Abstract
This chapter introduces a novel multi-layered analytical approach combining corpus linguistics (CL), conversation analysis (CA), and second language (L2) classroom modes analysis (Walsh, Investigating classroom discourse, Routledge, London/New York, 2006; Exploring classroom discourse: language in action, Routledge, London, 2011) for the investigation of discourse markers (henceforth DMs) in the spoken discourse of teachers. In response to the DMs’ multifunctional nature (Jucker and Ziv, Discourse markers: introduction. In; Jucker AH, Ziv Y (eds) Discourse markers: descriptions and theory, John Benjamins B.V., Amsterdam, pp 1–12, 1998), it suggests an integrated approach to examine both the macro and micro contexts of DMs in teacher-led classroom interaction.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Adolphs, S., Crawford, P., Brown, B., Sahota, O., & Carter, R. A. (2004). Applying corpus linguistics in a health care context. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 1(1), 44–49.
Aijmer, K. (2002). English discourse particles: Evidence from a corpus. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Aijmer, K., & Simon-Vandenbergen, A.-M. (2011). Pragmatic markers. In J. Zienkowski, J.-O. Östman, & J. Verschueren (Eds.), Discursive pragmatics (pp. 223–247). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Aijmer, K., & Stenström, A. B. (2005). Approaches to spoken interaction. Journal of Pragmatics, 37, 1743–1751.
Amador Moreno, C. P., O’Riordan, S., & Chambers, A. (2006). Integrating a corpus of classroom discourse in language teacher education: The case of discourse markers. Recall, 18(1), 83–104.
Arminen, I. (2005). Institutional interaction: Studies of talk at work. Surrey: Ashgate.
Bazeley, P. (2009). Integrating analyses in mixed methods research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 3(3), 203–207.
Beach, W. (1993). Transitional regularities for ‘casual’ “okay” usages. Journal of Pragmatics, 19, 325–352.
Beach, W. (1995). Preserving and constraining options: “Okays” and ‘official’ priorities in medical interviews. In G. H. Morris & R. J. Chenail (Eds.), The talk of the clinic: Explorations in the analysis of medial and therapeutic discourse (pp. 259–289). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Blakemore, D. (1992). Understanding utterances. Oxford: Blackwell.
Breen, M. P. (1998). Navigating the discourse: On what is learned in the language classroom. In W. A. Renandya & G. M. Jacobs (Eds.), Learners and language learning (pp. 115–143). Singapore: SEAMO Regional Language Centre.
Brinton, L. (1996). Pragmatic markers in English: Grammaticalization and discourse functions. Berlin: Mouton.
Campanelli, P., Channell, J., McAulay, L., Renouf, A., & Thomas, R. (1994). Training: An exploration of the word and the concept with an analysis of the implications for survey design (Research Series No. 30). Sheffield: Employment Department.
Carter, R., & McCarthy, M. (2006). Cambridge grammar of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dailey-O’Cain, J., & Liebscher, G. (2006). Language learners’ use of discourse markers as evidence for a mixed code. International Journal of Bilingualism, 10(1), 89–109.
Dalle, T., & Inglis, M. (1990). ITA “teacher talk” – Discourse markers as guideposts to learning (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 353 827). Washington, D.C.: ERIC.
De Fina, A. (1997). An analysis of Spanish bien as a marker of classroom management in teacher student interaction. Journal of Pragmatics, 28, 337–354.
Dörnyei, Z. (2007). Research methods in applied linguistics: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methodologies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Eggins, S., & Slade, D. (1997). Analysing casual conversation. London: Cassell.
Elder, C., & Golombek, P. (2003). The effects of organization markers on ESL learners’ text understanding. TESOL Quarterly, 37(4), 749–759.
Fassnacht, C. (2012). Transana (Version 2.52). Wisconsin: Wisconsin Centre for Education Research.
Fischer, K. (2006). Approaches to discourse particles. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Flowerdew, J., & Tarouza, S. (1995). The effect of discourse markers on second language lecture comprehension. Journal of Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 17(4), 435–458.
Frank-Job, B. (2006). A dynamic-interactional approach to discourse markers. In K. Fischer (Ed.), Approaches to discourse particles (pp. 395–413). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Fraser, B. (1988). Types of English discourse markers. Acta Linguistica Hungaria, 38, 19–33.
Fraser, B. (1999). What are discourse markers? Journal of Pragmatics, 31, 931–952.
Fung, L. (2003). The use and teaching of discourse markers in Hong Kong: Students’ production and teachers’ perspectives. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Nottingham, Nottingham.
Fung, L., & Carter, R. (2007). Discourse markers and spoken English: Native and learner use in pedagogical settings. Applied Linguistics, 28(3), 410–439.
Garfinkel, H., & Sacks, H. (1970). On formal structures of practical action. In J. C. McKinney & E. A. Tiryakian (Eds.), Theoretical sociology: Perspectives and developments (pp. 338–366). New York: Appleton.
Goffman, E. (1981). Forms of talk. Oxford: Blackwell.
Greene, J. C., Caracelli, V. J., & Graham, W. F. (1989). Toward a conceptual framework for mixed – Method evaluation designs. Educational Evaluation Policy Analysis, 11, 255–274.
Grant, L. E. (2010). A corpus comparison of the use of I don’t know by British and New Zealand speakers. Journal of Pragmatics, 42, 2282–2296.
Halliday, M. A. K., & Hasan, R. H. (1976). Cohesion in English. London: Longman.
Haakana, M. (2002). Laughter in medical interaction: From quantification to analysis, and back. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 6(2), 207–235.
Henzl, V. (1973). Linguistic register of foreign language instruction. Language Learning, 23, 207–222.
Jucker, A. H., & Ziv, Y. (1998). Discourse markers: Introduction. In A. H. Jucker & Y. Ziv (Eds.), Discourse markers: Descriptions and theory (pp. 1–12). Amsterdam: John Benjamins B.V.
Jung, H. E. (2003). The role of discourse signalling cues in second language listening comprehension. Modern Language Journal, 87(4), 562–576.
Kasper, G. (1985). Repair in foreign language teaching. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 7(2), 200–215.
Knight, D. (2009). A multi-modal corpus approach to the analysis of backchanneling behaviour. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
Kumaravadivelu, B. (2006). Understanding language teaching: From method to postmethod. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Lee-Goldman, R. (2011). No as a discourse marker. Journal of Pragmatics, 43(10), 2627–2649.
Leech, G. (2004). Recent grammatical change in English: Data, description, theory. In K. Aijmer & B. Altenberg (Eds.), Advances in corpus linguistics: Papers from the 23rd international conference on English language research on computerized corpora (ICAME 23) (pp. 61–81). Amsterdam: Rodopi.
Llinares-García, A., & Romero-Trillo, J. (2008). The pragmatic role of discourse markers of native and non-native teachers in CLIL contexts. In J. Romero-Trillo (Ed.), Pragmatics and corpus linguistics: A mutualistic entente (pp. 191–204). Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Maschler, Y. (1998). Rotsèlishmoakéta? Wanna hear something weird/funny? [lit. a segment]: Segmenting Israeli Hebrew talk-in-action. In A. H. Jucker & Y. Ziv (Eds.), Discourse markers: Descriptions and theory (pp. 13–59). Amsterdam: John Benjamins B.V.
Maschler, Y. (2009). Metalanguage in interaction: Hebrew discourse markers. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
McCarthy, M. J. (1998). Spoken language and applied linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
McCarthy, M. J. (2003). Talking back: “small” interactional response tokens in everyday conversation. Research on Language in Social Interaction, 36(1), 33–63.
McEnery, T., & Wilson, A. (1996). Corpus linguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Müller, S. (2005). Discourse markers in native and non-native English discourse. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
O’Keeffe, A., & Walsh, S. (2012). Applying corpus linguistics and conversation analysis in the investigation of small group teaching in higher education. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory, 8(1), 159–181.
O’Keeffe, A., Clancy, B., & Adolphs, B. (2011). Introducing pragmatics in use. London/New York: Routledge.
Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Teddlie, C. (2003). A framework for analysing data in mixed methods research. In A. Tashakkori & C. Teddlie (Eds.), Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral research (pp. 351–383). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Othman, Z. (2010). The use of okay, right and yeah in academic lectures by native speaker lecturers: Their “anticipated” and “real” meanings. Discourse Studies, 12(5), 665–681.
Polat, B. (2011). Investigating acquisition of discourse markers through a developmental learner corpus. Journal of Pragmatics, 43(15), 3745–3756.
Romero-Trillo, J. (2002). The pragmatic fossilization of discourse markers in non-native speakers of English. Journal of Pragmatics, 34, 769–784.
Romero-Trillo, J. (2012). Pragmatic markers. In Encyclopedia of applied linguistics (pp. 4522–4528). Oxford: Blackwell-Wiley.
Sacks, H., Schegloff, E. A., & Jefferson, G. (1974). A simplest systematics for the organization of turn taking for conversation. Language, 50, 696–735.
Schegloff, E. A. (1997). Practices and actions: Boundary cases of other-initiated repair. Discourse Processes, 23(3), 499–545.
Schiffrin, D. (1987). Discourse markers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schiffrin, D. (2001). Discourse markers: Language, meaning and context. In D. Schiffrin, D. Tannen, & H. E. Hamilton (Eds.), The handbook of discourse analysis (pp. 54–75). Oxford: Blackwell.
Schleef, E. (2008). Gender and academic discourse: global restrictions and local possibilities. Language in Society, 37, 515–538.
Schourup, L. (1999). Discourse markers. Lingua, 107, 227–265.
Scott, M. (2008). WordSmith tools (Version 5). Liverpool: Lexical Analysis Software.
Seedhouse, P. (2004). The interactional architecture of the language classroom: A conversation analysis perspective. Oxford: Blackwell.
Sinclair, J. (2004). Intuition and annotation: The discussion continues. In K. Aijmer & B. Altenberg (Eds.), Advances in corpus linguistics (pp. 39–59). Amsterdam: Rodopi.
Tay, D. (2011). Discourse markers as metaphor signalling devices in psychotherapeutic talk. Language and Communication, 31(4), 310–317.
Ten Have, P. (2007). Doing conversation analysis: A practical guide. London: Sage.
Trester, A. M. (2009). Discourse marker ‘oh’ as a means for realizing the identity potential of constructed dialogue in interaction. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 13(2), 147–168.
Walsh, S. (2006). Investigating classroom discourse. London/New York: Routledge.
Walsh, S. (2011). Exploring classroom discourse: Language in action. London: Routledge.
Walsh, S., Morton, T., & O’Keeffe, A. (2011). Analyzing university spoken interaction: A CL/CA approach. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 16(3), 326–345.
Wooffitt, R. (2005). Conversation analysis and discourse analysis: A comparative and critical introduction. London: Sage.
Acknowledgements
I am grateful to Professor Lian Zhang, who has authorised me to use the data from China’s National Social Science Fund Project “EFL Classroom Discourse Research and Teacher Development” (Ref. No. 07BYY036). My special thanks to Professor Steve Walsh, Dr. Dawn Knight, Dr. Jesús Romero-Trillo, and Alastair Krzyzosiak for their advice and support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Yang, S. (2014). Interaction and Codability: A Multi-layered Analytical Approach to Discourse Markers in Teacher’s Spoken Discourse. In: Romero-Trillo, J. (eds) Yearbook of Corpus Linguistics and Pragmatics 2014. Yearbook of Corpus Linguistics and Pragmatics, vol 2. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06007-1_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06007-1_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-06006-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-06007-1
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawSocial Sciences (R0)