Abstract
In forensics investigation, information about the crop performed after a JPEG compression can be useful exploited to reconstruct the manipulation history of the analyzed images and localize forgeries. Statistics computed from AC histograms, obtained performing an additional JPEG compression with a set of constant quantization matrices, are exploited to design a robust and effective algorithm to retrieve information about the employed crop. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed solution has been demonstrated through a series of tests conducted considering different patch sizes, quantization matrices, and comparisons with a state-of-the-art solution in single and double JPEG compression scenario.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Battiato, S., Giudice, O., Paratore, A.: Multimedia forensics: discovering the history of multimedia contents. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computer Systems and Technologies 2016, pp. 5–16. ACM (2016)
Battiato, S., Messina, G.: Digital forgery estimation into DCT domain: a critical analysis. In: Proceedings of the First ACM Workshop on Multimedia in Forensics, pp. 389–399. 25, 6 (2010)
Battiato, S., Giudice, O., Guarnera, F., Puglisi, G.: Estimating previous quantization factors on multiple JPEG compressed images. EURASIP J. Inf. Secur. 2021(8), 1–11 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13635-021-00120-7
Battiato, S., Giudice, O., Guarnera, F., Puglisi, G.: First quantization estimation by a robust data exploitation strategy of DCT coefficients. IEEE Access 9, 73110–73120 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3080576
Battiato, S., Giudice, O., Guarnera, F., Puglisi, G.: CNN-based first quantization estimation of double compressed JPEG images. J. Vis. Commun. Image Represent. 89, 103635 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvcir.2022.103635
Bianchi, T., Piva, A.: Detection of nonaligned double JPEG compression based on integer periodicity maps. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forens. Secur. 7(2), 842–848 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1109/TIFS.2011.2170836
Bianchi, T., Piva, A.: Image forgery localization via block-grained analysis of JPEG artifacts. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forens. Secur. 7(3), 1003–1017 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1109/TIFS.2012.2187516
Bruna, A.R., Messina, G., Battiato, S.: Crop detection through blocking artefacts analysis. In: Maino, G., Foresti, G.L. (eds.) Image Analysis and Processing—ICIAP 2011. LNCS, vol. 6978, pp. 650–659. Springer, Heidelberg (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24085-0_66
Dalmia, N., Okade, M.: A novel technique for misalignment parameter estimation in double compressed JPEG images. In: 2016 Visual Communications and Image Processing (VCIP), pp. 1–4 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/VCIP.2016.7805446
Dalmia, N., Okade, M.: Robust first quantization matrix estimation based on filtering of recompression artifacts for non-aligned double compressed JPEG images. Signal Process. Image Commun. 61, 9–20 (2018)
Fan, Z., De Queiroz, R.: Identification of bitmap compression history: JPEG detection and quantizer estimation. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 12(2), 230–235 (2003)
Farid, H.: Digital image ballistics from JPEG quantization: a followup study. Department of Computer Science, Dartmouth College, Tech. Rep. TR2008-638 (2008)
Galvan, F., Puglisi, G., Bruna, A.R., Battiato, S.: First quantization matrix estimation from double compressed JPEG images. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forens. Secur. 9(8), 1299–1310 (2014)
Giudice, O., Guarnera, F., Paratore, A., Battiato, S.: 1-D DCT domain analysis for JPEG double compression detection. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing. LNCS, vol. 11752, pp. 716–726. Springer, Cham (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30645-8_65
Giudice, O., Paratore, A., Moltisanti, M., Battiato, S.: A classification engine for image ballistics of social data. In: Battiato, S., Gallo, G., Schettini, R., Stanco, F. (eds.) Image Analysis and Processing— ICIAP 2017. LNCS, vol. 10485, pp. 625–636. Springer, Cham (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68548-9_57
Kee, E., Johnson, M.K., Farid, H.: Digital image authentication from JPEG headers. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forens. Secur. 6(3), 1066–1075 (2011)
Lam, E.Y., Goodman, J.W.: A mathematical analysis of the DCT coefficient distributions for images. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 9(10), 1661–1666 (2000)
Luo, W., Qu, Z., Huang, J., Qiu, G.: A novel method for detecting cropped and recompressed image block. In: 2007 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP 2007), vol. 2, pp. II-217–II-220 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASSP.2007.366211
Moltisanti, M., Paratore, A., Battiato, S., Saravo, L.: Image manipulation on Facebook for forensics evidence. In: Murino, V., Puppo, E. (eds.) Image Analysis and Processing—ICIAP 2015. LNCS, vol. 9280, pp. 506–517. Springer, Cham (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23234-8_47
Piva, A.: An overview on image forensics. ISRN Signal Process. 2013, 22 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/496701
Puglisi, G., Battiato, S.: A robust misalignment estimation approach in non-aligned double JPEG compression scenario. In: 2022 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), pp. 3096–3100 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIP46576.2022.9897626
Puglisi, G., Battiato, S.: Misalignment estimation in non-aligned double JPEG scenario based on AC histogram analysis. In: Rousseau, J.J., Kapralos, B. (eds.) Pattern Recognition, Computer Vision, and Image Processing. ICPR 2022 International Workshops and Challenges. LNCS, vol. 13644, pp. 338–346. Springer, Cham (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37742-6_26
Schaefer, G., Stich, M.: UCID: an uncompressed color image database. In: Storage and Retrieval Methods and Applications for Multimedia 2004, vol. 5307, pp. 472–480. International Society for Optics and Photonics (2003)
Stamm, M.C., Wu, M., Liu, K.J.R.: Information forensics: an overview of the first decade. IEEE Access 1, 167–200 (2013)
Verdoliva, L.: Media forensics and deepfakes: an overview. IEEE J. Select. Topics Signal Process. 14(5), 910–932 (2020)
Wallace, G.K.: The JPEG still picture compression standard. Commun. ACM 34(4), 30–44 (1991)
Wu, L., Kong, X., Wang, B., Shang, S.: Image tampering localization via estimating the non-aligned double JPEG compression. In: Alattar, A.M., Memon, N.D., Heitzenrater, C.D. (eds.) Media Watermarking, Security, and Forensics 2013, vol. 8665, pp. 260–266. International Society for Optics and Photonics, SPIE (2013). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2003695
Yao, H., Wei, H., Qin, C., Zhang, X.: An improved first quantization matrix estimation for nonaligned double compressed JPEG images. Signal Process. 170, 107430 (2020)
Acknowledgements
Acknowledge financial support from: PNRR MUR project PE0000013-FAIR.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Puglisi, G., Battiato, S. (2024). A Robust Approach for Crop Misalignment Estimation in Single and Double JPEG Compressed Images. In: Foresti, G.L., Fusiello, A., Hancock, E. (eds) Image Analysis and Processing - ICIAP 2023 Workshops. ICIAP 2023. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 14365. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-51023-6_27
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-51023-6_27
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-51022-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-51023-6
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)