Abstract
Taking a landscape approach to conservation requires us to embrace the complex diversity inherent in these places: recognizing natural and cultural values, tangible and intangible heritage, and history and present-day uses. Such an approach is interdisciplinary and inclusive, linking nature and culture and engaging people in stewardship. This contribution explores emerging trends that support the landscape approach in protected areas policy and practice. Reflecting on various milestone events over the past decade, it briefly reviews key conceptual and policy developments that reinforce collaborative and community governance of protected areas and of the broader landscape/seascape. It discusses the recent review of the IUCN protected area management categories and emergence of the governance framework in protected areas. It notes the growing adoption at national and provincial levels of protected landscapes designations based on IUCN Category V and, in parallel, the use of the World Heritage cultural landscape designation.
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Notes
- 1.
Bio-cultural diversity can be defined as “the true web of life: diversity in both nature and culture. It’s a living network made up of the millions of species of plants and animals that have evolved on Earth, and of the thousands of human cultures and languages that have developed over time. Languages, cultures, and ecosystems are interdependent. They’re bound together through the myriad ways in which people have interacted with the natural environment” (http://www.terralingua.org/, accessed on 12 October 2013).
- 2.
The debate over the past few decades on the role of protected areas in society has been spirited, challenging, and ultimately constructive. The 5th World Parks Congress in 2003 (Durban, South Africa) was a watershed event in this debate, producing the Durban Accord, which enshrined the rights and responsibilities of indigenous and local communities and raised the profile of diverse governance regimes. Other major global gatherings include subsequent meetings of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), in particular COP 7, which adopted the Programme of Work on Protected Areas. Key gatherings of the International Union for Nature Conservation (IUCN) included the World Conservation Congresses of 2004 (Bangkok, Thailand), 2008 (Barcelona, Spain), and 2012 (Jeju, Korea), respectively. Also during this period, in 2007, the UN General Assembly adopted the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), which provides a strong basis for the involvement of indigenous peoples in all forms of conservation and development (Kothari et al. 2013).
- 3.
- 4.
http://worldparkscongress.org/streams.html, accessed 15 October 2013
- 5.
The Convention on Biological Diversity is an international treaty for the conservation of biodiversity, the sustainable use of components of biodiversity, and the equitable sharing of the benefits derived from the use of genetic resources. With 193 parties, the Convention has near universal participation among countries.
- 6.
COP 7 Decision VII/28
- 7.
COP 7 Decision VII/3
- 8.
Press Release, CBD, Montreal 12/10/2013
- 9.
“A clearly defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values.” (Dudley 2008)
- 10.
http://www.dhimurru.com.au/sea-country-ipa-management-plan-launch.html. Accessed 22 October 2013
- 11.
http://whc.unesco.org/en/culturallandscape/. Accessed 21 October 2013
- 12.
http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1333/, accessed 21 October 2013, and http://www.christensenfund.org/2012/08/01/ethiopia-konso-people-celebrate-unesco-world-heritage-support/, accessed 01 Oct 2013
- 13.
http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1231;whc.unesco.org/en/list/1326. Accessed 01 October 2013
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Brown, J. (2015). Bringing Together Nature and Culture: Integrating a Landscape Approach in Protected Areas Policy and Practice. In: Gambino, R., Peano, A. (eds) Nature Policies and Landscape Policies. Urban and Landscape Perspectives, vol 18. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05410-0_3
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