Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Ecosystem-Based Management for Rocky Shores of the Galapagos Islands

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Galapagos Marine Reserve

Abstract

Ecosystem-based management (EBM) is an emerging tool that considers humans as an integral part of the ecosystem (Arkema et al. 2006). EBM is different from other marine management tools (i.e., marine protected areas (MPAs), fishing regulations, quotas) because it does not deal with only one sector, resource, or impact. These strategies are not suitable because they fail to acknowledge the complex dynamics that affect social–ecological interactions. Instead, EBM attempts to embrace the complexity that drives the interactions between humans, their multiple impacts, and their environment (McLeod et al. 2005; Tallis et al. 2010). EBM assesses how multiple sectors and cumulative impacts interact to affect the capacity of marine systems to deliver benefits to humans (Arkema et al. 2006; Ruckelshaus et al. 2008). The main goal of EBM is to build resilient social–ecological systems that can secure the long-term provision of ecosystem services and goods to humans (McLeod et al. 2005).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. 1.

    Ecosystem services are those direct and indirect social and economic benefits that we get from the ocean such as food and climate regulation (Granek et al. 2010; Barbier et al. 2011).

  2. 2.

    Island hopping consists of trips to the islands for 2–4 days or more around each or some of the populated islands of Cristobal, Isabela, Santa Cruz, and Floreana (Quiroga 2013).

References

  • Arkema KK, Abramson SC, Dewsbury BM (2006) Marine ecosystem-based management: from characterization to implementation. Front Ecol Environ 4:525–532

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aswani S, Christie P, Muthinga NA, Mahon R, Primavera JH, Cramer LA, Barbier EB, Granek EF, Kennedy CJ, Wolanski E, Hacker S (2012) The way forward with ecosystem-based management in tropical contexts: reconciling with existing management systems. Mar Policy 36:1–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barbier EB, Hacker SD, Kennedy C, Koch EW, Stier AC, Silliman BR (2011) The value of estuarine and coastal ecosystem services. Ecol Monogr 81:169–193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bataille A, Cunningham AA, Cedeño V, Patino L, Constantinou A, Kramer LD, Goodman SJ (2009) Natural colonization and adaptation of a mosquito species in Galapagos and its implications for disease threats to endemic wildlife. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:10230–10235

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berger S, Wielski M, Romero LM, Kalko EKV, Rodl T (2007) Behavioral and physiological adjustments to new predators in an endemic island species, the Galápagos marine iguana. Horm Behav 52:653–663

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boersma P, Steinfurth A, Merlen G, Jiménez-Uzcátegui G, Vargas H, Parker PG (2013) Galápagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus). University of Washington Press, Seattle

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter C (1966) The marine iguana of the Galapagos Islands, its behavior and ecology. Proc Calif Acad Sci 34:329–376, 4th Series

    Google Scholar 

  • Carr MH, Woodson CB, Cheriton OM, Malone D, McManus MA, Raimondi PT (2011) Knowledge through partnerships: integrating marine protected area monitoring and ocean observing systems. Front Ecol Environ 9

    Google Scholar 

  • Castrejón M, Charles A (2013) Improving fisheries co-management through ecosystem-based spatial management: the Galapagos Marine Reserve. Mar Policy 38:235–245

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chavez F, Strutton PG, Friederich GE, Feely RA, Feeldman GC, Foley DG, McPhaden MJ (1999) Biological and chemical response of the equatorial Pacific Ocean to the 1997–1998 El Niño. Science 286:2126–2131

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crain CM, Halpern BS, Beck MW, Kappel CV (2009) Understanding and managing human threats to the coastal marine environment. Year in Ecology and Conservation Biology. Book Series. Ann NY Acad Sci 1162:39–62

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Desrosiersa C, Leflaivea J, Eulinb A, Ten-Hagea L (2013) Bioindicators in marine waters: benthic diatoms as a tool to assess water quality from eutrophic to oligotrophic coastal ecosystems. Ecol Indic 32:25–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edgar GJ, Bustamante RH, Banks S, Fariña JM, Calvopiña M, Martínez C (2004) Bias in evaluating the effects of marine protected areas: the importance of baseline data for the Galapagos Marine Reserve. Environ Conserv 31:212–218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edgar GJ, Banks S, Bensted-Smith R, Calvopina M, Chiriboga A, Garske LE, Henderson S, Miller KA, Salazar S (2008) Conservation of threatened species in the Galapagos Marine Reserve through identification and protection of marine key biodiversity areas. Aquat Conserv Mar Freshw Ecosyst 18:955–968

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edgar GJ, Banks S, Brandt M, Bustamante RH, Glynn PW, Rivera F (2010) El Niño, fisheries and animal grazers interact to magnify extinction risk for marine species in Galapagos. Glob Change Biol 16:2876–2890

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edgar GJ, Banks S, Farina JM, Calvopina M, Martinez C (2014) Regional biogeography of shallow reef fish and macro-invertebrate communities in the Galapagos archipelago. J Biogeogr 31:1107–1124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Epler B (2007) Tourism, the economy and population growth and conservation in Galapagos. Puerto Ayora. Presentada a la Fundación Charles Darwin

    Google Scholar 

  • Foley MF, Halpern BS, Micheli F, Armsby MH, Caldwell MR, Crain CM, Prhaler E, Rohrn N, Sivas D, Beck MW, Carr MH, Crowder LB, Duffy JE, Hacker SD, McLeod KL, Palumbi SR, Peterson CH, Regan HM, Ruckelshaus MH, Sandifer PA, Steneck RS (2010) Guiding ecological principles for marine spatial planning. Mar Policy 34:955–966

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Folke C, Carpenter S, Walker B, Scheffer M, Elmqvist T, Gunderson L, Holling CS (2004) Regime shifts, resilience, and biodiversity in ecosystem management. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 35:557–581

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • García JC, Orellana D, Araujo E (2013) The new model of tourism: definition and implementation of the principles of ecotourism in Galapagos. Galapagos Report 2011–2012. Puerto Ayora, Galapagos, Ecuador

    Google Scholar 

  • Gelin A, Gavez V, Edgar GJ (2003) Assessment of Jessica oil spill impacts on intertidal invertebrate communities. Mar Pollut Bull 46:1377–1384

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Granda M, León B (2013) Population and migration in Galapagos. Galapagos Report 2011–2012. Puerto Ayora, Galapagos, Ecuador

    Google Scholar 

  • Granek EF, Polasky S, Kappel CV, Reed DJ, Stoms DM, Koch EW, Kennedy CJ, Cramer LA, Hacker SD, Barbier EB, Aswani S, Ruckelshaus M, Perillo GME, Silliman BR, Muthinga N, Bael D, Wolanski E (2010) Ecosystem services as a common language for coastal ecosystem-based management. Conserv Biol 24:207–216

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gunderson LH (2000) Resilience in theory and practice. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 31:425–439

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guyot-Téphany J, Grenier C, Cléder E, Orellana D (2013) Mobility patterns and use of space in Galapagos. Galapagos Report 2011–2012. Puerto Ayora, Galapagos, Ecuador

    Google Scholar 

  • Halpern B et al (2008) A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems. Science 319:948–952

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halpern B et al (2012) An index to assess the health and benefits of the global ocean. Nature 488:615–620

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harley CDG, Hughes AR, Hultgren KM, Miner BG, Sorte CJB, Thornber CS, Rodriguez LF, Tomanek L, Williams SL (2006) The impacts of climate change in coastal marine systems. Ecol Lett 9:228–241

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heylings P, Bravo M (2007) Evaluating governance: a process for understanding how co-management is functioning, and why, in the Galapagos Marine Reserve. Ocean Coast Manage 50:174–208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoegh-Guldberg O, Bruno JF (2010) The impact of climate change on the world’s marine ecosystems. Science 328:1523–1528

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones PJS, Qiu W, De Santo EM (2013) Governing marine protected areas: social–ecological resilience through institutional diversity. Mar Policy 41:5–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kruuk H, Snell H (1981) Prey selection by feral dogs from a population of marine iguanas (Amblyrhynchus cristatus). J Appl Ecol 18:197–204

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laurie WA (1989) Effects of the 1982–1983 El Niño–Southern Oscillation event on marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus, Bell, 1825) populations in the Galapagos Islands. Elsevier, New York, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Levermann A, Clark PU, Marzeion B, Milne GA, Pollard D, Radic V, Robinson A (2013) The multimillennial sea-level commitment of global warming. Proc Natl Acad Sci 110(34):13745–13750

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levin PS, Kelble CR, Shuford RL, Ainsworth C, deReynier Y, Dunsmore R, Fogarty MJ et al (2013) Guidance for implementation of integrated ecosystem assessments: a US perspective. ICES J Mar Sci. doi:10.1093/icesjms/fst112

    Google Scholar 

  • López J, Rueda D, Nakaya S (2008) Monitoreo de calidad del agua en la isla Santa Cruz: Informe anual DNPG - JICA, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos, Ecuador, 34 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynett P, Weiss R, Renteria W, De La Torre G, Sangyoung S, Martin MA, Macinness BT (2013) Coastal impacts of the March 11th Tohoku, Japan Tsunami in the Galapagos Islands. Pure Appl Geophys 170:1189–1206

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacLeod A, Koch V, García-Parra C, Trillmich F, Steinfartz S (2012) New highly polymorphic microsatellite loci for the Galápagos marine iguana, Amblyrhynchus cristatus. Amphibia-Reptilia 33:533–536

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall P, Edgar GJ (2003) The effect of the Jessica grounding on subtidal invertebrate and plant communities at the Galapagos wreck site. Mar Pollut Bull 47:284–295

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McLeod KL, Lubchenco J, Palumbi SR, Rosenberg AA (2005) Scientific consensus statement on marine ecosystem-based management. Communication partnership for science and the sea. Available from http://www.compassonline.org/pdf_files/EBM_Consensus_Statement_v12.pdf. Accessed June 2013

  • Molina L, Danulat E, Oviedo M, González JA (2004) Guía de especies de interés pesquero en la Reserva Marina de Galápagos. Charles Darwin Foundation, Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional, and Galapagos National Park, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos, Ecuador

    Google Scholar 

  • Murillo JC (2010) Population ecology of two species of chitons, Chiton goodallii and Chiton sulcatus, in the rocky coastline of San Cristobal Island, Galapagos. Galapagos Report 2009–2010. Puerto Ayora, Galapagos, Ecuador

    Google Scholar 

  • Palumbi SR, Sandier PA, Allan JD, Beck MW, Fautin DG, Fogarty MJ, Halpern BS, Incze LS, Leong J, Norse E, Stachowicz JJ, Wal DH (2008) Managing for ocean biodiversity to sustain marine ecosystem services. Front Ecol Environ 7:204–211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Polidoro BA, Brooks T, Carpenter KE, Edgar GJ, Henderson S, Sanciangco GJ, Robertson DR (2012) Patterns of extinction risk and threat for marine vertebrates and habitat-forming species in the Tropical Eastern Pacific. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 448:93–104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poore AGB, Campbell AH, Coleman RA, Edgar GJ, Jormalainen V, Reynolds PL, Sotka EE, Stachowicz JJ, Taylor RB, Vanderklift MA, Duffy JE (2012) Global patterns in the impact of marine herbivores on benthic primary producers. Ecol Lett 15:912–922

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quiroga D (2013) Changing views of the Galápagos. Springer, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Romero LM, Wikelski M (2010) Stress physiology as a predictor of survival in Galapagos marine iguanas. Proc R Soc Lond B 277:3157–3162

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruckelshaus M, Klinger T, Knowlton N, DeMaster DP (2008) Marine ecosystem-based management in practice: scientific and governance challenges. BioSci 58:53–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz D (2002) Pulpos. Estación Científica Charles Dariwn y Servicio Parque Nacional Galápagos, Puerto Ayora

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruttenberg BI, Granek EF (2011) Bridging the marine-terrestrial disconnect to improve marine coastal zone science and management. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 434:203–212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salazar S (2003) Impacts of the Jessica oil spill on sea lion (Zalophus wollebaeki) populations. Mar Pollut Bull 47:313–318

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanford E (1999) Regulation of keystone predation by small changes in ocean temperature. Science 283:2095–2097

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silva PC (1966) Chapter 19: Status of our knowledge of the Galápagos benthic marine algal flora prior to the Galápagos International Scientific Project. In: Bowman RI (ed) The Galápagos: proceedings of the symposium of the Galápagos International Scientific Project. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp 149–156

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinfartz S, Glaberman S, Lanterbecq D, Marquez C, Rassmann K, Caccone A (2007) Genetic impact of a severe El Niño event on Galápagos marine Iguanas (Amblyrhynchus cristatus). PLoS ONE 2:e1285

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stumpf CH, Gonzalez RA, Noble RT (2013) Investigating the coastal water quality of the Galapagos Islands. Springer, Ecuador

    Google Scholar 

  • Tallis H, Levin PS, Ruckelshaus M, Lester SE, McLeod KL, Fluharty DL, Halpern BS (2010) The many faces of ecosystem-based management: making the process work today in real places. Mar Policy 34:340–348

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vinueza LR, Branch GM, Branch MB, Bustamante RH (2006) Top-down herbivory and bottom-up El Niño effects on Galapagos rocky-shore communities. Ecol Monogr 76:111–131

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wikelski M, Carrillo V, Trillmich F (1997) Energetic limits to body size in a grazing reptile, the Galapagos marine iguana. Ecology 78:2204–2217

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wikelski M, Romero LM, Snell HL (2001) Marine iguanas oiled in the Galápagos. Science 292:437

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wikelslki M, Wong V, Chevalier B, Rattenborg N, Snell SH (2002) Marine iguanas die from trace oil pollution. Nature 417:606–608

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Witman JD, Brandt M, Smith F (2010) Coupling between subtidal prey and consumers along a mesoscale upwelling gradient in the Galapagos Islands. Ecol Monogr 80:153–177

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf M (2010) Galapagos does not show recent warming but increased seasonality. Galapagos Res 67:38–44

    Google Scholar 

  • WorldResourcesInstitute (2013) Ecosystem service indicator database. W. R. Institute, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Zapata F, Martinetti M (2010) Optimizing marine transport of food products to Galapagos: advances in the implementation plan. Galapagos Report 2009–2010. Puerto Ayora, Galapagos

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The lead author wish to acknowledge the contribution of the Ecosystem-Based Management Class (Winter Term 2013) for their insights to build this paper, Tyla and Marilda for their contribution to early versions of this paper, and the people of San Cristobal who shared with us their views about the islands. Thanks to Mónica Calvopiña from WWF for providing us with a map from San Cristobal and Inti Keith and Stuart Banks from the Charles Darwin Station for providing us with information about marine invasive species.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador

    Luis Vinueza

  2. School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia

    Annie Post

  3. Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador

    Paulina Guarderas

  4. Charles Darwin Foundation, Av. Charles Darwin, Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz, Gal´pagos Islands, Ecuador

    Franz Smith

  5. School of Life, Tongo Reef, Gal´pagos Islands, Ecuador

    Federico Idrovo

Authors
  1. Luis Vinueza
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Annie Post
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Paulina Guarderas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Franz Smith
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Federico Idrovo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Luis Vinueza .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador

    Judith Denkinger

  2. Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador

    Luis Vinueza

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Vinueza, L., Post, A., Guarderas, P., Smith, F., Idrovo, F. (2014). Ecosystem-Based Management for Rocky Shores of the Galapagos Islands. In: Denkinger, J., Vinueza, L. (eds) The Galapagos Marine Reserve. Social and Ecological Interactions in the Galapagos Islands. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02769-2_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation