Abstract
Computational Thinking (CT) was brought up originally in the 1950s as the notion of using structured or algorithmic thinking. It refers to a specific set of mental skills used to formulate solutions to problems by converting given inputs to produce appropriate outputs while following detailed algorithms to perform this process. CT is broadly defined as a combination of thinking processes which include abstraction, algorithm design, decomposition, sequencing, pattern recognition and data representation. The prominence of CT in education has been steadily increasing. Lately, the corresponding research is focusing also on early years (starting from the age of 4). Towards this direction and in combination with the blooming of Game-based and gamified learning approaches, this paper discusses the design of a board game addressed to children 4–8 years old, for cultivating CT skills. A detailed roadmap on the design of the game, including a systematic literature review is presented in this paper.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Denning, P.J.: The profession of IT beyond computational thinking. Commun. ACM 52(6), 28–30 (2009)
Wing, J.M.: Computational thinking. Commun. ACM 49(3), 33–35 (2006)
Grover, S., Pea, R.: Computational thinking in K-12: a review of the state of the field. Educ. Res. 42(1) (2013)
Mishra, P., et al.: Rethinking Technology & Creativity in the 21st Century. TechTrends 57(3) (2013)
Lu, J.J., Fletcher, G.H.L.: Thinking about computational thinking. SIGCSE Bull. Inroads, 41(1) (2009)
Manches, A., Plowman, L.: Computing education in children’s early years: a call for debate. Br. J. Edu. Technol. 48(1), 191–201 (2017)
Wyeth, P., Wyeth, G.: Robot building for preschoolers. RoboCup 2007: Robot Soccer World Cup XI 11, 124–135 (2008)
Haseski, H.I., Ilic, U., Tugtekin, U.: Defining a new 21st century skill-computational thinking: concepts and trends. Int. Educ. Stud. 11(4), 29–42 (2018)
Papert, S.: Mindstorms children, computers, and powerful ideas (second edition). In BasicBooks, vol. 1 (1980)
Resnick, M.: Lifelong Kindergarten. The MIT Press (2017)
Barr, V., Stephenson, C.: Bringing computational thinking to K-12: what is involved and what is the role of the computer science education community? ACM Inroads 2(1), 48–54 (2011)
Council, N.R.: Committee for the Workshops on Computational Thinking: Report of a Workshop on the Scope and Nature of Computational Thinking. National Academy, Washington, DC (2010)
Voogt, J., Fisser, P., Good, J., Mishra, P., Yadav, A.: Computational thinking in compulsory education: towards an agenda for research and practice. Educ. Inf. Technol. 20(4) (2015)
Wing, J.M.: Computational Thinking: What and Why? The link - The Magaizne of the Varnegie Mellon University School of Computer Science (2010)
Kalelioglu, F., Gulbahar, Y., Kukul, V.: A framework for computational thinking based on a systematic research review. Baltic J. Mod. Comput. 4(3) (2016)
Angeli, C., et al.: A K-6 computational thinking curriculum framework: implications for teacher knowledge. Educ. Technol. Soc. 19(3) (2016)
Van Borkulo, S., Chytas, C., Drijvers, P., Barendsen, E., Tolboom, J.: Computational thinking in the mathematics classroom: fostering algorithmic thinking and generalization skills using dynamic mathematics software. In: The 16th Workshop in Primary and Secondary Computing Education, pp. 1−9 (2021)
Bers, M.U., Govind, M., Relkin, E.: Coding as another language: computational thinking, robotics and literacy in first and second grade. In: Computational Thinking in PreK-5: Empirical Evidence for Integration and Future Directions, pp. 30–38. Association for Computing Machinery (2022)
Storjak, I., Pushkar, L., Jagust, T., Krzic, A.S.: First steps into STEM for young pupils through informal workshops. In: 2020 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference, pp. 1–5 (2020)
Sung, W., Ahn, J., Black, J.B.: Elementary students’ performance and perceptions of robot coding and debugging: embodied approach in practice. J. Res. Child. Educ. 36(4), 681–696 (2022)
Lee, V.R., Poole, F., Clarke-Midura, J., Recker, M., Rasmussen, M.: Introducing coding through tabletop board games and their digital instantiations across elementary classrooms and school libraries. In: Proceedings of the 51st ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, pp. 787–793 (2020)
Metin, S.: Activity-based unplugged coding during the preschool period. Int. J. Technol. Des. Educ. 32(1), 149–165 (2020)
Gartig-Daugs, A., Weitz, K., Wolking, M., Schmid, U.: Computer science experimenters kit for use in preschool and primary school. In: Proceedings of the 11th Workshop in Primary and Secondary Computing Education (2016)
Ioannou, M., Bratitsis, T.: Teaching the notion of speed in kindergarten using the sphero SPRK robot. In: 2017 IEEE 17th International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT), pp. 311–312 (2017)
Canbeldek, M., Isikoglu, N.: Exploring the effects of productive children: coding and robotics education program in early childhood education. Educ. Inf. Technol. 28(3), 3359–3379 (2023)
Barragán-Sánchez, R., Romero-Tena, R., García-López, M.: Educational robotics to address behavioral problems in early childhood. Educ. Sci. 13(1) (2023)
Luo, F., Israel, M., Gane, B.: Elementary computational thinking instruction and assessment: a learning trajectory perspective. ACM Trans. Comput. Educ. (TOCE) 22(2), 1–26 (2022)
Pérez-Marin, D., Hijón-Neira, R., Pizarro, C.: Coding in early years education: which factors influence the skills of sequencing and plotting a route, and to what extent? Int. J. Early Years Educ. 30(4), 969–985 (2022)
Somuncu, B., Aslan, D.: Effect of coding activities on preschool children’s mathematical reasoning skills. Educ. Inf. Technol. 27(1), 877–890 (2021)
Noma, H., Sasamoto, H., Itoh, Y., Kitamura, Y., Kishino, F., Tetsutani, N.: Computer learning system for pre-school-age children based on a haptized model railway. In: 1st Conference on Creating, Connecting and Collaborating Through Computing, pp. 118–119 (2003)
Meyer-Baron, L., Stieger, R., Waldvogel, B., Schumann, N., Ruedisueli, C., Mayr, F.: Observing computational thinking skills of kindergarten children. In: Proceedings of the 17th Workshop in Primary and Secondary Computing Education, pp. 1–4 (2022)
Critten, V., Hagon, H., Messer, D.: Can pre-school children learn programming and coding through guided play activities? a case study in computational thinking. Early Childhood Educ. J. 50(6), 969–981 (2022)
Yang, W., Ng, D.T.K., Su, J.: The impact of story-inspired programming on preschool children’s computational thinking: a multi-group experiment. Thinking Skills Creativity, 47 (2023)
Benetti, E., Mazzini, G.: Coding training proposal for kindergarten. In: 2020 International Conference on Software, Telecommunications and Computer Networks, pp. 1–5 (2020)
Flannery, L.P., Silverman, B., Kazakoff, E.R., Bers, M.U., Bontá, P., Resnick, M.: Designing ScratchJr: support for early childhood learning through computer programming. In: 12th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children, pp. 1–10 (2013)
Portelance, D.J., Bers, M.U.: Code and tell: Assessing young children’s learning of computational thinking using peer video interviews with ScratchJr. In: Proceedings of IDC 2015: The 14th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children, pp. 271–274 (2015)
Kyza, E.A., Georgiou, Y., Agesilaou, A., Souropetsis, M.: A cross-sectional study investigating primary school children’s coding practices and computational thinking using scratchJr. J. Educ. Comput. Res. 60(1), 220–257 (2022)
Watanabe, T., et al.: How Can Children Express Their Intentions Through Coding?-Analysis of Viscuit Programs in Kindergarten (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3304221
Liu, Y.Y., Iversen, O.S.: Computational thinking through tangible play: understanding social dialogues in children’s learning. In: Proceedings of Interaction Design and Children, IDC 2022, pp. 596–603 (2022)
Lennon, M., Pila, S., Flynn, R., Wartella, E.A.: Young children’s social and independent behavior during play with a coding app: digital game features matter in a 1:1 child to tablet setting. Comput. Educ. 190 (2022)
Montuori, C., Ronconi, L., Vardanega, T., Arfé, B.: Exploring gender differences in coding at the beginning of primary school. Front. Psychol. 13 (2022)
Kim, S. U.: A Comparative study on the effects of hands-on robot and EPL programming activities on creative problem-solving ability in children. In: ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, pp. 49–53 (2020)
Sung, J.: Assessing young Korean children’s computational thinking: a validation study of two measurements. Educ. Inf. Technol. 1–29 (2022)
Pinto, M., Santos, M., Fernandes, M.: (Traditional stories and the integration of programming and robotics with the kibo robot. Rev. Prisma Soc. 38 (2022)
González, Y.A.C., Muñoz-Repiso, A.G.-V.: A robotics-based approach to foster programming skills and computational thinking. In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality (2018)
Silvis, D., Clarke-Midura, J., Shumway, J.F., Lee, V.R., Mullen, S.: Children caring for robots: expanding computational thinking frameworks to include a technological ethic of care. Int. J. Child-Comput. Interact. 33, 100491 (2022)
Flood, V.J., Wang, X.C., Sheridan, M.: Embodied responsive teaching for supporting computational thinking in early childhood. In: Proceedings of International Conference of the Learning Sciences, ICLS, pp. 855–862 (2022)
Samuelsson, R.: Cultural heritage through educational robots: using a Ukrainian folk tale with a programmable robot in early childhood education. In: 24th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, HCII 2022, Part I, pp. 336–343 (2022)
Nacher, V., Garcia-Sanjuan, F., Jaen, J.: Evaluating the usability of a tangible-mediated robot for kindergarten children instruction. In: 16th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT), pp. 130–132 (2016)
Sullivan, A., Elkin, M., Bers, M. U.: KIBO robot demo. In: Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children (2015)
Selvi, M., Çoşan, A.: The effect of using educational games in teaching kingdoms of living things. Univ. J. Educ. Res. 6, 2019–2028 (2018)
Stebler, R., Vogt, F., Wolf, I., Hauser, B., Rechsteiner, K.: Play-based mathematics in kindergarten. a video analysis of children’s mathematical behaviour while playing a board game in small groups. J. Math Didakt 34, 149–175 (2013)
Vlassis, J., et al.: Developing arithmetic skills in kindergarten through a game-based approach: a major issue for learners and a challenge for teachers. Int. J. Early Years Educ. 31, 1–16 (2022)
Chen, K., Chi, H.H.: Novice young board-game players’ experience about computational thinking. Interact. Learn. Environ. 30, 1–13 (2020)
Hassinger-Das, B., Ridge, K., Parker, A., Michnick, Golinkoff, R., Hirsh-Pasek, K., Dickinson, K.: Building vocabulary knowledge in preschoolers through shared book reading and gameplay. Mind Brain Education 10, 71–80 (2016)
Sorsana, C., Guizard, N., Trognon, A.: Preschool children’s conversational skills for explaining game rules: communicative guidance strategies the power of board games for multidomain learning 89 as a function of type of relationship and gender. Eur. J. Psychol. Educ. 28, 1453–1475 (2013)
Mattsson, P., Laike, T.: Young children’s learning about lighting and turn-off behavior in preschool environments. Energy Build. 268, 112193 (2022)
Tsapara, M., Bratitsis, T.: A board game for sustainable development education: kindergarten students as game designers. In: Auer, M.E., Tsiatsos, T. (eds.) IMCL 2021. LNNS, vol. 411, pp. 1072–1084. Springer, Cham (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96296-8_98
Bratitsis, T., Kontovounisiou, A., Kiriazoglou, Μ.: A board game proposal for teaching informatics related topics in early childhood education. In: Conference 2021, SHSHS Web of Conferences, vol. 102, p. 01001 (2021)
Machuqueiro, F., Piedade, J.: Development of computational thinking using board games: a systematic literature review based on empirical studies. Prisma Soc. 5–36 (2022)
Ching, Y.H., Hsu, Y.C., Baldwin, S.: Developing computational thinking with educational technologies for young learners. TechTrends 62(6), 563–573 (2018)
Tsarava, K., Moeller, K., Ninaus, M.: Board games for training computational thinking. In: Gentile, M., Allegra, M., Söbke, H. (eds.) GALA 2018. LNCS, vol. 11385, pp. 90–100. Springer, Cham (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11548-7_9
Apostolellis, P., Stewart, M., Frisina, C., Kafura, D.: RaBit EscApe: a board game for computational thinking. In: ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, pp. 349–352 (2014)
Scirea, M., Valente, A.: Board games and computational thinking: how to identify games with potential to support CT in the classroom. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games. Association for Computing Machinery (2020)
Gresse von Wangenheim, C., et al.: SplashCode -A Board Game for Learning an Understanding of Algorithms in Middle School (2019). https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/2qbnp.
Acknowledgements
This work is funded by the Eramus+ programme, key action 2, Partnerships for cooperation (Proj No: 2022–1-MT01-KA220-SCH-000086903).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Bratitsis, T. et al. (2024). Cultivating Computational Thinking in Early Years Through Board Games. The Cthink.it Approach. In: Auer, M.E., Tsiatsos, T. (eds) Smart Mobile Communication & Artificial Intelligence. IMCL 2023. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 937. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-56075-0_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-56075-0_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-56074-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-56075-0
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)