Skip to main content

Students at the Heart of Higher Education: An Introduction

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Student Agency and Self-Formation in Higher Education

Abstract

This chapter introduces the main argument of this edited volume, which is to position students at the heart of higher education. The chapter highlights the concepts of agency and self-formation to do so. The chapter includes a historical overview of higher learning, starting from the medieval university, which constitutes the roots of higher education today. The historical overview highlights that students in higher learning have never been as narrowly defined as they tend to be in the last decades. The narrow definitions of the last decades include reducing students to consumers, income maximizers, or passive information receivers. The chapter also includes an overview of the relevant literature. The review of research on student experiences discusses how agency and self-formation are implied in the extensive theories and concepts of student development in higher education. Then, the emerging line of literature that engages with the agency and self-formation concepts more explicitly is introduced. The chapter concludes by introducing the chapters in the edited volume, which include diverse perspectives on agency and self-formation in higher education.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    “Education, learning, or scholarship on the collegiate or university level,” according to Merriam-Webster online dictionary (2023).

References

  • Altbach, P. G., & Klemencic, M. (2014). Student activism remains a potent force worldwide. International Higher Education, 76, 2–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, R. D. (2004). European universities from the enlightenment until 1914. Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Anwer, M. (2022). Equity-minded international education. Navigating careers in the academy: Gender, race, and class, 13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashwin, P. (2020). Transforming university education: A manifesto. Bloomsbury Publishing.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Astin, A. W. (1984). Student involvement: A developmental theory for higher education. Journal of College Student Personnel, 25(4), 297–308.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, G. (1993). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis with special reference to education. The University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226041223.001.0001

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bedenlier, S., Kondakci, Y., & Zawacki-Richter, O. (2018). Two decades of research into the internationalization of higher education: Major themes in the Journal of Studies in International Education (1997–2016). Journal of Studies in International Education, 22(2), 108–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, D. (2019). Graduate employability and higher education: Past, present and future. HERDSA Review of Higher Education, 5, 31–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biesta, G. (2002). How general can Bildung be? Reflections on the future of a modern educational ideal. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 36(3), 377–390. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004401105_003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Biesta, G. (2009). Good education in an age of measurement: On the need to reconnect with the question of purpose in education. Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability, 21(1), 33–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11092-008-9064-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Biesta, G. (2020). Risking ourselves in education: Qualification, socialization, and subjectification revisited. Educational Theory, 70(1), 89–104. https://doi.org/10.1111/edth.12411

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Biesta, G., & Tedder, M. (2007). Agency and learning in the lifecourse: Towards an ecological perspective. Studies in the Education of Adults, 39(2), 132–149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Biggs, J. (1993). What do inventories of students’ learning processes really measure? A theoretical review and clarification. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 63(1), 3–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1986). Ecology of the family as a context for human development: Research perspectives. Developmental Psychology, 22(6), 723.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, R., & Waters, J. (2022). Partial, hierarchical and stratified space? Understanding ‘the international’ in studies of international student mobility. Oxford Review of Education, 48(4), 518–535.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, P., Lauder, H., & Ashton, D. (2011). The global auction: The broken promises of education, jobs, and incomes. Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cantwell, B., Marginson, S., & Smolentseva, A. (Eds.). (2018). High participation systems of higher education. Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Case, J. M. (2015). A social realist perspective on student learning in higher education: The morphogenesis of agency. Higher Education Research & Development, 34(5), 841–852.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Case, J. M., & Marshall, D. (2009). Approaches to learning. In The Routledge international handbook of higher education (pp. 9–22). Routledge.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Cebolla-Boado, H., Hu, Y., & Soysal, Y. N. (2018). Why study abroad? Sorting of Chinese students across British universities. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 39(3), 365–380.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chankseliani, M. (2018). The politics of student mobility: Links between outbound student flows and the democratic development of post-Soviet Eurasia. International Journal of Educational Development, 62, 281–288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chickering, A. W. (1969). Education and identity. Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coates, H. (2005). The value of student engagement for higher education quality assurance. Quality in Higher Education, 11(1), 25–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dewey, J. (1916). Democracy and education. The Macmillan Company..

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, K. A., & Newcomb, T. M. (2020). The impact of college on students. Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, K., & Li, M. (2019). “We are a ghost in the class”: First year international students’ experiences in the Global Contact Zone. Journal of International Students, 9(1), 19–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halstead, J. K. (1996). Liberal values and Liberal education. In J. M. Halstead & M. J. Taylor (Eds.), Values in education and education in values. Falmer Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heng, T. T. (2018). Coping strategies of international Chinese undergraduates in response to academic challenges in US colleges. Teachers College Record, 120(2), 1–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofer, B. K., & Pintrich, P. R. (1997). The development of epistemological theories: Beliefs about knowledge and knowing and their relation to learning. Review of Educational Research, 67(1), 88–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holland, J. L. (1997). Making vocational choices: A theory of vocational personalities and work environments. Psychological Assessment Resources.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inouye, K., Lee, S., & Oldac, Y. I. (2022). A systematic review of student agency in international higher education. Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-022-00952-3

  • Jabbar, H., & Menashy, F. (2022). Economic imperialism in education research: A conceptual review. Educational Researcher, 51(4), 279–288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kant, I. (1784). What is enlightenment? (M. C. Smith, Trans.). Berlin Monthly. http://www.columbia.edu/acis/ets/CCREAD/etscc/kant.html

  • Kay, J., Dunne, E., & Hutchinson, J. (2010). Rethinking the values of higher education–students as change agents. Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education (QAA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, C. (2001). The uses of the university. Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, P. M., & Kitchener, K. S. (2004). Reflective judgment: Theory and research on the development of epistemic assumptions through adulthood. Educational Psychologist, 39(1), 5–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kivela, A., Siljander, P., & Sutinen, A. (2012). Between Bildung and growth: Connections and controversies. In P. Siljander, A. Kivelä, & A. Sutinen (Eds.), Theories of Bildung and growth: Connections and controversies between continental educational thinking and American pragmatism (pp. 303–312). Sense Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-031-6_19

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Klemenčič, M. (2015). What is student agency? An ontological exploration in the context of research on student engagement. In Student engagement in Europe: Society, higher education and student governance (pp. 11–29). Council of Europe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolb, D. A. (1985). Learning-style inventory: Self-scoring inventory and interpretation booklet. McBer and Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kudaibergenov, M. (2023). “Because we all change, right?”: A narrative inquiry of an international student’s self-formation in South Korea. International Journal of Educational Development, 96, 102708.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kudo, K., Volet, S., & Whitsed, C. (2019). Development of intercultural relationships at university: A three-stage ecological and person-in-context conceptual framework. Higher Education, 77, 473–489.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuh, G. D. (2009). The national survey of student engagement: Conceptual and empirical foundations. New Directions for Institutional Research, 141, 5–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, S. (in progress). Academic self-formation in local and international higher education: Evidence from South Korean students. Doctoral dissertation, University of Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin, Y., & Xu, Y. (2023). An international student, a researcher, or a work-ready graduate? Exploring the self-formation of international students in coursework master’s programmes. In Research and teaching in a pandemic world: The challenges of establishing academic identities during times of crisis (pp. 141–156). Springer Nature Singapore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipura, S. J., & Collins, F. L. (2020). Towards an integrative understanding of contemporary educational mobilities: A critical agenda for international student mobilities research. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 18(3), 343–359.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lowe, R., & Yasuhara, Y. (2017). The origins of higher learning: Knowledge networks and the early development of universities (First published). Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Magolda, M. B. B. (1992). Knowing and reasoning in college: Gender-related patterns in students’ intellectual development. Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Magolda, M. B. B. (2008). Three elements of self-authorship. Journal of College Student Development, 49(4), 269–284.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego-identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3(5), 551.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marginson, S. (2014). Student self-formation in international education. Journal of Studies in International Education, 18(1), 6–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marginson, S. (2018). Higher education as self-formation. UCL Institute of Education Press. https://www.ucl-ioe-press.com/books/higher-education-and-lifelong-learning/higher-education-as-a-process-of-self-formation/

  • Marginson, S. (2019). Limitations of human capital theory. Studies in Higher Education, 44(2), 287–301. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2017.1359823

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marginson, S. (2023). Higher education as student self-formation. In S. Marginson, B. Cantwell, D. Platonova, & A. Smolentseva (Eds.), Assessing the Contributions of Higher Education (pp. 61–87). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781035307173.00012

  • Marginson, S., & Sawir, E. (2012). Ideas for intercultural education. Palgrave Macmillan US. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230339736

  • Martin, B. R. (2003). The changing social contract for science and the evolution of the university. In A. Geuna, A. J. Salter, & W. E. Steinmueller (Eds.), Science and innovation: Rethinking the rationales for funding and governance. Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marton, F., & Säljö, R. (1976). On qualitative differences in learning: I—Outcome and process. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 46(1), 4–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merriam-Webster. (2023, September 29). Higher learning. https://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/higher%20learning

  • Newman, J. H. (1907). The idea of a university. Longmans.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nussbaum, M. C. (1997). Cultivating humanity: A classical defense of reform in liberal education. Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nussbaum, M. C. (2016). Not for profit: Why democracy needs the humanities. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1215/0961754x-1305490.

  • Oldac, Y. I. (2021). Self-formation and societal contribution: The case of Turkish international higher education graduates [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. The University of Oxford. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.830506

  • Östling, J. (2018). Humboldt and the modern German university: An intellectual history (Olsson, Trans.). Lund University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pascarella, E. T., & Terenzini, P. T. (2005). How college affects students: A third decade of research (Vol. 2). Jossey-Bass, An Imprint of Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perry, W. G., Jr. (1999). Forms of intellectual and ethical development in the college years: A scheme (Jossey-Bass higher and adult education series). Jossey-Bass Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piketty, T. (2014). Human capital in the twenty-first century (A. Goldhammer, Trans.). The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429498435-9.

  • Ploner, J., & Nada, C. (2020). International student migration and the postcolonial heritage of European higher education: Perspectives from Portugal and the UK. Higher Education, 80, 373–389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raghuram, P., Breines, M. R., & Gunter, A. (2020). Beyond# FeesMustFall: International students, fees and everyday agency in the era of decolonisation. Geoforum, 109, 95–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roth, M. S. (2014). Beyond the university: Why liberal education matters. Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schartner, S. A. (2019). Intercultural transitions in higher education: International student adjustment and adaptation. Edinburgh University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlossberg, N. K. (1981). A model for analyzing human adaptation to transition. The Counseling Psychologist, 9(2), 2–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, K. (2012). The subject-object transformations and ‘Bildung’. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 44(3), 302–311. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-5812.2010.00696.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sen, A. (2000). Development as freedom. Development in Practice-Oxford-, 10(2), 258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sjöström, J., & Eilks, I. (2020). The Bildung theory—From von Humboldt to Klafki and beyond. In B. Akpan & T. J. Kennedy (Eds.), Science education in theory and practice (pp. 55–67). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43620-9_5

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Soong, H., Thi Tran, L., & Hoa Hiep, P. (2015). Being and becoming an intercultural doctoral student: Reflective autobiographical narratives. Reflective Practice, 16(4), 435–448.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tan, E. (2014). Human capital theory: A holistic criticism. Review of Educational Research, 84(3), 411–445.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tinto, V. (2012). Leaving college: Rethinking the causes and cures of student attrition. University of Chicago press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomlinson, M. (2018). Conceptions of the value of higher education in a measured market. Higher Education, 75(4), 711–727.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tran, L. T. (2016). Mobility as ‘becoming’: A Bourdieuian analysis of the factors shaping international student mobility. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 37(8), 1268–1289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trowler, V. (2010). Student engagement literature review. The Higher Education Academy, 11(1), 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Välimaa, J. (2019). The emergence of universities in the middle ages. In A history of Finnish higher education from the middle ages to the twenty-first century. Springer International Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Volet, S., & Jones, C. (2012). Cultural transitions in higher education: Individual adaptation, transformation and engagement. In Transitions across schools and cultures (pp. 241–284). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Wheelahan, L., Moodie, G., & Doughney, J. (2022). Challenging the skills fetish. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 43(3), 475–494.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, L. (2022). Student formation in higher education: A comparison and combination of Confucian xiushen (self-cultivation) and Bildung. Higher Education, 83(5), 1163–1180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-021-00735-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, Y., & MacCallum, J. (2022). A three-dimensional multi-world framework for examining cross-cultural experiences of international doctoral students. Studies in Continuing Education, 44(3), 493–509.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, J. (2021). Caught in the middle? Chinese international students’ self-formation amid politics and pandemic. International Journal of Chinese Education, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/22125868211058911

Download references

Disclosure

The authors have no special interest to disclose.

Funding

Yusuf Ikbal Oldac is a Hong Kong Research Grants Council Postdoctoral Fellow, funded by the University Grants Committee of Hong Kong.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yusuf Ikbal Oldac .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Oldac, Y.I., Yang, L., Lee, S. (2023). Students at the Heart of Higher Education: An Introduction. In: Oldac, Y.I., Yang, L., Lee, S. (eds) Student Agency and Self-Formation in Higher Education. Palgrave Studies in Global Higher Education. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44885-0_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44885-0_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-44884-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-44885-0

  • eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics