Abstract
Inflammation was characterized 2,000 years ago by Celsus by the four Latin words: rubor, calor, tumor, and dolor. Inflammation has different phases: the first phase is caused by an increase of vascular permeability resulting in exudation of fluid from the blood into the interstitial space, the second one by infiltration of leukocytes from the blood into the tissues, and the third one by granuloma formation. Accordingly, anti-inflammatory tests have to be divided into those measuring acute inflammation, subacute inflammation, and chronic repair processes. In some cases, the screening is directed to test compounds for local application. Predominantly, however, these studies are aimed to find new drugs against polyarthritis and other rheumatic diseases. Since the etiology of polyarthritis is considered to be largely immunological, special tests have been developed to investigate various immunological and allergic factors (see “Antiarthrotic and Immunomodulatory Activity”).
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References and Further Reading
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Inhibition of TNF-α Release
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Effect of TNF-α Binding
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Binding to Interferon Receptors
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Chemokine Antagonism
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Influence of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) on Inflammation
Bishop-Bailey D, Warner TD (2003) PPARγ ligands induce prostaglandin production in vascular smooth muscle cells: indomethacin acts as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ antagonist. FASEB J 17:1925–1927
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Binding to Histamine H4 Receptor
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Methods for Testing Acute and Subacute Inflammation
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Kligman LH (1994) Rapid assay of the anti-inflammatory activity of topical corticosteroids by inhibition of a UVA-induced neutrophil infiltration in hairless mouse skin. II. Assessment of name brand versus generic potency. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 74:18–19
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Inhibition of Leukocyte Adhesion to Rat Mesenteric Venules In Vivo
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Oxazolone-Induced Ear Edema in Mice
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Croton-Oil Ear Edema in Rats and Mice
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Paw Edema
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Pleurisy Test
Ackerman N, Tomolonis A, Miram L, Kheifets J, Martinez S, Carter A (1980) Three day pleural inflammation: a new model to detect drug effects on macrophage accumulation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 215:588–595
De Brito FB (1989) Pleurisy and pouch models of acute inflammation. In: Chang JY, Lewis AJ (eds) Pharmacological methods in the control of inflammation. Alan R. Liss, New York, pp 173–194
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Granuloma Pouch Technique
Atkinson RM, Jenkins L, Tomich EG, Woollett EA (1962) The effects of some anti-inflammatory substances on carrageenin-induced granulomata. J Endocrinol 25:87–93
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Urate-Induced Synovitis
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Methods for Testing the Proliferative Phase (Granuloma Formation)
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Sponge Implantation Technique
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Glass Rod Granuloma
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Side Effects of Anti-inflammatory Compounds
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Daniel, V. (2016). Anti-Inflammatory Activity. In: Hock, F. (eds) Drug Discovery and Evaluation: Pharmacological Assays. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05392-9_42
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