Skip to main content

Introduction

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Atlantic Water in the Nordic Seas

Part of the book series: GeoPlanet: Earth and Planetary Sciences ((GEPS))

  • 520 Accesses

Abstract

The ocean has always influenced the Earth’s climate system and the influence continues today. It is an extremely significant, if not essential, component of the system. For it is the ocean and life that originated there that created the atmosphere and has shaped its composition for billions of years. It is particularly important to speak about it now—in time of increased concern about the climate, when the out-of-control human impact upon the condition of the atmosphere is visible.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Alley RB, Marotzke J, Nordhaus WD, Overpeck JT, Peteet DM, Pielke RA Jr, Pierrehumbert RT, Rhines PB, Stocker TF, Talley LD, Wallace JM (2003) Abrupt climate change. Science 299:2005–2010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blindheim JV, Østerhus S (2005) The nordic seas, main oceanographic features. The Nordic Seas. An Integrated Perspective 158:11–39 AGU Geophysical Monograph

    Google Scholar 

  • Bobylev LP, Kondratyev KY, Johannessen OM (2003) Arctic environment variability in the context of global change. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p 471

    Google Scholar 

  • Broecker WS (1987) The biggest chill. Natural History, pp 74–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryden HL, Longworth HR, Cunningham SA (2005) Slowing of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 25°N, Nature, 438:655–657, doi:10.1038/nature04385

  • Carmack E, Aagaard K (1973) On the deep water on the Greenland Sea. Deep-Sea Research 20:687–715

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark P, Marshall JS, Clarke GK, Hostetler SW, Licciardi J, Teller J (2001) Freshwater forcing of abrupt climate change during the last glaciation. Science 293:283–287

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke RA, Swift JH, Reid JL, Koltermann K (1990) The formation of Greenland Sea Deep Water: double diffusion or deep convection? Deep-Sea Research 37(9):1385–1424

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Comiso JC, Parkinson CL, Gersten R, Stock L (2008) Accelerated decline in the Arctic sea ice cover. Geophys Res Lett 35:L01703. doi:10.1029/2007GL031972

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham S, Kanzow T, Rayner D, Baringer MO, Johns WE, Marotzke J, Longworth HR, Grant E, Hirschi JJ-M, Beal LM, Meinen CS, Bryden HL (2007) Temporal variability of the atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 26.5°N. Science 317(5840):935–938, DOI: 10.1126/science.1141304

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickson R, Lazier J, Meincke J, Rhines P, Swift J (1996) Long-term coordinated changes in the convective activity of the North Atlantic. Prog Oceanogr 38:241–295

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dukhovskoy DS, Johnson MA, Proshutinsky A (2004) Arctic decadal variability: an auto-oscillatory system of heat and freshwater exchange. Geophys Res Lett 31:L03302. doi:10.1029/2003GL019023

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dukhovskoy D, Johnson M, Proshutinsky A (2006a) Arctic decadal variability from an idealized atmosphere-ice-ocean model: 1. Model description, calibration, and validation. J Geophys Res 111:C06028. doi:10.1029/2004JC002821

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dukhovskoy D, Johnson M, Proshutinsky A (2006b) ‘Arctic decadal variability from an idealized atmosphere-ice-ocean model: 2. Simulation of decadal oscillations. J Geophys Res 111:C06029. doi:10.1029/2004JC002820

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • EPICA-COMUNITY-MEMBERS (2006) One-to-one coupling of glacial climate variability in Greenland and Antarctica. Nature 444(9), doi:10.1038/nature05301

  • Ganopolski A, Rahmstorf S (2001) Rapid changes of glacial climate simulated in a coupled climate model. Nature 409:153–158

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall M, Bryden i H (1982) Direct estimates and mechanisms of ocean heat transport. Deep-Sea Res 29:339–359

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen B, Østerhus S (2000) North Atlantic-Norwegian Sea Exchanges. Prog Oceanogr 45:109–208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen B, Østerhus S, Quadfasel D, Turrell W (2004) Already the day after tomorrow? Science 305:953–954

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hardy JT (2003) Climate change. Causes, effects, solutions. Willey Ltd, p 247

    Google Scholar 

  • Helland-Hansen B, Nansen F (1909) The Norwegian Sea, its physical oceanography based upon the Norwegian Research 1900-1904. Report on Norwegian and Marine Investigations, vol 2, p 390

    Google Scholar 

  • Holliday NP, Hughes SL, Bacon S, Beszczynska-Moeller A, Hansen B, Lavın A, Loeng H, Mork KA, Østerhus S, Sherwin T, Walczowski W (2008) Reversal of the 1960s to 1990s freshening trend in the northeast North Atlantic and Nordic Seas. Geophys Res Lett 35:L03614. doi:10.1029/2007GL032675

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holliday NP, Hughes S, Lavin A, Mork KA, Nolan G, Walczowski W, Beszczynska-Moeller A (2007) The end of a trend? The progression of unusually warm and saline water from the eastern North Atlantic into the Arctic Ocean. CLIVAR Exch 121:19–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang RX (1999) Mixing and energetics of the oceanic thermohaline circulation. J Phys Oceanogr 29:727–746

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • IPCC (2007) Fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Knight J, Allan RJ, Folland CK, Vellinga M, Mann ME (2005) Natural variations in the thermohaline circulation and future surface temperature. Geophys Res Lett 32:L20708. doi:1029/2005GL024233

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Korty RL, Emanuel KA, Scott J (2008) Tropical cyclone–induced upper-ocean mixing and climate: application to equable climates. J Clim 21, doi: 10.1175/2007JCLI1659.1

  • Kuhlbrodt T, Griesel A, Montoya M, Levermann A, Hofmann M, Rahmstorf S (2007) On the driving processes of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Reviews of Geophysics 45:RG2001, doi:10.1029/2004RG000166

  • Loeng H, Brander K, Carmack E, Denisenko S, Drinkwater K, Hansen B, Kovacs K, Livingston P, McLaughlin F, Sakshaug E (2005) Marine Systems. Arctic Clim Impact Assess ACIA, Arctic & Antarctic Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia

    Google Scholar 

  • Luterbacher J, Dietrich D, Xoplaki E, Grosjean M, Wanner H (2004) European Seasonal and Annual Temperature Variability, Trends, and Extremes Since 1500. Science 303:1499–1503

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Metcalf WG (1955) On the formation of bottom water in the Norwegian Basin. Transactions. Am Geophy Union 36(4):596–600

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Munk W, Wunsch C (1998) Abyssal recipes II: energetics of wind and tidal mixing. Deep-Sea Res 45:1977–2010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nesje J, Jansen E, Birks H, Bjune A, Bakke J, Andersson C, Dahl S, Kristensen D, Lauritzen S, Lie Ø, Risebrobakken B, Svendsen J (2005) Holocene climate variability in the Northern North Atlantic Region: a review of terrestrial and marine evidence. The Nordic Seas. An Integrated Perspective 158:289–322 AGU Geophysical Monograph

    Google Scholar 

  • Orsi AH, Smethie WM, Bullister JL (2002) On the total input of Antarctic waters to the deep ocean: a preliminary estimate from chlorofluorocarbon measurements. J Geophys Res 107C8:3122 doi:10.1029/2001JC000976

  • Overland J, Spillane MC, Soreide NN (2004) Integrated analysis of physical and biological pan-arctic change. Clim Change 63:291–322

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parkinson CL, Cavalieri DJ (2008) Arctic Sea Ice Variability and Trends, 1979–2006. J Geophys Res 113:C07004. doi:10.1029/2007JC004564

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Proshutinsky AY, Johnson MA (1997) Two circulation regimes of the wind-driven Arctic Ocean. J Geophys Res 102(C6):12493–12514

    Google Scholar 

  • Proshutinsky AY, Johnson M (2001) Two regimes of the arctic’s circulation from ocean models with ice and contaminants. Mar Pollut Bull 43:61–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rahmstorf S (1999b) Currents of change. Investigating the Ocean’s role in climate, Essay for the McDonnell foundation centennial fellowship

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahmstorf S (2000) The thermohaline ocean circulation—a system with dangerous thresholds? Clim Change 46:247–256

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rahmstorf S (2003) The current climate. Nature 421

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahmstorf S (2006) Thermohaline Ocean Circulation. In: Elias SA (ed) Encyclopaedia of quaternary sciences. Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahmstorf S, Ganopolski A (1999) Long-term global warming scenarios computed with an efficient couplet climatic model. Clim Change 43:353–367

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson PL (2008) On the history of meridional overturning circulation schematic diagrams. Prog Oceanogr 76:466–486

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ronski S, Budeus G (2005) Time series of winter convection in the Greenland Sea. J Geophys Res 110:C04015. doi:10.1029/2004JC002318

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rothrock DA, Percival DB, Wensnahan M (2008) The decline in Arctic sea-ice thickness: separating the spatial, annual and interannual variability in a quarter century of submarine data. J Geophys Res 113:C05003. doi:10.1029/2007JC004252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schauer U, Beszczynska–Moeller A, Walczowski W, Fahrbach E, Piechura J, Hansen E (2008) Variation of measured heat flow through the fram strait between 1997 and 2006. In: Arctic-subarctic ocean fluxes, Springer Science, pp 15–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiermeier Q (2006) A sea change. Nature 439:256–260

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Serreze MC, Francis J (2006) The Arctic amplification debate. Clim Change. Springer, doi: 10.1007/s10584-005-9017-y

  • Stewart RH (2006) Introduction to physical oceanography. Department of Oceanography, Texas A & M University

    Google Scholar 

  • Steynor A, Wallace C (2007) The Gulf Stream—Atlantic meridional overturning circulation: observations and projections. UK Climate Impacts Programme

    Google Scholar 

  • Stommel H (1961) Thermohaline convection with two stable regimes of flow. Tellus 13:131–149

    Google Scholar 

  • Stouffer RJ, Yin J, Gregory JM, Dixon K, Spelman M, Hurlin W, Weaver A, Eby M, Flato G, Hasumi H, Hu A, Jungclaus J, Kamenkovich I, Levermann A, Montoya M, Murakami S, Nawrath S, Oka A, Pelitie WR, Robitaille DY, Sokolov A, Vettoretti G, Webber SL (2006) Investigating the causes of the response of the thermohaline circulation to past and future climate changes. J Clim 19:1365–1387

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Talley LD (2003) Shallow, intermediate and deep overturning components of the global heat budget. J Phys Oceanogr 33:530–560

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Talley LD, Reid JL, Robbins PE (2003) Data-based meridional overturning stream functions for the global ocean. J Clim 16:3213–3226

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toggweiler JR, Samuels B (1995) Effect of Drake Passage on the global thermohaline circulation. Deep-Sea Res 42:477–500

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wunsch C (2002) What is the thermohaline circulation? Science 298:1179

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wunsch C, Ferrari R (2004) Vertical mixing, energy and the general circulation of the oceans. Annu Rev Fluid Mech 36:281–314

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Walczowski Waldemar .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Waldemar, W. (2014). Introduction. In: Atlantic Water in the Nordic Seas. GeoPlanet: Earth and Planetary Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01279-7_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics