Abstract
It is well known that all amplifier types suffer from distortion. Less known, however, is that all amplifiers, including negative-feedback amplifiers, are to a certain extent susceptible to interfering out-of-band signals from the environment called electromagnetic interference (emi).
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Notes
- 1.
The input current is transferred to a base-emitter voltage that logarithmically (\(\ln \)) depends on that current by one bjt. This voltage is multiplied by the exponential relation between base-emitter voltage and collector current to a linear output current by another bjt.
- 2.
In literature also ‘shunt’ is used instead of parallel.
- 3.
The discussion about the systematic or structured design strategy of negative-feedback amplifiers is based on the work of several authors: Nordholt (1993); van Staveren (1997) and Verhoeven et al. (2003). Many of the discussed design steps are described in all these three references. Since Verhoeven et al. (2003) is the latest publication and easily available, this citation will generally be used in this work.
- 4.
The configuration of Fig. 5.3b can also be used to avoid power loss at the output.
- 5.
For higher frequencies, the expression for \(S_{i_n}\) becomes more complicated. See Verhoeven et al. (2003) in case noise at higher frequencies should be taken into account.
- 6.
Generally, it holds that connecting \(n\) identical devices in series results in an in increase of \(S_{u_{ns}}= nS_{u_{n}}\) and a decrease of \(S_{i_{ns}}= S_{i_n}/n\). For the parallel connection of \(n\) devices the dual holds, i.e., \(S_{u_{np}}= S_{u_{n}}/n\) and \(S_{i_{np}}=n S_{i_n}\) (Verhoeven et al. 2003).
- 7.
The output impedance of an active stage is shunted by the impedance of the bias circuitry. The impedance of the bias circuitry should therefore be made as large as possible.
- 8.
When the output resistance of the output stage remains much higher than the additional series impedance, the decrease may be negligible.
- 9.
In case of a multistage negative-feedback amplifier (with and without local feedback), the expression for \(A\) becomes more complicated. See Subsect. 6.1.
- 10.
- 11.
The following discussion is based on a similar discussion given in van der Horst et al. (2005) with some additional remarks.
- 12.
The other way around occurs much less in practical cases and is therefore not presented.
- 13.
Something comparable apparently also occurs in case of compensated operational amplifier negative-feedback amplifiers, due to the dominant pole from the Miller compensation. In Goedbloed (1993) figures are shown of measured emi as function of frequency. Maximal emi is measured at frequencies much higher than the amplifier bandwidth.
- 14.
To calculate the various transfers, the NXP SPICE model has been used.
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van der Horst, M.J., Serdijn, W.A., Linnenbank, A.C. (2014). Design of emi-Resilient Single-Stage Amplifiers. In: EMI-Resilient Amplifier Circuits. Analog Circuits and Signal Processing, vol 118. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00593-5_5
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