Abstract
We review the relevant vibrational and electronic properties of a single and a few layer MoS2 to understand their resonant and nonresonant Raman scattering results. In particular, the optical modes and low frequency shear and layer breathing modes show significant dependence on the number of MoS2 layers. Further, the electron doping of the MoS2 single layer achieved using top-gating in a field effect transistor renormalizes the two optical modes A 1g and \( E_{2g}^{1} \) differently due to symmetry-dependent electron–phonon coupling. The issues related to carrier mobility, the Schottky barrier at the MoS2–metal contact pads and the modifications of the dielectric environment are addressed. The direct optical transitions for single-layer MoS2 involve two excitons at K-point in the Brillouin zone and their stability with temperature and pressure is reviewed. Finally, the Fermi level dependence of spectral shift for a quasiparticle, called trion, is discussed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Geim, A.K., Novoselov, K.S.: The rise of graphene. Nature Mat. 6, 183 (2007)
Castro Neto, A.H., Guinea, F., Peres, N.M.R., Novoselov, K.S., Geim, A.K.: The electronic properties of graphene. Rev. Mod. Physics 81, 109 (2009)
Rao, C.N.R., Sood, A.K., Subrahmanyam, K.S., Govindaraj, A.: Graphene: The new two-dimensional nanomaterial. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 48, 7752–7777 (2009)
Rao, C.N.R., Sood, A.K., Voggu, R., Subrahmanyam, K.S.: Some novel attributes of graphene. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 1, 572–580 (2010)
Sood. A.K., Chakraborty, B.: Understanding graphene via Raman scattering. Wiley–VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, chapter–2, 49–90 (2012)
Das, A., Chakraborty, B., Sood, A.K.: Probing single and bilayer graphene field effect transistors By Raman spectroscopy. Mod. Phys. Lett. B 25, 511–535 (2011)
Novoselov, K.S., Jiang, D., Schedin, F., Booth, T.J., Khotkevich, V.V., Morozov, S.V., Geim, A.K.: Two-dimensional atomic crystals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A. 102, 10451–10453 (2005)
Rogers, J.A., Lagally, M.G., Nuzzo, R.G.: Synthesis, assembly and applications of semiconductor nanomembranes. Nature 447, 45–53 (2011)
Bolotin, K.I., Sikes, K.J., Jiang, Z., Klima, M., Fudenberg, G., Hone, J., Kim, P., Stormer, H.L.: Ultrahigh electron mobility in suspended graphene. Solid State Commun. 146, 351–355 (2008)
Radisavljevic, B., Radenovic, A., Brivio, J., Giacometti, V., Kis, A.: Single-layer MoS2 transistors. Nat. Nanotechnol. 6, 147–150 (2011)
Das, S., Chen, H.Y., Penumatcha, A.V., Appenzeller, J.: High performance multilayer MoS2 transistors with scandium contacts. Nano Lett. 13, 100–105 (2013)
Zhang, W., et al.: Ultrahigh-gain phototransistors based on graphene-MoS2 heterostructures. arXiv:1302.1230 (2013)
Liu, K–.K., et al.: Growth of large-area and highly crystalline MoS2 thin layers on insulating substrates. Nano Lett. 12, 1538–1544 (2012)
Zhou, K.G., Mao, N.N., Wang, H.X., Peng, Y., Zhang, H.L.: A mixed-solvent strategy for efficient exfoliation of inorganic graphene analogues. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50, 10839–10840 (2011)
Li, Y., Wang, H., Xie, L., Liang, Y., Hong, G., Dai, H.: MoS2 nanoparticles grown on graphene: an advanced catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 7296–7299 (2011)
Coleman, N.J., et al.: Two-dimensional nanosheets produced by liquid exfoliation of layered materials. Science 331, 568–571 (2011)
Eda, G., Yamaguchi, H., Voiry, D., Fujita, T., Chen, M., Chhowalla, M.: Photoluminescence from chemically exfoliated MoS2. Nano Lett. 11, 5111–5116 (2011)
Rao, C.N.R., Nag, A.: Inorganic analogues of graphene. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 27, 4244–4250 (2010)
Ramakrishna Matte, H.S.S., Gomathi, A., Manna, A.K., Dattatray, J.L., Ranjan, D., Pati, S.K., Rao, C.N.R.: MoS2 and WS2 analogues of graphene. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49, 4059–4062 (2010)
Li, Q., Newberg, J.T., Walter, J.C., Hemminger, J.C., Penner, R.M.: Polycrystalline molybdenum disulfide (2H-MoS2) nano- and microribbens by electrochemicl/chemical synthesis. Nano Lett. 4, 277–281 (2004)
Balendhran, S., Ou, J.Z., Bhaskaran, M., Sriram, S., Ippolito, S., Vasic, Z., Kats, E., Bhargava, S., Zhuiykov, S., Kalantar-zadeh, K.: Atomically thin layers of MoS2 via a two step thermal evaporation–exfoliation method. Nanoscale 4, 461–466 (2012)
Peng, Y., Meng, Z., Zhong, C., Lu, J., Yu, W., Jia, Y., Qian, Y.: Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of single-molecular-layer MoS2 and MoSe2. Chem. Lett. 8, 772–773 (2001)
Lauritsen, J.V., Kibsgaard, J., Helveg, S., Topsoe, H., Clausen, B.S., Lagsgaard, E., Besenbacher, F.: Size-dependent structure of MoS2 nanocrystals. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2, 53–58 (2007)
Li, Y., Wang, H., Xie, L., Liang, Y., Hong, G., Dai, H.: MoS2 nanoparticles grown on graphene: an advanced catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 7296–7299 (2011)
Rao, C.N.R., Ramakrishna Matte, H.S.S., Subrahmanyama, K.S., Maitra, U.: Unusual magnetic properties of graphene and related materials. Chem. Sci. 3, 45–52 (2012)
Mathew, S., et al.: Magnetism in MoS2 induced by proton irradiation. Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 102103–102105 (2012)
Mak, K.F., Lee, C., Hone, J., Shan, J., Heinz, T.F.: Atomically Thin MoS2: A new direct-gap semiconductor. Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 136805 (2010)
Yao, W., Xiao, D., Niu, Q.: Valley-dependent optoelectronics from inversion symmetry breaking. Phys. Rev. B 77, 235406–235407 (2008)
Mak, K.F., He, K., Shan, J., Heinz, T.F.: Control of valley polarization in monolayer MoS2 by optical helicity. Nature Nanotech. 7, 494–498 (2012)
Mak, K.F., He, K., Lee, C., Lee, G.H., Hone, J., Heinz, T.F., Shan, J.: Tightly bound trions in monolayer MoS2. Nature Mat. 12, 207–211 (2013)
Radisavljevic, B., Kis, A.: Mobility engineering and metal-insulator transition in monolayer MoS2. arXiv:1301.4947 (2013)
Cao, T., et al.: Valley-selective circular dichroism of monolayer molybdenum disulphide. Nat. Commun. 3, 887 (2012)
Taniguchi, K., Matsumoto, A., Shimotani, H., Takag, H.: Electric-field-induced superconductivity at 9.4Â K in a layered transition metal disulphide MoS2. Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 042603 (2012)
Roldan, R., Cappelluti, E., Guineal, F.: Interactions and superconductivity in heavily doped MoS2. arXiv:1301.4836 (2013)
Ramana, C.V., Becker, U., Shutthanandan, V., Julien, C.M.: Oxidation and metal-insertion in molybdenite surfaces: evaluation of charge-transfer mechanisms and dynamics. Geochem. Trans. 9, 8 (2008)
Bromley, R.A., Murray, R.B., Yoffe, A.D.: The band structures of some transition metal dichalcogenides: III. Group VI A: trigonal prism materials. J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys. 5, 759–778 (1972)
Mattheiss, L.F.: Energy bands for 2H-NbSe and 2H-MoS2. Phys. Rev. Lett. 30, 784–787 (1973)
Lebegue, S., Eriksson, O.: Electronic structure of two-dimensional crystals from ab initio theory. Phys. Rev. B 79, 115409 (2009)
Splendiani, A., et al.: Emerging photoluminescence in monolayer MoS2. Nano Lett. 10, 1271–1275 (2010)
Li, T., Galli, G.: Electronic properties of MoS2 nanoparticles. J. Phys. Chem. C 111, 16192–16196 (2007)
Molina-Sanchez, A., Wirtz, L.: Phonons in single-layer and few-layer MoS2 and WS2. Phys. Rev. B 84, 155413 (2011)
Ataca, C., Topsakal, M., Akturk, E., Ciraci, S.: A comparative study of lattice dynamics of three- and two-dimensional MoS2. J. Phys. Chem. C 115, 16354–16361 (2011)
Verble, J.L., Wieting, T.J.: Lattice mode degeneracy in MoS2 and other layer compounds. Phys. Rev. Lett. 25, 362–365 (1970)
Wieting, T.J.: Long-wavelength lattice vibrations of MoS2 and GaSe. Solid State Commun. 12, 931–935 (1973)
Zhang, X., Han, W.P., Wu, J.B., Milana, S., Lu, Y., Li, Q.Q., Ferrari, A.C., Tan, P.H.: Raman spectroscopy of shear and layer breathing modes in multilayer MoS2. Phys. Rev. B 87, 115413 (2013)
Lee, C., et al.: Anomalous lattice vibrations of single and few-layer MoS2. ACS Nano 4, 2695–2700 (2010)
Chakraborty, B., Ramakrishna Matte, H.S.S., Sood, A.K., Rao, C.N.R.: Layer-dependent resonant Raman scattering of a few layer MoS2. J. Raman Spectrosc. 44, 92–96 (2013)
Malarda, L.M., Pimentaa, M.A., Dresselhaus, G., Dresselhaus, M.S.: Raman spectroscopy in graphene. Phys. Rep. 473, 51–87 (2009)
Wang, Y.Y., Ni, Z.H., Shen, Z.X., Wang, H.M., Wu, Y.H.: Interference enhancement of Raman signal of graphene. Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 043121 (2008)
Zeng, H., Zhu, B., Liu, K., Fan, J., Cui, X., Zhang, Q.M.: Low-frequency Raman modes and electronic excitations in atomically thin MoS2 films. Phys. Rev. B 86:241301(R) (2012)
Tan, P.H., et al.: The shear mode of multilayer graphene. Nat. Mater. 11, 294–300 (2012)
Benedek, G., Ellis, J., Reichmuth, A., Ruggerone, P., Schief, H., Toennies, J.P.: Organ-pipe modes of sodium epitaxial multilayers on Cu(001) observed by inelastic helium-atom scattering. Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 2951 (1992)
Luo, N.S., Ruggerone, P., Toennies, J.P.: Theory of surface vibrations in epitaxial thin films. Phys. Rev. B 54, 5051–5063 (1996)
Plechinger, G., Heydrich, S., Eroms, J., Weiss, D., Schuller, C., Korn, T.: Raman spectroscopy of the interlayer shear mode in few-layer MoS2 flakes. Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 101906 (2012)
Zhao, Y., et al.: Interlayer breathing and shear modes in few-trilayer MoS2 and WSe2. Nano Lett. 13, 1007–1015 (2013)
Chen, J.M., Wang, C.S.: Second order Raman spectrum of MoS2. Solid State Commun. 14, 857–860 (1974)
Stacy, A.M., Hodul, D.T.: Raman spectra of IVb and VIb transition metal disulfides using laser energies near the absorption edges. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 46, 405–409 (1985)
Sourisseau, C., Cruege, F., Fouassier, M.: Second-order Raman effects, inelastic neutron scattering and lattice dynamics in 2H-WS2. Chem. Phys. 150, 281–293 (1991)
Frey, G.L., Tenne, T., Matthews, M.J., Dresselhaus, M., Dresselhaus,G.: Raman and resonance Raman investigation of MoS2 nanoparticles. Phys. Rev. B 60:2883–2892 (1999)
Sekine, T., Uchinokura, K., Nakashizu, T., Matsuura, M., Yoshizaki, R.: Dispersive Raman mode of layered compound 2H-MoS2 under the resonant condition. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 53, 811–818 (1984)
Ghosh, P.N., Maiti, C.R.: Interlayer force and Davydov splitting in 2H-MoS2. Phys. Rev. B 28, 2237–2239 (1983)
Livneh, T., Sterer, E.: Resonant Raman scattering at exciton states tuned by pressure and temperature in 2H-MoS2. Phys. Rev. B 81, 195209 (2010)
Wakabayashi, N., Smith, H.G., Nicklow, R.M.: Lattice dynamics of hexagonal MoS2 studied by neutron scattering. Phys. Rev. B 12, 659–663 (1975)
Coehoorn, R., Haas, C., de Groot, R.A.: Electronic structure of MoSe2, MoS2, and WSe2. II. The nature of the optical band gaps. Phys. Rev. B 35, 6203–6206 (1987)
Schwierz, F.: Graphene transistors. Nat. Nanotech. 5, 487–496 (2010)
Fivaz, R., Mooser, E.: Electron-phonon interaction in semiconducting layer structures. Phys. Rev. 136A, 833–836 (1964)
Fivaz, R., Mooser, E.: Mobility of charge carriers in semiconducting layer structures. Phys. Rev. 163, 743–755 (1967)
Yu, Y.P., Cardona, M.: Fundamental of semiconductors, 3rd edn. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)
Kaasbjerg, K., Thygesen, K.S., Jacobsen, K.W.: Phonon-limited mobility in n-type single-layer MoS2 from first principles. Phys. Rev. B 85, 115317 (2012)
Novoselov, K.S., Jiang, D., Schedin, F., Booth, T.J., Khotkevich, V.V., Morozov, S.V., Geim, A.K.: Two-dimensional atomic crystals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102, 10451–10453 (2005)
Ayari, A., Cobas, E., Ogundadegbe, O., Fuhrer, M.S.: Realization and electrical characterization of ultrathin crystals of layered transition-metal dichalcogenides. J. Appl. Phys. 101, 014507 (2007)
Jena, D., Konar, A.: Enhancement of carrier mobility in semiconductor nanostructures by dielectric engineering. Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 136805 (2007)
Ming-Wei, L., et al.: Mobility enhancement and highly efficient gating of monolayer MoS2 transistors with polymer electrolyte. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 45, 345102 (2012)
Bao, W., Cai, X., Kim, D., Sridhara, K., Fuhrer, M.S.: high mobility ambipolar MoS2 field-effect transistors: substrate and dielectric effects. Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 042104 (2013)
Kim, S., et al.: High-mobility and low-power thin-film transistors based on multilayer MoS2 crystals. Nat. Commun. 3, 1011–1017 (2012)
Han, S.W., et al.: Band-gap transition induced by interlayer van der Waals interaction in MoS2. Phys. Rev. B 84, 045409 (2011)
Sze, S.M., Ng, K.K.: Physics of semiconductor devices, 3rd edn. Wiley and Sons, New York (2009)
Chakraborty, B., Bera, A., Muthu, D.V.S., Bhowmick, S., Waghmare, U.V., Sood, A.K.: Symmetry-dependent phonon renormalization in monolayer MoS2 transistor. Phys. Rev. B 85, 161403(R) (2012)
Pisana, S., Lazzeri, M., Casiraghi, C., Novoselov, K.S., Geim, A.K., Ferrari, A.C., Mauri, F.: Breakdown of the adiabatic Born–Oppenheimer approximation in graphene. Nat. Mater. 6, 198–201 (2007)
Yan, J., Zhang, Y., Kim, P., Pinczuk, A.: Electric field effect tuning of electron-phonon coupling in graphene. Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 166802–166804 (2007)
Das, A., Pisana, S., Chakraborty, B., Piscanec, S., Saha, S.R., Waghmare, U.V., Yiang, R., Krishnamurthy, H.R., Geim, A.K., Ferrari, A.C., Sood, A.K.: Monitoring dopants by Raman scattering in an electrochemically top-gated graphene transistor Nat. Nanotechnol. 3, 210–215 (2008)
Yan, Y., Henriksen, E.A., Kim, P., Pinczuk, A.: Observation of anomalous phonon softening in bilayer graphene. Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 136804 (2008)
Das, A., Chakraborty, B., Piscanec, S., Pisana, S., Sood, A.K., Ferrari, A.C.: Phonon renormalization in doped bilayer graphene. Phys. Rev. B 79, 155417 (2009)
Malard, L.M., Elias, D.C., Alves, E.S., Pimenta, M.A.: Observation of distinct electron-phonon couplings in gated bilayer graphene. Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 257401–257404 (2008)
Attaccalite, C., Wirtz, L., Lazzeri, M., Mauri, F., Rubio, A.: Doped graphene as tunable electron–phonon coupling material. Nano Lett. 10, 1172–1176 (2010)
Livneh, T., Sterer, E.: Resonant Raman scattering at exciton states tuned by pressure and temperature in 2H-MoS2. Phys. Rev. B 81, 195209 (2010)
Aksoy, R., Ma, Y., Selvi, E., Chyu, M.C., Ertas, A., White, A.: X-ray diffraction study of molybdenum disulfide to 38.8 GPa. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 67, 1914 (2006)
Ho, C.H., Wu, C.S., Huang, Y.S., Liao, P.C., Tiong, K.K.: Temperature dependence of energies and broadening parameters of the band-edge excitons of Mo1-x W x S 2 single crystals. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 10, 9317–9328 (1998)
Connell, G.A.N., Wilson, J.A., Yoffe, A.D.: Effects of pressure and temperature on exciton absorption and band structure of layer crystals: molybdenum disulphide. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 30, 287–296 (1969)
Korn, T., Heydrich, S., Hirmer, M., Schmutzler, J., Schuller, C.: Low-temperature photocarrier dynamics in monolayer MoS2. Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, 102109 (2011)
Plechinger, G., Schrettenbrunner, F.-X., Eroms, J., Weiss, D., Schüller C, C., Korn T, T.: Low-temperature photoluminescence of oxide-covered single-layer MoS2. Phys. Status Solidi (RRL) 6, 126–128 (2012)
Xiao, D., Liu, G.-B., Feng, W., Xu, X., Yao, W.: Coupled spin and valley physics in monolayers of MoS2 and other group-VI dichalcogenides. Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 196802–196805 (2012)
Ramasubramaniam, A.: Large excitonic effects in monolayers of molybdenum and tungsten dichalcogenides. Phys. Rev. B 86, 115409 (2012)
Zeng, H., Dai, J., Yao, W., Xiao, D., Cui, X.: Valley polarization in MoS2 monolayers by optical pumping. Nature Nanotech. 7, 490–493 (2012)
Huard, V., Cox, R.T., Saminadayar, K., Arnoult, A., Tatarenko, S.: Bound states in optical absorption of semiconductor quantum wells containing a two-dimensional electron gas. Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 187–190 (2000)
Finkelstein, G., Shtrikman, H., Bar-Joseph, I.: Optical spectroscopy of a two-dimensional electron gas near the metal-insulator transition. Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 976–979 (1995)
Tonndorf, P., et al.: Photoluminescence emission and Raman response of monolayer MoS2, MoSe2, and WSe2. Opt. Express 21, 4908–4916 (2013)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bera, A., Sood, A.K. (2014). Insights into Vibrational and Electronic Properties of MoS2 Using Raman, Photoluminescence, and Transport Studies. In: Wang, Z. (eds) MoS2. Lecture Notes in Nanoscale Science and Technology, vol 21. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02850-7_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02850-7_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-02849-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-02850-7
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)