D (1991) Simultaneous Tc99m sestamibi myocardial function/perfusion scintigraphy: information added by wall motion analysis of treadmill exercise first-pass studies. Circulation 84:II-303
Abbott BG, Wackers FJT (1998) Emergency department chest pain units and the role of radionuclide imaging. J Nucl Cardiol 5:73–79
Jain D (1999) Technetium-99m-labeled myocardial perfusion imaging agents. Semin Nucl Med 29:221–236
Iskandrian A, Heo J, Kong B et al (1989) Use of technetium-99m isonitrile (RP-30A) in assessing left ventricular perfusion and function at rest and during exercise in coronary artery disease, and comparison with coronary arteriography and exercise thallium-201 SPECT imaging. Am J Cardiol 64:270
Maisey M, Lowry A, Bischof-Delaloye A et al (1990) European multi-center comparison on thallium-201 and technetium-99m methoxyisobutylisonitrile in ischemic heart disease. Eur J Nucl Med 16:869
Sinusas AJ, Shi QX, Saltzberg MT et al (1994) Technetium-99m tetrofosmin to assess myocardial blood flow: experimental validation in an intact canine model of ischemia. J Nucl Med 35:664
Glover DK, Okada RD (1990) Myocardial kinetics of Tc-MIBI in canine myocardium after dipyridamole. Circulation 81:628–637
Glover DK, Ruiz M, Edwards NC et al (1995) Comparison between Tl-201 and Tc-99m sestamibi uptake during adenosine induced vasodilation as a function of coronary artery severity. Circulation 91:813–820
Berman DS, Kiat H, Friedman JD, Wang FP, Van Train K, Metzer L, Maddahi J, Germano G (1993) Separate acquisition rest thallium-201/stress technetium 99m sestamibi dual-isotope myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography: a clinical validation study. J Am Coll Cardiol 22:1455–1464
Seldin DW, Johnson LL, Blood DK (1989) Myocardial perfusion imaging with technetium-99m SQ30217: comparison with thallium-201 and coronary anatomy. J Nucl Med 30:312–319
Henzlova MJ, Machac J (1994) Clinical utility of technetium-99m-teboroxime myocardial washout imaging. J Nucl Med 35:575–579
Taillefer R, Gagnon A, Dufour K, et al (2003) Tc-99m NOET myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI): Is there a relationship between increased lung uptake and smoking history? J Nucl Med 44: 155P (abstract)
Detrano R (1989) Exercise-induced ST segment depression in the diagnosis of multivessel coronary disease: a meta analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 14:1501–1508
Detrano R, Gianrossi R, Froelicher VF (1989) The diagnostic accuracy of the exercise electrocardiogram: a meta-analysis of 22 years of research. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 33:173–205
Roger VL, Jacobsen SI, Pelikka PA et al (1998) Prognostic value of treadmill exercise testing. a population based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Circulation 98:2836–2841
Young M, Pan W, Wiesner J et al (1994) Characterization of arbutamine: a novel catecholamine stress agent for diagnosis of coronary artery disease. Drug Dev Res 32:19–28
Iskandrian AS, Verani MS, Heo J (1994) Pharmacologic stress testing: mechanism of action, hemodynamic responses, and results in detection of coronary artery disease. J Nucl Cardiol 1:94–111
Taillefer R, Amyot R, Turpin S, Lambert R, Pilon C, Jarry M (1996) Comparison between dipyridamole and adenosine as pharmacologic coronary vasodilators in detection of coronary artery disease with thallium 201 imaging. J Nucl Med 3:204–211
Ranhosky A, Kempthorne-Rawson J, Intravenous Dipyridamole Thallium Imaging Study Group (1990) The safety of intravenous dipyridamole thallium myocardial perfusion imaging. Circulation 81:1205–1209
Thomas GS, Prill NV, Majmundar H et al (2000) Treadmill exercise during adenosine infusion is safe, results in fewer adverse reactions, and improves myocardial perfusion images quality. J Nucl Cardiol 7:439–446
Vitola JV, Brambatti JC, Caligaris F et al (2001) Exercise supplementation to dipyridamole prevents hypotension, improves electrocardiogram sensitivity, and increases heart-to-liver activity ratio on Tc-99m sestamibi imaging. J Nucl Cardiol 8:652–659
Pennell DJ, Mavrogeni SI, Forbat SM et al (1995) Adenosine combined with dynamic exercise for myocardial perfusion imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 25:1300–1309
Hendel RC, Jamil T, Glover DK (2003) Pharmacologic stress testing: new methods and new agents. J Nucl Cardiol 10:197–204
Lieu HD, Shryock JC, von Mering GO et al (2007) Regadenoson, a selective A2A adenosine receptor agonist, causes dose-dependent increases in coronary blood flow velocity in humans. J Nucl Cardiol 14:514–520
Iskandrian AE, Bateman TM, Belardinelli L et al (2007) Adenosine versus regadenoson comparative evaluation in myocardial perfusion imaging: Results of the ADVANCE phase 3 multicenter international trial. J Nucl Cardiol 14:645–658
Package insert for Lexiscan (Regadenoson), Astellas Pharma US, Inc, Deerfield, IL 60015, Revised October 2011, 11H061-LEX-MKT
Cerqueira MD, Nguyen P, Staehr P et al (2008) Effects of age, gender, obesity and diabetes on the efficacy and safety of the selective A2A agonist, regadenoson versus adenosine in myocardial perfusion imaging: Integrated ADVANCE-MPI trial results. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 1:207–216
Thomas GS, Thompson RC, Miyamoto MI et al (2009) The RegEx trial: a randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active- controlled pilot study combining regadenoson, a selective A2A adenosine agonist, with low-level exercise, in patients undergoing myocardial perfusion imaging. J Nucl Cardiol 16:63–72
Kiat H, VanTrain KF, Friedman JD et al (1992) Quantitative stress-redistribution thallium-201 SPECT using prone imaging: methodologic development and validation. J Nucl Med 33:1509–1512
Hayes SW, DeLorenzo A, Hachamovich R et al (2003) Prognostic implications of combined prone and supine myocardial perfusion SPECT. J Nucl Med 44:1633–1640
DePuey EG (1994) How to detect and avoid myocardial perfusion SPECT artifacts. J Nucl Med 35:699–702
Garcia E (1994) Quantitative myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomographic imaging: Quo vadis? J Nucl Cardiol 1:83–93
Hansen CL, Woodhouse S, Kramer M (2000) Effect of patient obesity on the accuracy of thallium-201 myocardial perfusion imaging. Am J Cardiol 85:749–752
Links JM, Douglas KH, Wagner HN Jr (1980) Patterns of ventricular emptying by Fourier analysis of gated blood pool studies. J Nucl Med 21:978–982
Neumann DR, Go RT, Myers BA et al (1993) Parametric phase display for biventricular function from gated cardiac blood pool single-photon emission tomography. Eur J Nucl Med 20:1108–1111
Chen J, Garcia EV, Folks RD et al (2005) Onset of left ventricular contraction determined by phase analysis of ECG-gated myocardial perfusion SPECT imaging: development of a diagnostic tool for assessment of cardiac mechanical dyssynchrony. J Nucl Cardiol 6:687–695
Trimble MA, Borges-Neto S, Smallheiser S et al (2007) Evaluation of left ventricular mechanical dyssynchrony as determined by phase analysis of ECG-gated SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and conduction abnormalities. J Nucl Cardiol 14:298–307
Samad Z, Atchley AE, Trimble MA et al (2011) Prevalence and predictors of mechanical dyssynchrony as defined by phase analysis in patients with left ventricular dysfunction undergoing gated SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging. J Nucl Cardiol 18:24–30
Bailey DL (1998) Transmission scanning in emission tomography. Eur J Nucl Med 25:774–787
Zaidi H, Hasegawa B (2003) Determination of the attenuation map in emission tomography. J Nucl Med 44:291–315
Lang TF, Hasegawa BH, Liew SC et al (1992) Description of a prototype emission-transmission computed tomography imaging system. J Nucl Med 33:1881–1887
Bocher M, Balan A, Krausz Y et al (2000) Gamma camera mounted anatomical X-ray tomography: technology, system characteristics and first images. Eur J Nucl Med 27:619–627
Tan P, Bailey DL, Meikle SR et al (1993) Scanning line source for simultaneous emission and transmission measurements in SPECT. J Nucl Med 34:1753–1760
Beekman FJ, Kamphuis C, Hutton BF et al (1998) Hal-fanbeam collimators combined with scanning point sources for simultaneous emission-transmission imaging. J Nucl Med 39:1996–2003
Bockisch A, Beyer T, Antoch G et al (2004) Positron emission tomography/computed tomography-imaging protocols, artifacts, and pitfalls. Mol Imaging Biol 6:188–199
Heller EN, DeMan P, Yi-Hwa I et al (1997) Extracardiac activity complicates quantitative cardiac SPECT imaging using a simultaneous transmission-emission approach. J Nucl Med 38:1882–1890
Hendel RC, Berman DS, Cullom SJ et al (1999) Multicenter clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of correction for photon attenuation and scatter in SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging. Circulation 99:2742–2749
Links JM, Becker LC, Rigo P et al (2000) Combined corrections for attenuation, depth-dependent blur, and motion in cardiac SPECT: a multicenter trial. J Nucl Cardiol 7:414–425
Links JM, DePuey EG, Taillefer R et al (2002) Attenuation correction and gating synergistically improve the diagnostic accuracy of myocardial perfusion SPECT. J Nucl Cardiol 9:183–187
Bateman TM, Heller GV, Johnson LL et al (2003) Does attenuation correction add value to non-attenuation corrected ECG-gated technetium-99m sestamibi SPECT? J Nucl Cardiol 10:S91 (abstract)
Bateman TM, Heller GV, Johnson LL, et al (2003) Relative performance of attenuation –corrected and uncorrected ECG-gated SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging in relation to body mass index. Circulation 108: IV-455 (abstract)
Grossman GB, Garcia EV, Bateman TM et al (2004) Quantitative technetium-99m sestamibi attenuation corrected SPECT: development and multicenter trial validation of myocardial perfusion stress gender-independent normal database in an obese population. J Nucl Cardiol 11:263–272
Heller GH, Bateman TM, Multicenter Investigators (2004) Clinical value of attenuation correction in stress-only Tc-99m sestamibi SPECT imaging. J Nucl Cardiol 11:273–281
Malkerneker D, Brenner R, Martin WH et al (2007) CT-based attenuation correction versus prone imaging to decrease equivocal interpretations of rest/stress Tc-99m tetrofosmin SPECT MPI. J Nucl Cardiol 14:314–323
Patton JA, Slomka PJ, Germano G et al (2007) Recent technologic advances in nuclear cardiology. J Nucl Cardiol 14:501–513
Borges-Neto S, Pagnanelli RA, Shaw LK et al (2007) Clinical results of a novel wide-beam reconstruction method for shortening scan time of Tc-99m cardiac SPECT perfusion studies. J Nucl Cardiol 14:555–565
Druz RS, Phillips LM, Chugkowski M et al (2011) Wide-beam reconstruction half-time SPECT improves diagnostic certainty and preserved normalcy and accuracy: a quantitative perfusion analysis. J Nucl Cardiol 18:52–61
DePuey EG, Bommireddipally S, Clak J et al (2009) Wide beam reconstruction, “quarter-time” gated myocardial perfusion SPECT functional imaging: a comparison to “full-time” ordered subset expectation maximization. J Nucl Cardiol 16:736–752
DePuey EG, Bommireddipalli S, Clark J et al (2011) A comparison of the image quality of full-time myocardial perfusion SPECT vs wide beam reconstruction half-time and half-dose SPECT. J Nucl Cardiol 18:273–280
Chawla D, Rahaby M, Amin AP et al (2011) Soft tissue attenuation patterns in stress myocardial perfusion SPECT images: a comparison between supine and upright acquisition systems. J Nucl Cardiol 18:282–290
Garcia EV, Faber TL, Esteves FP (2011) Cardiac dedicated ultrafast SPECT cameras: new designs and clinical implications. J Nucl Med 52:210–217
Herzog BA, Buechel RR, Husmann L et al (2010) Validation of CT attenuation correction for high-speed myocardial perfusion imaging using a novel cadmium-zinc-telluride detector technique. J Nucl Med 51:1539–1544
Duvall WL, Sweeny JM, Croft LB et al (2012) Reduced stress dose with rapid acquisition CZT SPECT MPI in a non-obese clinical population: comparison to coronary angiography. J Nucl Cardiol 19:19–27
Cochet H, Bullier E, Durieux M (2013) Absolute quantification of left ventricular global and regional function at nuclear MPI using ultrafast CZT SPECT: initial validation versus cardiac MR. J Nucl Med 54:556–563
Tanaka H, Chikamori T, Hida S et al (2013) Comparison of myocardial perfusion imaging between the new high-speed gamma camera and the standard Anger camera. Circ J 77:1009–1017
Imbert L, Poussier S, Franken PR et al (2012) Compared performance of high-sensitivity cameras dedicated to myocardial perfusion SPECT: a comprehensive analysis of phantom and human images. J Nucl Med 53:1897–1903
Gimelli A, Bottai M, Giorgetti A et al (2012) Evaluation of ischaemia in obese patients: feasibility and accuracy of a low-dose protocol with a cadmium-zinc telluride camera. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 39:1254–1261
Gimelli A, Bottai M, Quaranta A et al (2013) Gender differences in the evaluation of coronary artery disease with a cadmium-zinc telluride camera. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. doi:10.1007/s00259-013-2449-0
Mouden M, Timmer JR, Ottervanger JP et al (2012) Impact of a new ultrafast CZT SPECT camera for myocardial perfusion imaging: fewer equivocal results and lower radiation dose. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 39:1048–1055
Bateman TM, O’Keefe JH Jr, Dong VM et al (1995) Coronary angiographic rates after stress single photon emission computed tomographic scintigraphy. J Nucl Cardiol 2:217–223
Hachamovich R, Berman DS, Shaw IJ et al (1998) Incremental prognostic value of myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography for the prediction of cardiac death: differential stratification for risk of cardiac death and myocardial infarction. Circulation 97:535–543
Diamond GA, Forrester JS (1979) Analysis of probability as an aid in the clinical diagnosis of coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 300:1350
Hachamovitch R, Berman DS, Kiat H et al (1996) Exercise myocardial perfusion SPECT in patients without known CAD. Incremental prognostic value and use in risk stratification. Circulation 93:905–914
Bateman TM (1997) Clinical relevance of a normal myocardial perfusion scintigraphic study. J Nucl Cardiol 4:172–173
Iskander S, Iskandrian AE (1998) Risk assessment using single-photon emission computed tomographic technetium-99m sestamibi imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 32:57–62
Mazzanti M, Germano G, Kiat H (1997) Identification of severe and extensive coronary artery disease by automatic measurement of transient ischemic dilatation of the left ventricle in dual isotope myocardial perfusion SPECT. J Am Coll Cardiol 27:1612–1620
Germano G, Erel J, Lewin H et al (1997) Automatic quantification of regional myocardial wall motion and thickening from gated technetium-99m sestamibi myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 30:1360–1367
Gerson MC, Gerson MC (1997) Test accuracy, test selection, and test result interpretation in chronic coronary artery disease, chap 20. In: Gerson MC (ed) Cardiac nuclear medicine, 3rd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York
Farkouh ME, Smars RA, Reeder GS, Zinsmeiter AR, Evans RW, Meloy TD, Kopecky SL, Allen M, Allison TG, Gibons RJ, Gabriel SE (1998) A clinical trial of a chest-pain observation unit for patients with unstable angina. N Engl J Med 339:1882–1888
Tatum JL, Jesse RI, Kontros MC et al (1997) Comprehensive strategy for the evaluation and triage of the chest pain patient. Ann Emerg Med 29:116–125
Heller GV, Stowers SA, Hendel RC et al (1998) Clinical value of acute rest technetium-99m tetrofosmin tomographic myocardial perfusion imaging in patients with acute chest pain and nondiagnostic electrocardiograms. J Am Coll Cardiol 31:1011–1017
Gomez MA, Anderson JL, Karayounes LA et al (1996) An emergency department-based protocol for rapidly ruling out myocardial ischemia reduces hospital time and expense: results of a randomized study (ROMIO). J Am Coll Cardiol 28:25–33
Weissman IA, Dickinson CZ, Dworkin HJ et al (1996) Cost-effectiveness of myocardial perfusion imaging with SPECT in the emergency department evaluation of patients with unexplained chest pain. Radiology 199:353–357
Stowers SA, Heller GV, Henel RC et al (1997) Potential cost-effectiveness of tetrofosmin SPECT for initial assessment of emergency department patients with chest pain and nondiagnostic ECG. Circulation 96:I-443 (abstract)
Gibson RS, Watson DD, Craddock GB et al (1983) Prediction of cardiac events after uncomplicated myocardial infarction: a prospective study comparing predischarge exercise thallium-201scintigraphy and coronary angiography. Circulation 68:321–336
Younis LT, Byers S, Shaw L et al (1989) Prognostic importance of silent myocardial ischemia detected by intravenous thallium myocardial imaging in asymptomatic patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 14:1635–1641
Dakik HA, Kleiman NS, Farmer JA, He ZX, Wendt JA, Pratt CM, Verani MS, Mahmarian JJ (1998) Intensive medical therapy versus coronary angioplasty for suppression of myocardial ischemia in survivors of acute myocardial infarction. A prospective, randomized pilot study. Circulation 98:2017–2023
Boden WE, O’Rourke RA, Crawford MH et al (1998) Outcomes in patients with acute non-Q-wave myocardial infarction randomly assigned to an invasive as compared with a conservative management strategy. Veterans Affairs Non-Q-Wave Infarction Strategies in Hospital (VANQUISH) Trial Investigation. N Engl J Med 338:1785–1792
Mahmarian JJ, Mahmarian AC, Marks GF et al (1995) Role of adenosine thallium-201 tomography for defining long-term risk in patients after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 25:1333–1340
Maddahi J, Weiss A, Garcia E et al (1985) Split-dose thallium-201 quantitative imaging for immediate post-reperfusion assessment of intravenous coronary thrombolysis. Eur Heart J 6(Suppl E):127–134
O’Keefe JH Jr, Grines CL, DeWood MA et al (1995) Factors influencing myocardial salvage with primary angioplasty. J Nucl Cardiol 2:35–41
Gibbons RJ, Verani MS, Behrenbeck T et al (1989) Feasibility of tomographic 99mTc-hexakis-2-methoxy-2-methylpropyl-isonitrile imaging for the assessment of myocardial area at risk and the effect of treatment in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 80:1277–1286
Gibbons RJ, Balady GJ, Bricker TJ et al (2002) ACC/AHA guideline update for exercise testing: summary article-A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the 1997 Exercise Testing Guidelines). J Am Coll Cardiol 40:1531–1540
Young JD (1998) Cardiac transplantation: three decades of experience defines our challenge. Transplant Proc 30:1885–1888
Oyer PE, Stinson EB, Jamieson SW et al (1983) Cyclosporine in cardiac transplantation: 2 and 1/2 year follow-up. Transplant Proc 15:2546–2552
Mairesse GH, Marwick TH, Hanet C et al (1995) Use of exercise electrocardiography, technetium-99m MIBI perfusion tomography for coronary disease surveillance in a low-prevalence population of heart transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 14:222–229
Fang JC, Roco T, Jarcho J et al (1998) Noninvasive assessment of transplant-associated arteriosclerosis. Am Heart J 125:980–987
Rigo P, VanBaxen P, Safi JF et al (1998) Quantitative evaluation of a comprehensive motion, resolution, and attenuation correction program: initial experience. J Nucl Cardiol 5:458–468
Weich HF, Strauss HW, Pitt B (1977) The extraction of thallium-201 by the myocardium. Circulation 56:188–191
Cho ZH, Chan JK, Ericksson L et al (1975) Positron ranges obtained from biomedically important positron-emitting radionuclides. J Nucl Med 16:1174–1176
Phelps ME, Hoffman EJ, Huang SC et al (1975) Effect of positron range on spatial resolution. J Nucl Med 16:649–652
Derenzo SE, Budinger TF (1977) Resolution limit for positron imaging devices. J Nucl Med 18:491
DeBenedetti S, Cowan CE, Konneker WR et al (1950) On the angular distribution of two-photon annihilation radiation. Phys Rev 77:205–212
Phelps ME, Hoffman EJ, Huang SC et al (1978) A new computerized tomographic imaging system for positron-emitting radiopharmaceuticals. J Nucl Med 19:635–647
Bergstrom M, Eriksson L, Bohm C et al (1983) Correction for scattered radiation in a ring detector positron camera by integral transformation. J Comput Assist Tomogr 7:42–50
Phelps ME, Cherry SR (1998) The changing design of positron imaging systems. Clin Positron Imaging 1:31–45
Schelbert HR (1987) Evaluation and quantification of regional and myocardial blood flow with positron emission tomography. In: Pohost GM, Higging CB, Morgenroth J, Richie JK, Schelbert HR (eds) New concepts in cardiac imaging. Year Book Medical Publisher, Chicago
Tamaki N, Yonekura Y, Senda M et al (1988) Valve and limitation of stress thallium-201 single photon emission computed tomography: comparison with nitrogen-13 ammonia positron tomography. J Nucl Med 29:1181–1188
Allan RM, Jones T, Rhodes CCC et al (1981) Quantification of myocardial perfusion in man using oxygen-15 and positron tomography (abstract). Am J Cardiol 47:481
Schelbert HR, Wisenberg G, Phelps ME et al (1982) Noninvasive assessment of coronary stenoses by myocardial imaging during pharmacologic coronary vasodilation, VI: detection of coronary artery disease in human beings with intravenous N-13 ammonia and positron computed tomography. Am J Cardiol 49:1197–1207
Kl G, Goldstein RA, Mullani NA et al (1986) Noninvasive assessment of coronary stenoses by myocardial perfusion imaging during pharmacologic coronary vasodilation. VIII. Clinical feasibility of positron cardiac imaging without a cyclotron using generator produced rubidium-82. J Am Coll Cardiol 7:775–789
Sampson K, Dorbala S, Limaye A et al (2007) Diagnostic accuracy of rubidium-82 myocardial perfusion imaging with hybrid positron emission tomography/computed tomography in the detection of coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 49:1052–1058
Santana CA, Folks RD, Garcia EV et al (2007) Development and validation of myocardial perfusion database. J Nucl Med 48:1122–1128
Stewart RE, Schwaiger M, Molina E et al (1991) Comparison of rubidium-82 positron emission tomography and thallium-201 SPECT imaging for detection of coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 67:1303–1310
Yonekura Y, Tamaki N, Senda M et al (1987) Detection of coronary artery disease with 13N-ammonia and high-resolution positron-emission computed tomography. Am Heart J 113:645–654
Go RT, Marwick TH, MacIntyre WJ et al (1990) A prospective comparison of rubidium-82 PET and thallium-2091 SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging utilizing a single dipyridamole stress in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. J Nucl Med 31:1899–1905
Bateman TM, Heller GV, McGhie AI et al (2006) Diagnostic accuracy of res/stress ECG-gated Rb-82 myocardial perfusion PET: comparison with ECG-gated Tc-99m sestamibi SPECT. J Nucl Cardiol 13:24–33
Nandalur KR, Dwamena BA, Choudhri AF et al (2008) Diagnostic performance of positron emission tomography in the detection of coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. Acad Radiol 15:444–451
Berman DS, Maddahi J, Tamarappoo BK et al (2013) Phase II Safety and clinical comparison with single-photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging for detection of coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 61:469–477
Deanfield JE, Shea M, Ribiero P et al (1984) Transient ST segment depression as a marker of myocardial ischemia during daily life. Am J Cardiol 54:1195–1200
Deanfield J, Shea M, Wilson R et al (1983) Mental stress and ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 68:III-258
Monahan WG, Tilbury RS, Laughlin JS (1972) Uptake of H-13 labeled ammonia. J Nucl Med 13:274
Bergmann SR, Hack S, Tewson T et al (1980) The dependence of accumulation of N-13-NH3 by myocardium on metabolic factors and its implications for quantitative assessment of perfusion. Circulation 61:34
Gould KL, Schelberth H, Phelps H et al (1979) Noninvasive assessment of coronary stenosis with myocardial perfusion imaging during pharmacologic coronary vasodilation. V. Detection of 47 percent diameter coronary stenosis with intravenous N-14 ammonia and emission-computed tomography in intact dogs. Am J Cardiol 43:200
Tamaki N, Yonekura Y, Senda M et al (1985) Myocardial positron computed tomography with N-13 ammonia. Eur J Nucl Med 11:246–251
Mack RE et al (1959) Myocardial extraction of Rb-86 in the rabbit. Am J Physiol 197:1175
Becker L, Ferreira R, Thomas M (1977) Comparison of Rb-86 and microsphere estimates of left ventricular blood flow distribution. J Nucl Med 15:969
Selwyn AP, Allan RM, L’Abbate A et al (1982) Relation between regional myocardial uptake of rubidium-82 and perfusion: absolute reduction of cation uptake in ischemia. Am J Cardiol 50:112–121
Goldstein RA, Mullani NA, Marani SK et al (1983) Myocardial perfusion with rubidium-82. II. Effects of metabolic and pharmacological interventions. J Nucl Med 24:907–915
Schelbert HR, Ashburn WL, Chauncey DM et al (1977) Comparative myocardial uptake of intravenously administered radionuclides. J Nucl Med 15:1092
Gould KL (1978) Assessment of coronary stenoses by myocardial perfusion imaging during pharmacologic coronary vasodilatation. IV. Limits of stenosis detection by idealized experimental, cross-sectional myocardial imaging. Am J Cardiol 42:761–768
Maddahi J (2012) Properties of an ideal PET perfusion tracer: new PET tracers cases and data. J Nucl Cardiol 19:S30–S37
Maddahi J, Czernin J, Lazewatsky J et al (2011) Phase I, first-in-human study of BMS747158, a novel F18-labeled tracer for myocardial perfusion PET: dosimetry, biodistribution, safety, and imaging characteristics after a single injection at rest. J Nucl Med 52:1490–1498
Blume ED, Altmann K, Mayer JE et al (1999) Evolution of risk factors influencing early mortality of the arterial switch operation. J Am Coll Cardiol 33:1702–1709
Murthy KS, Cherian KM (1996) A new technique for ASO with in situ coronary reallocation for TGA. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 112:27–32
Gould KL (1991) PET perfusion imaging and nuclear cardiology. J Nucl Med 32:579–606
Di Carli M, Czernin J, Hoh CK et al (1995) Relation among stenosis severity, myocardial blood flow, and flow reserve in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 91:1944–1951
Arrighi JA, Dione DP, Condos S et al (1999) Adenosine Tc-99m sestamibi SPECT underestimates ischemia compared with N-13 ammonia PET in a chronic canine model of ischemia. J Nucl Med 40:6P (abstract)
Bateman TM, Heller GV, McGhie AI et al (2005) Attenuation-corrected Tc-99m sestamibi SPECT compared with Rb-82 myocardial perfusion PET. J Nucl Cardiol 12:S118 (abstract)
Dorbala S, Vangala D, Sampson U et al (2007) Value of vasodilator ventricular ejection fraction reserve in evaluating the magnitude of myocardium at risk and the extent of angiographic coronary artery disease: a 82Rb PET/CT study. J Nucl Med 48:349–358
Patterson RE, Eisner RL, Horowitz SF (1995) Comparison of cost-effectiveness and utility of exercise ECG, single photon emission computed tomography, positron emission tomography, and coronary angiography for diagnosis of coronary artery disease. Circulation 91:54–65
Patterson RE, Eisner RI, Chu TS (1996) Cost-effectiveness comparisons: stress echocardiography (Echo) versus myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) by single photon (SPECT) or positron emission (PET) tomography. J Nucl Med 37:P174 (abstract)
Merhige M, Breen WJ, Shelton V et al (2007) Impact of myocardial perfusion imaging with PET and 82Rb on downstream invasive procedure utilization, costs, and outcomes in coronary disease management. J Nucl Med 48:1069–1076
Summers RL, Tisdale B, Kolb JC et al (1999) Role of technetium-99m sestamibi myocardial imaging in the emergency department evaluation of chest pain. J Miss State Med Assoc 39(5):176–179
Kontos MC, Jesse RL, Schmidt KL et al (1997) Value of acute rest sestamibi perfusion imaging for evaluation of patients admitted to the emergency department with chest pain. J Am Coll Cardiol 30:976–982
Hilton TC, Thomson RC, Williams HJ et al (1994) Technetium-99m sestamibi myocardial perfusion imaging in the emergency room evaluation of chest pain. J Am Coll Cardiol 23:1016–1022
Goldstein RA, Hicks CH, Kuhn JL et al (1984) Myocardial infarct imaging with rubidium-82 and PET in man. Circulation 70(Suppl II):9
Parodi O, Schwaiger M, Krivokapich J et al (1984) Regional myocardial blood flow and wall motion study in patients with designated acute subendocardial infarction (abstract). J Am Coll Cardiol 3:552
Marwick TH, Shan K, Patel S et al (1997) Incremental value of rubidium-82 positron emission tomography for prognostic assessment of known or suspected coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 80:865–870
Yoshinaga K, Chow BJW, de Kemp R et al (2004) Prognostic value of rubidium-82 perfusion positron emission tomography: preliminary results from the consecutive 153 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 43:338A (abstract)
Chow BJW, Wong JW, Yoshinaga K et al (2005) Prognostic significance of dipyridamole-induced ST depression in patients with normal Rb-82 PET myocardial perfusion imaging. J Nucl Med 46:1095–1101
Nemirovsky D, Henzlova MJ, Machac J et al (2005) Prognosis of normal rubidium-82 myocardial perfusion study. J Nucl Cardiol 12:S118 (abstract)
Yoshinaga K, Chow BJW, Williams K et al (2006) What is the prognostic value of myocardial perfusion imaging using rubidium-82 positron emission tomography? J Am Coll Cardiol 48:1029–1039
Dorbala S, DiCarli MF, Beanlands RS et al (2013) Prognostic value of stress myocardial perfusion positron emission tomography: results from a multicenter observational registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 61:176–184
Kay J, Dorbala S, Goyal A et al (2013) Influence of sex on risk stratification with stress myocardial perfusion Rb-82 positron emission tomography: results from the PET prognosis multicenter registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 62:1866–1876
Herzog BA, Husmann L, Valenta I et al (2009) Long-term prognostic value of N13-ammonia myocardial perfusion positron emission tomography: added value of coronary flow reserve. J Am Coll Cardiol 54:150–156
Dorbala S, Hachamovich R, Curillova Z et al (2009) Incremental value of gated Rb-82 positron emission tomography myocardial imaging over clinical variables and rest LVEF. J Am Coll Cardiol Img 2:846–854
Schelbert HR, Phelps ME, Huang SC et al (1981) N-13 ammonia as an indicator of myocardial blood flow. Circulation 63:1259–1272
Gewirtz H, Skopicki HA, Abraham SA et al (1997) Quantitative PET measurements of regional myocardial blood flow: observations in humans with ischemic heart disease. Cardiology 88:62–70
Bergmann S, Herrero P, Markham J et al (1989) Noninvasive quantification of myocardial blood flow in human subjects with oxygen-15 labeled water and positron emission tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 14:639–652
Huang SC, Schwaiger M, Carson RE et al (1985) Quantitative measurement of myocardial blood flow with oxygen-15 water and positron computed tomography: an assessment of potential and problems. J Nucl Med 26:616–625
Mullani NA, Gould KL (1983) First-pass measurements of regional blood flow with external detectors. J Nucl Med 24:577–581
Mullani NA, Goldstein RA, Gould KL et al (1983) Myocardial perfusion with rubidium-82. I. Measurement of extraction fraction and flow with external detectors. J Nucl Med 24:898–906
Yoshida K, Gould KL (1996) Coronary flow and flow reserve by PET simplified for clinical applications using rubidium-82 or nitrogen-13 ammonia. J Nucl Med 37:1701–1712
Sherif HM, Nekolla SG, Saraste A et al (2011) Simplified quantification of myocardial flow reserve with flurpiridaz F18: validation with microspheres in a pig model. J Nucl Med 52:617–624
Pethig K, Heublein B, Meliss RR et al (1999) Volumetric remodeling of the proximal left coronary artery: early versus late after heart transplantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 34:197–203
Julius BK, Vassalli G, Mandonow L et al (1999) Alpha-adrenergic blockade prevents exercise-induced vasoconstriction of stenotic coronary arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol 33:1499–1505
O’Driscoll G, Green D, Maiorana A et al (1999) Improvement in endothelial function by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Cardiol 33:15–16
Kugiyama K, Motoyama T, Doi H, Kawano H et al (1999) Improvement of endothelial vasomotor dysfunction by treatment with alpha-tocopherol in patients with high remnant lipoproteins levels. J Am Coll Cardiol 33:1512–1518
Huggins GS, Pasternak RC, Alpert NM et al (1998) Effects of short-term treatment of hyperlipidemia on coronary vasodilator function and myocardial perfusion in regions having substantial impairment of baseline dilator reverse. Circulation 98:1291–1296
Yokoyama J, Memomura S, Oktake T, Yonekura K et al (1999) Improvement of impaired myocardial vasodilation due to diffuse coronary atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemics after lipid-lowering therapy. Circulation 100:117–122
Gould KL, Martucci JP, Goldberg DL et al (1994) Short-term cholesterol lowering decreases size and severity of perfusion abnormalities by positron emission tomography after dipyridamole in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 89:1530–1538
Schuler G, Hambrecht R, Schlierf G et al (1992) Myocardial perfusion and regression of coronary artery disease in patients on a regimen of intensive physical exercise and low fat diet. J Am Coll Cardiol 19:34–42
Chan P, Machac J, Almeida O, et al. (2003) The prevalence and impact of vertical heart movement during rest and stress rubidium-82 cardiac PET imaging. J Nucl Med 44: 210–211P (abstract)
O’Connor MK, Kemp B, Anstett F et al (2002) A multicenter evaluation of commercial attenuation compensation techniques in cardiac SPECT using phantom models. J Nucl Cardiol 9:361
Shaw LJ, Raggi P, Schisterman E et al (2003) Prognostic value of cardiac risk factors and coronary calcium screening for all-cause mortality. Radiology 228:826–833
Berman DS, Wong ND, Gransar H et al (2004) Relationship between stress-induced myocardial ischemia and atherosclerosis measured by coronary calcium tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 44:923–930
Kim JH, Machac J, Travis A et al (2013) Coronary artery and thoracic aorta calcification is inversely related to coronary flow reserve as measured by Rb-82 PET/CT in intermediate risk patients. J Nucl Cardiol. doi:10.1007/s12350-013-9702-6
Schenker MP, Dorbala S, Hong EC et al (2008) Interrelation of coronary calcification, myocardial ischemia, and outcomes in patients with intermediate likelihood of coronary artery disease. Circulation 117:1693–1700
Ropers D, Baum U, Phle K et al (2003) Detection of coronary artery stenoses with thin-slice multidetector row spiral computed tomography and multiplanar reconstruction. Circulation 107:664–666
Paul JF, Ohanessian A, Caussin CH et al (2004) Visualization of coronary tree and detection of coronary artery stenosis using a6-slice, sub-millimeter computed tomography: preliminary experience. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 97:31–36
Namdar M, Hany TF, Siegrist PT et al (2004) Improved CAD assessment using a combined PET/CT scanner. J Nucl Med 45:117P
Sato A, Nozato T, Hikita H et al (2010) Incremental value of combining 64-slice computed tomography angiography with stress nuclear myocardial perfusion imaging to improve noninvasive detection of coronary artery disease. J Nucl Cardiol 17:19–26
Bamberg F, Sommer WH, Hoffmann V et al (2011) Meta-analysis and systematic review of the long-term predictive value of assessment of coronary atherosclerosis by contrast-enhanced coronary computed tomography angiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 57:2426–2436
Choudhary G, Shin V, Punjani S et al (2010) The role of calcium score and CT angiography in the medical management of patients with normal myocardial perfusion imaging. J Nucl Cardiol 17:45–51
Shreibati JB, Baker LC, Hlatky MA (2011) Association of coronary CT angiography or stress testing with subsequent utilization and spending among Medicare beneficiaries. JAMA 306:2128–2136
Hachamovich R, Nutter B, Hlatky MA et al (2012) Patient management after noninvasive cardiac imaging: results from SPARC. J Am Coll Cardiol 59:462–474
Namdar M, Hany TF, Koepfli P et al (2005) Integrated PET/CT for the assessment of coronary artery disease: a feasibility study. J Nucl Med 46:930–935
DeWiner RJ, Koster RW, Stark A et al (1995) Value of myoglobin, troponin T, CK-Mbmass in ruling out an acute myocardial infarction in the emergency room. Circulation 92:3401–3407
Tatum JL, Jesse RL, Kontos MC et al (1997) Comprehensive strategy for the evaluation and triage of the chest pain patient. Ann Emerg Med 29:116–123
Fuster V, Chesebro JH (1986) Mechanisms of unstable angina. N Engl J Med 315:1023
Burke AP, Farb A, Malcolm GT et al (1999) Plaque rupture and sudden death related to exertion in men with coronary artery disease. JAMA 281:921–926
Lam JYT, Chesebro JH, Steele PM et al (1987) Is vasospasm related to platelet deposition? Relationship in a porcine preparation of arterial injury in vivo. Circulation 75:243
Piek JJ, Becker AE (1988) Collateral blood supply to the myocardium at risk in human myocardial infarction: a quantitative post-mortem assessment. J Am Coll Cardiol 1:1290–1296
Buja LM, Parkey RW, Dees JH et al (1975) Morphologic correlates of technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate imaging of acute myocardial infarcts in dogs. Circulation 52:596
Fuster V, Badimon L, Cohen M et al (1988) Insights into the pathogenesis of acute ischemic syndromes. Circulation 77:1213–1220
Gibson RS (1987) Clinical, functional, and angiographic distinctions between Q wave and non-Q wave myocardial infarction: evidence of spontaneous reperfusion and implications for intervention trials. Circulation 75(Suppl V):V0128
Klimt CR, Knatterud GL, Stamler J et al (1986) Persantine-aspirin reinfarction study. Part II. Secondary coronary prevention with persantine and aspirin. J Am Coll Cardiol 7:1192
Parkey RW, Bonte FJ, Meyer SL et al (1974) A new method for radionuclide imaging of acute myocardial infarction in humans. Circulation 50:540–546
Willerson JT, Parkey RW, Bonte FJ et al (1975) Technetium stannous pyrophosphate myocardial scintigrams in patients with chest pain of varying etiology. Circulation 51:1046–1052
Buja LM, Parkey RW, Bonte FJ et al (1979) Pathophysiology of “cold spot” and “hot spot” myocardial imaging agent use to detect ischemia or infarction. Cardiovasc Clin 10:105
Beller GA, Chow BA, Haber E et al (1977) Localization of radiolabeled cardiac myosin-specific antibody in myocardial infarction comparison with technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate. Circulation 55:74–78
Wagner HW (1982) Radioisotopes in medical diagnosis, chap 37. In: Spittel JA Jr (ed) Clinical medicine, 1st edn. Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp 1–92
Holman LB (1980) Radioisotopic examination of the cardiovascular system. In: Branuwald E (ed) Heart disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 363–409
Holman BL, Tanaka TT, Lesch M (1976) Evaluation of radiopharmaceuticals for the detection of acute myocardial infarction in man. Radiology 121:427
Huckell VF, Lyster DM, Morrison RT et al (1985) Comparison of technetium-99m pyrophosphate and technetium-99m methylene diphosphonate with variable amounts of stannous chloride in the detection of acute myocardial infarction. Clin Nucl Med 10:455–462
Parkey RW, Bonte FJ, Buja LM et al (1977) Myocardial infarct imaging with technetim-99m phosphates. Semin Nucl Med 7:15
Khaw BA, Fallon JT, Beller GA et al (1979) Specificity of localization of myosin specific antibody fragments in experimental myocardial infarction: histologic, histochemical, autoradiographic and scintigraphic studies. Circulation 60:1527–1531
Khaw BA, Scott J, Fallon JT et al (1982) Quantitation by cell sorting initiated with anti-myosin fluorescent spheres. Science 217:1050–1053
Khaw BA, Yasuda T, Gold HK et al (1987) Acute myocardial infarct imaging with indium-111-labeled monoclonal antibody Fab. J Nucl Med 28:1671–1678
Khaw BA, Gold HK, Yasuda T et al (1986) Scintigraphic quantification of myocardial necrosis in patients after intravenous injection of myosin-specific antibody. Circulation 74:501–508
Khaw BA, Strauss HW, Moore R et al (1987) Myocardial damage delineated by indium-111 antimyosin Fab and technetium-99m pyrophosphate. J Nucl Med 28:76–82
Johnson LL, Seldin DW, Addonizio LJ (1988) Antimyosin imaging in acute myocardial infarction and cardiac transplant rejection. In: Pohost GM, Higgins CB, Morganroth J, Ritchie JL, Schelbert HR (eds) New concepts in cardiac imaging. Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago
Johnson LL, Lerrick KS, Coromilas J et al (1987) Measurement of infarct size and percentage myocardium infarcted in a dog preparation with single photon-emission computed tomography, thallium-2091, and indium-111-monoclonal antimyosin Fab. Circulation 76:181–190
Fornet B, Yasuda T, Wilkinson R et al (1989) Detection of acute cardiac injury with techntetium-99m glucaric acid. J Nucl Med 30:1743
Narula J, Petrov A, Pak KY et al (1997) Very early noninvasive detection of acute experimental non-reperfused myocardial infarction with technetium-99m-labeled glucarate. Circulation 95:1577–1584
Orlandi C, Crane PD, Edwards DS et al (1991) Early scintigraphic detection of experimental myocardial infarction in dogs with technetium-99m-glucaric acid. J Nucl Med 2:263–268
Khaw BA (1999) The current role of infarct avid imaging. Semin Nucl Med 29:259–270
Ohtani H, Callahan RJ, Khaw BA et al (1992) Comparison of technetium-99m glucarate and thallium-201 for the identification of acute myocardial infarction in rats. J Nucl Med 33:1988–1993
Mariani G, Villa G, Rossettin PF et al (1997) Clinical phase I Tc-99m glucaric acid study for very early visualization of acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 29:451A (abstract)
Cowie MR, Mosterd A, Wood DA et al (1997) The epidemiology of heart failure. Eur Heart J 18:208–225
Ho KKI, Pinsky JL, Kannel WB, Levy D (1993) The epidemiology of heart failure: the Framingham Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 22(Suppl A):6A–13A
Kannel WB, Ho K, Thom T (1994) Changing epidemiological features of cardiac failure. Br Heart J 72:S3–S9
Teerlink JR, Goldhaber SZ, Pfeffer MA (1991) An overview of contemporary etiologies of congestive heart failure. Am Heart J 121:1852–1853
Levine TB, Francis GS, Goldsmith SR et al (1982) Activity of the sympathetic nervous system and renin-angiotensin system assessed by plasma hormone levels and their relationship to hemodynamic abnormalities in congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 49:1659–1666
Goldsmith SR, Francis GS, Cowley AW Jr et al (1983) Increased plasma arginine vasopressin levels in patients with congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1:1385–1390
Levine TB, Francis GS, Goldsmith SR et al (1983) The neurohumoral and hemodynamic response to orthostatic tilt in patients with congestive heart failure. Circulation 67:1070–1075
Goldsmith SR, Francis GS, Levine TB et al (1983) Regional blood flow response to orthostasis in patients with congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1:1391–1395
Cody RJ, Franklin KW, Kluger J et al (1982) Mechanisms governing the postural response and baroreceptor abnormalities in chronic congestive heart failure: effects of acute and long-term converting-enzyme inhibition. Circulation 66:135–142
Francis GS, Goldsmith SR, Levine TB et al (1984) The neurohumoral axis in congestive heart failure. Ann Intern Med 101:370–377
Kubo SH, Cody RJ (1983) Circulatory autoregulation in chronic congestive heart failure responses to head-up tilt in 41 patients. Am J Cardiol 52:512–518
Olivari MT, Levine TB, Cohn JN (1983) Abnormal neurohumoral response to nitroprusside infusion in congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2:411–417
Harlan WR, Obermann A, Grimm R, Rosati RA (1977) Chronic congestive heart failure in coronary artery disease: clinical criteria. Ann Intern Med 86:133–138
Wheeldon NM, MacDonald TM, Flucker CJ et al (1993) Echocardiography in chronic heart failure in the community. QJM 86:17–23
Remes J, Reunanen A, Aromaa A et al (1992) Incidence of heart failure in eastern Finland: a population-based surveillance study. Eur Heart J 13:588–593
Cleland JGF, Habib F (1996) Assessment and diagnosis of heart failure. J Intern Med 239:317–325
Tresch DD (1997) The clinical diagnosis of heart failure in older patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 45:1128–1133
Brater DC (1998) Diuretic therapy. N Engl J Med 339:387–395
Konstan MA, Remme WJ (1998) Treatment guidelines in heart failure. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 41:65–72
Dormans TPJ, Gerlag PGG, Russel FGM et al (1998) Combination diuretic therapy in severe congestive heart failure. Drugs 55:165–172
Garg R, Yusuf S (1996) Overview of randomized trials of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. JAMA 273:1450–1456
The Digitalis Investigation Group (1997) The effect of digoxin on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med 336:525–533
Zarembski DG, Nolan PE, Slack MK et al (1996) Meta-analysis of the use of low-dose beta-adrenergic blocking therapy in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 77:1247–1250
Doughty RN, Rodgers A, Sharpe N et al (1997) Effects of beta-blocker therapy on mortality in patients with heart failure. Eur Heart J 18:560–565
Heidenreich PA, Lee TT, Massie BM (1997) Effect of beta-blockade on mortality in patients with heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 30:27–34
Avezum A, Tsuyuki RT, Pogue J et al (1998) Beta-blocker therapy for congestive heart failure: a systematic overview and critical appraisal of the published trials. Can J Cardiol 14:1045–1053
Lechat P, Packer M, Cahlon S et al (1998) Clinical effects of beta-adrenergic blockade in chronic heart failure: a meta-analysis of double-blind, placebo controlled, randomized trials. Circulation 98:1184–1191
Packer M, Bristow MR, Cohn JN et al (1996) The effect of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 334:1349–1355
Kannel WB, Plehn JF, Cupples LA (1988) Cardiac failure and sudden death in the Framingham study. Am Heart J 115:869–875
Bigger JT Jr (1987) Why patients with congestive heart failure die: arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Circulation 75(Suppl 5,2):IV28–IV35
Amiodarone Trials Meta-Analysis Investigators (1997) Effect of prophylactic amiodarone on mortality after acute myocardial infarction and in congestive heart failure: meta-analysis of individual data from 6500 patients in randomized trials. Lancet 1997:1417–1424
Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS et al (1996) Improved survival with an implanted defibrillator in patients with coronary disease at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia. N Engl J Med 335:1933–1940
Levine MN, Raskob G, Landefeld S et al (1995) Hemorrhagic complications of anticoagulant therapy. Chest 108:2765–2905
Ware JA, Simons M (1997) Angiogenesis in ischemic heart disease. Nat Med 3:158–164
Packer M, Yushak MN (1984) Hemodynamic and clinical limitations of long-term inotropic therapy with amrinone in patients with severe chronic heart failure. Circulation 70:1038–1047
Hinkle LE Jr, Thaler HT (1982) Clinical classification of cardiac death. Circulation 65:457–464
Feldman AM, Bristow MR, Parmley WW et al (1993) Effects of vesnarinone on morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med 329:149–155
Louie HW, Laks H, Milgalter E et al (1991) Ischemic cardiomyopathy: criteria for coronary revascularization and cardiac transplantation. Circulation 84(Suppl 111):III-290–III-295
Kjekhus J (1990) Arrhythmias and mortality in congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 65:42I–48I
Packer M (1992) Lack of relation between ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation 85:I50–I56
Gradman A, Deedwania P, Cody R et al (1989) Predictors of total mortality and sudden death in mild to moderate heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 14:564–570
Sugrue DD, Rodeheffer RJ, Codd MB et al (1992) The clinical course of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Ann Intern Med 117:117–123
Ho KK, Anderson KM, Kannel WB et al (1993) Survival after the onset of congestive heart failure in Framingham heart study subjects. Circulation 99:107–115
Kalon KJH, Keaven MA, Kannel WB et al (1993) Survival after the onset of congestive heart failure in Framingham heart subjects. Circulation 88:107–115
Waldo AL, Camm AJ, deRuyter H et al (1996) Effect of d-sotalol on mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after recent and remote myocardial infarction. Lancet 348:7–12
Stevenson WG, Middlekauff HM, Stevenson LW et al (1992) Significance of aborted cardiac arrest and sustained ventricular tachycardia in patients referred for treatment therapy of advanced heart failure. Am Heart J 124:123–130
Stevenson WG, Stevenson LW, Middlekauf HR et al (1993) Sudden death prevention in patients with advanced ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 88:2953–2961
Lee KL, Pryor DB, Peiper KS et al (1990) Prognostic value of radionuclide angiography in medically treated patients with coronary artery disease. A comparison with clinical and catheterization variables. Circulation 82:1705–1717
Francis GS, Goldsmith SR, Cohn JN (1982) The relationship of exercise capacity to resting left ventricular performance and basal plasma norepinephrine levels in patients with congestive heart failure. Am Heart J 104:725–731
Franciosa JA, Park M, Levine TB (1981) Lack of correlation between exercise capacity and indexes of resting left ventricular performance in heart failure. Am J Cardiol 47:33–39
Consensus recommendations for heart failure (1999) Evaluation of patients and treatment. Am J Cardiol 83:2A–8A
Polak JF, Holman BL, Wynne J et al (1983) Right ventricular ejection fraction: an indicator of increased mortality in patients with congestive heart failure associated with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2:217–224
CASS Principal Investigators and their Associates (1983) Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS): a randomized trial of coronary artery bypass surgery. Survival data. Circulation 68:939
Lansman SL, Cohen M, Galla JD et al (1993) Coronary bypass with ejection fraction 0.20 or less using centigrade cardioplegia: long-term follow-up. Ann Thorac Surg 56:480–486
Braunwald E, Kloner RA (1982) The stunned myocardium: prolonged, post-ischemic ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 66:1146–1149
Bolli R (1990) Mechanism of myocardial stunning. Circulation 82:723–772
Ferrari R, LaCanna G, Giubbini R et al (1994) Left ventricular dysfunction due to stunning and hibernation in patients. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 8(Suppl 2):371–380
Fuster V, Badimon L, Badimon JJ et al (1992) The pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and the acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 326:242–250, 310–318
Homans DC, Laxson DD, Sublett E et al (1989) Cumulative deterioration of myocardial function after repeated episodes of exercise-induced ischemia. Am J Physiol 256:H1462–H1471
Shivalkar B, Flameng W, Szilard M et al (1999) Repeated stunning precedes myocardial hibernation in progressive multiple coronary artery stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 34:2126–2136
Rahimtoola SH (1989) The hibernating myocardium. Am Heart J 117:211–221
Haas F, Haehnel C, Augustin N et al (1997) Prevalence and time course of functional improvement in stunned and hibernating myocardium in patients with CAD and CHF. J Am Coll Cardiol 29:788A (abstract)
Melon PG, DeLandsheere CM, Degueldre C et al (1997) Relation between contractile reserve and positron emission tomographic patterns of perfusion and glucose utilization in chronic ischemic left ventricular dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 30:1651–1659
Brunken R, Tillisch J, Schwaiger M et al (1986) Regional perfusion, glucose metabolism, and wall motion in patients with chronic electrocardiographic Q-wave infarctions: evidence for persistence of viable tissue in some infarct regions by positron emission tomography. Circulation 73:951–963
Bax JJ, Wijns W, Cornel JH et al (1997) Accuracy of currently available techniques for prediction of functional recovery after revascularization in patients with left ventricular dysfunction due to chronic coronary artery disease: comparison of pooled data. J Am Coll Cardiol 30:1451–1460
Smart S, Wynsen J, Sagar K (1997) Dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography for reversible dysfunction during the first week after myocardial infarction: limitations and determinations of accuracy. J Am Coll Cardiol 30:1669–1678
Perrone-Filardi P, Bacharach SL, Dilsizian V et al (1992) Regional left ventricular wall thickening: relation to regional uptake of F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose and Tl-201 in patients with chronic coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 86:1125–1137
Gunning MG, Anagnostopoulos C, Knight CJ et al (1998) Comparison of Tl-201, Tc-99m-tetrofosmin, and dobutamine magnetic resonance imaging for identifying hibernating myocardium. Circulation 98:1869–1874
Dilsizian V, Arrhighi JA, Diodati JG et al (1994) Myocardial viability in patients with chronic coronary artery disease, comparison of Tc-99m sestamibi with thallium reinjection and F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose. Circulation 89:578–587
Kim YK, Lee DS, Cheon J et al (1999) Myocardial viability assessment by nitroglycerine gated Tc-99m MIBI SPECT: comparison with rest-24-hour redistribution Tl-201 SPECT. J Nucl Med 40:1P(abstract)
Bax JJ, Maddahi J, Poldermans D et al (1999) Enhanced diagnostic accuracy to predict improvement of LVEF post-revascularization by sequential thallium-201 imaging and dobutamine echocardiography. J Nucl Med 40:1P (abstract)
Gropler RJ, Geltman EM, Sampathkumaran K et al (1993) Comparison of carbon-11 acetate with fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose for delineating viable myocardium by positron emission tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 22:1587–1597
Vanoverschelde J-L, Wijns W, Depre C et al (1993) Mechanisms of chronic regional postischemic dysfunction in humans; new insights from the study of noninfarcted collateral-dependent myocardium. Circulation 87:1513–1523
Likoff MJ, Chandler SL, Kay HR (1987) Clinical determinants of mortality in chronic congestive heart failure secondary to idiopathic cardiomyopathy or to ischemic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 59:634–638
Bolli R (1996) The early and late phases of preconditioning against myocardial stunning and the essential role of oxyradicals in the late phase: an overview. Basic Res Cardiol 91:57–63
Perrone-Filardy P, Bacharach S, Dilsizian V et al (1994) Clinical significance of regional myocardial glucose uptake in regions with normal blood flow in patients with chronic coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 23:608–616
Maes A, Flameng W, Nuyts J et al (1994) Histological alterations in chronically hypoperfused myocardium: correlation with PET findings. Circulation 90:735–745
Fallavolita JA, Canty JM (1997) F-18 FDG utilization is regionally increased in fasting pigs with hibernating myocardium. J Am Coll Cardiol 29:130A (abstract)
Schelbert HR (1984) The emergence of positron-emission tomography as a clinical tool for studying local myocardial function. In: Freeman LM, Weissman HS (eds) Nuclear medicine annual. Raven, New York, p 141
Sandler MP, Videlefsky S, Delbeke D et al (1995) Evaluation of myocardial ischemia using a rest metabolism/stress perfusion protocol with fluorine-18 deoxyglucose/technetium-99m MIBI and dual-isotope simultaneous acquisition single-photon emission computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 26:870–888
Bax JJ, Cornel JH, Visser FC et al (1997) F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose single-photon emission computed tomography predicts functional outcome of dyssynergic myocardium after surgical revascularization. J Nucl Cardiol 4:302–308
Burt RW, Perkins OW, Oppenheim BE et al (1995) Direct comparison of fluorine-18-FDG SPECT, fluorine-18-FDG PET, and rest thallium-201 SPECT for detection of myocardial viability. J Nucl Med 36:176–179
Bax JJ, Cornel JH, Visser FC et al (1998) Differentiating viability criteria on F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose imaging for the optimal prediction of functional recovery after revascularization. J Am Coll Cardiol 31:300A (abstract)
Hansen CL, Corbett JR, Pippin JJ et al (1988) 123-I-phenylpentadecanoic acid and single photon emission computed tomography in identifying LV regional metabolic abnormalities in patients with coronary heart disease: comparison with thallium-201 myocardial tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 12:78–87
Hansen CL, Rastogi A, Sangrigoli R et al (1998) On myocardial perfusion, metabolism, and viability. J Nucl Cardiol 5:202–204
Fujiwara S, Takeishi Y, Atsumi H et al (1998) Prediction of functional recovery in acute myocardial infarction: comparison between sestamibi reverse redistribution and sestamibi/BMIPP mismatch. J Nucl Cardiol 5:119–127
Knapp FT, Granken P, Kropp J (1995) Cardiac SPECT with iodine-123-labeled fatty acids: evaluation of myocardial viability with BMIPP. J Nucl Med 36:1022–1030
Shimonagata T, Nanto S, Kusuoka H et al (1998) Metabolic changes in hibernating myocardium after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and the relation between recovery in left ventricular function and free fatty acid metabolism. Am J Cardiol 82:559–563
Bax JJ, Visser FC, Cornel JH et al (1999) The extent of viable tissue determines the magnitude of improvement of LVEF post-revascularization. J Nucl Med 40:47P (abstract)
Tillisch J, Brunken R, Marshall R et al (1986) Reversibility of cardiac wall motion abnormalities predicted by positron emission tomography. N Engl J Med 314:884
Pasquet A, Robert A, D’Hondt AM et al (1999) Prognostic value of myocardial ischemia and viability in patients with chronic left ventricular ischemic dysfunction. Circulation 100:141–148
Layher J, Ziles D, Englestein E et al (1997) PET mismatch identifies patients at risk for arrhythmic death. J Am Coll Cardiol 29:413A (abstract)
Huiting JM, Visser FC, Bax JJ et al (1998) Predictive value of planar 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose imaging for cardiac events in patients after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 81:1072–1077
Bax JJ, Poldermans D, Elhendy A et al (1999) Improvement of left ventricular ejection fraction, heart failure symptoms and prognosis after revascularization in patients with chronic coronary artery disease and viable myocardium detected by dobutamine stress echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 34:163–169
Langenburg SE, Cuchanan SA, Blackbourne LH et al (1995) Predicting survival after coronary revascularization for ischemic cardiomyopathy. Ann Thorac Surg 60:1193–1196
Lansman SL, Cohen M, Galla JD et al (1993) Coronary bypass with ejection fraction of 0.20 or less using centigrade cardioplegia: long-term follow-up. Ann Thorac Surg 56:480–485
Kaul TK, Agnihotri A, Fields BL et al (1996) Coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with an ejection fraction of twenty percent or less. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 111:1001–1012
Eitzman D, Al-Aourar Z, Kanter HL et al (1992) Clinical outcome of patients with advanced coronary artery disease after viability studies with positron emission tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 20:559–565
DiCarli MF, Asgarzadie F, Schelbert HR et al (1995) Quantitative relation between myocardial viability and improvement in heart failure symptoms after revascularization in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 92:3436–3444
Chan RK, Raman J, Lee KJ et al (1996) Prediction of outcome after revascularization in patients with poor left ventricular function. Ann Thorac Surg 61:1428–1434
Haas F, Haehnel CJ, Picker W et al (1997) Preoperative positron emission tomographic viability assessment and perioperative and post-operative risk in patients with advanced ischemic heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 30:1693–1700
Beanlands RSB, Hendry PJ, Masters RG et al (1998) Delay in revascularization is associated with increased mortality rate in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction and viable myocardium on fluorine 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging. Circulation 98:II-51–II-56
Czernin J, Allen-Auerbach M, Shoder H et al (1999) Impact of cardiac PET on management of patients with congestive heart failure. J Nucl Med 40:47P (abstract)
Beanlands RSB, Ruddy TD, deKemp RA et al (2002) Positron emission tomography and recovery following revascularization (PARR-1): the importance of scar and the development of a prediction rule for the degree of recovery of left ventricular function. J Am Coll Cardiol 40:1735–1743
Beanlands RSB, Nichol G, Huszti E et al (2007) F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging-assisted management of patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction and suspected coronary disease: a randomized, controlled trial (PARR-2). J Am Coll Cardiol 50:2002–2012
Bonow RO, Maurer G, Lee KL et al (2011) Myocardial viability and survival in ischemic left ventricular dysfunction. N Engl J Med 364:1617–1625
Mudge GH, Goldstein S, Addonizio LJ et al (1993) Task force 3: recipient guidelines/prioritization. J Am Coll Cardiol 22:21–31
Evans RW, Manninen DL, Garrison LP et al (1986) Donor availability as the primary determinant of the future of heart transplantation. JAMA 255:1982–1985
Schwartz F, Mall G, Zebe H et al (1984) Determination of the survival in patients with congestive cardiomyopathy: quantitative morphologic findings and left ventricular hemodynamics. Circulation 70:923–928
Diaz RA, Obasohan A, Oakley CM (1987) Prediction of outcome in dilated cardiomyopathy. Br Heart J 58:393–399
Keogh AM, Freund J, Baron DW et al (1988) Timing of cardiac transplantation in idiopathic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 61:418–422
Mancini DM, Eisen H, Kussmaul W et al (1991) Value of peak exercise oxygen consumption for optimal timing of cardiac transplantation in ambulatory patients with heart failure. Circulation 83:778–786
Cohn JN, Levine BT, Olivari MT et al (1984) Plasma norepinephrine as a guide to prognosis in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 311:819–823
Creager MA, Faxon DP, Halperin JL et al (1982) The determinants of clinical response and survival in patients with congestive heart failure treated with enalapril. Am Heart J 104:1147–1154
Rector TS, Olivari MT, Levine TB et al (1987) Predicting survival for an individual with congestive heart failure using the plasma norepinephrine concentration. Am Heart J 114:148–152
Sisson JC (1993) The adrenergic nervous system of the heart and nuclear medicine. In: Freeman LM (ed) Nuclear medicine annual. Raven, New York, p 234
Sullebarger JT, Liang C (1991) Beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation and inhibition in chronic congestive heart failure. Heart Fail 7:154–160
Bristow MR, Anderson FL, Port JD et al (1991) Differences in beta-adrenergic neuroeffector mechanisms in ischemic versus idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation 84:1024–1039
CIBIS Investigator and Committee (1994) A randomized trial of beta-blockade in heart failure; the cardiac insufficiency bisoprolol study (CIBIS). Circulation 90:1765–1773
Sisson JC, Shapiro B, Meyers L et al (1987) Metaiodobenzylguanidine to map scintigraphically the adrenergic nervous system in man. J Nucl Med 28:1625–1636
Dae MW, O’Connell JW, Botvinick EH et al (1989) Scintigraphic assessment of regional cardiac adrenergic innervation. Circulation 79:634–644
Schwaiger M, Kalff V, Rosenepire K et al (1990) Noninvasive evaluation of sympathetic nervous system in human heart by positron emission tomography. Circulation 82:457–464
Deforge J, Syrota A, Lancon JP et al (1991) Cardiac beta-adrenergic receptor density measured in vivo using PET, CGP 12177, and a new graphical method. J Nucl Med 32:739–748
Sisson JC, Wieland DM, Koeppe RA et al (1991) Scintigraphic portrayal of beta receptors in the heart. J Nucl Med 32:1399–1407
Wieland DM, Brown LE, Rogers WL et al (1981) Myocardial imaging with a radioiodinated norepinephrine storage analog. J Nucl Med 22:22–31
Nakajo M, Shimabukuro K, Yoshimura H et al (1986) Iodine-131 metaiodobenzylguanidine intra-and extravesicular accumulation in the rat heart. J Nucl Med 27:84–89
Nakajo M, Shapiro B, Glowniak J et al (1983) Inverse relationship between cardiac accumulation of meta-I-123-iodobenzylguanidine (I-131 MIBG) and circulating catecholamines in suspected pheochromocytoma. J Nucl Med 24:1127–1134
Kurata C, Shouda S, Mikami T et al (1997) Comparison of I-123-metaiodobenzylguanidine kinetics with heart rate variability and plasma norepinephrine level. J Nucl Cardiol 4:515–523
Yamakado K, Takeda K, Kitano T et al (1992) Serial change of iodine-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) myocardial concentration in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur J Nucl Med 19:265–270
Glowniak JV, Turner FE, Gray LL et al (1989) Iodine-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine imaging of the heart in idiopathic congestive cardiomyopathy and cardiac transplants. J Nucl Med 30:1182–1191
Schofer J, Spielmass R, Schuchert A et al (1988) Iodine-123 meta-iodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy: a noninvasive method to demonstrate myocardial adrenergic nervous system disintegrity in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 12:1252–1258
Merlet P, Duboi-Rande JL, Adnot S et al (1992) Myocardial beta-adrenergic desensitization and neuronal norepinephrine uptake function in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 19:10–16
Toyama T, Aihara Y, Iwasaki T et al (1999) Cardiac sympathetic activity estimated by I-123-MIBG myocardial imaging in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy after beta-blocker or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy. J Nucl Med 40:217–223
Choi JY, Lee KH, Lee SH et al (1999) I-123 MIBG imaging before treatment to predict improvement of LV function after carvedilol medication in heart failure patients. J Nucl Med 40:162P (abstract)
Merlet P, Benvenuti C, Moyse D et al (1999) Prognostic value of MIBG imaging in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. J Nucl Med 40:917–923
Agostini D, Belin A, Filmont JE et al (1999) Low cardiac MIBG uptake predicts for high risk of cardiac events in cardiomyopathy. J Nucl Med 40:P43–P44
Jacobson AF, Senior R, Cerquiera MD et al (2010) Myocardial iodine-123 meta-iodobenzylguanidine imaging and cardiac events in heart failure: results of the prospective ADMIRE-HF study. J Am Coll Cardiol 55:2212–2221
Shah AM, Bourgoun M, Narula J et al (2012) Influence of ejection fraction on the prognostic value of sympathetic innervation imaging with iodine-123 MIBG in heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol Img 5:1139–1146
Verberne HJ, Brewster LM, Somsen GA et al (2008) Prognostic value of myocardial I-123-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) parameters in patients with heart failure: a systematic review. Eur Heart J 29:1147–1159
Inoue H, Zipes DP (1988) Time course of denervation of efferent sympathetic and vagal nerves after occlusion of the coronary artery in the canine heart. Circ Res 62:111–120
Kammerling JJ, Green FJ, Watanabe AM et al (1987) Denervation supersensitivity of refractoriness in noninfarcted areas apical to transmural myocardial infarction. Circulation 76:383–393
Stanton MS, Tuli MM, Radtke NL et al (1989) Regional sympathetic denervation after myocardial infarction in humans detected noninvasively using I-123-metaiodobenzylguanidine. J Am Coll Cardiol 14:1519–1526
Merlet P, Defolge J, Syrota A et al (1993) Positron emission tomography with C-11 CGP-12177 to assess beta-adrenergic receptor concentration in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation 87:1169–1178
Bristow MR, Ginsburg R, Monobe W et al (1982) Decreased catecholamine sensitivity and beta-adrenergic-receptor density in failing human heart. N Engl J Med 307:205–211
Martinsson A, Larsson K, Hjemdahl P (1987) Studies in vivo and in vitro terbutaline – induced beta-adrenoceptor desensitization in healthy subjects. Clin Sci 72:47–54
Buja LM, Muntz KH, Rosenbaum T et al (1985) Characterization of a potentially reversible increase in beta-adrenergic receptors in isolated, neonatal rat cardiac myocytes with impaired energy metabolism. Circ Res 57:640–645
Qing F, Rahman SU, Hayes MU et al (1997) Effect of chronic B2-agonist dosing on human cardiac beta-adrenoceptor expression in vivo: comparison with changes in lung and mononuclear leukocyte beta-receptors. J Nucl Cardiol 4:532–538
Dawkins KD, Oldershaw PJ, Billingham ME et al (1984) Changes in diastolic function as a noninvasive marker of cardiac allograft rejection. Heart Transplant 3:286–194
Clark MB, Spotnitz HM, Dubroff JM et al (1983) Acute rejection after cardiac transplantation: detection by two-dimensional echocardiography. Surg Form 34:248–250
Keren A, Gillis AM, Freedman RA et al (1983) Heart transplant rejection monitored by single-averaged electrocardiogram in patients receiving cyclosporine A (abstract). Circulation 68:II-151
Lerch RA, Bergmann SR, Carlson EM et al (1982) Monitoring of cardiac antirejection therapy with In-111 lymphocytes. J Nucl Med 23:496–500
Farid NA, White SM, Heck LL et al (1983) Tc-99m-labeled leukocytes. Preparation and use in identification of abscess and tissue rejection. Radiology 148:827–831
Want TST, Oluwole S, Fawwaz RA et al (1982) Cellular basis for accumulation of In-111-labeled leukocytes and platelets in rejection cardiac allografts. Concise communication. J Nucl Med 23:993–997
Johnson LHJ, Seldin DW, Addonizio LJ (1988) Antimyosin imaging in acute myocardial infarction and cardiac transplant rejection. In: Pohost GM, Higgins CB, Morganroth J, Ritchie JL, Schelbert HR (eds) New concepts in cardiac imaging. Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago, pp 117–140
Frist W, Yasuda T, McDougall R et al (1986) Noninvasive detection of human cardiac transplant rejection with indium-111 antimyosin imaging. Circulation 74:II-219
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Machac, J. (2015). Nuclear Cardiology 2: Myocardial Perfusion, Metabolism, Infarction, and Receptor Imaging. In: Elgazzar, A. (eds) The Pathophysiologic Basis of Nuclear Medicine. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06112-2_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06112-2_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-06111-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-06112-2
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)