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Management of Various Sources of Hazardous Waste

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Waste Treatment in the Biotechnology, Agricultural and Food Industries

Part of the book series: Handbook of Environmental Engineering ((HEE,volume 27))

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Abstract

The generation of hazardous waste has escalated as a result of industrialization to meet the ever-growing demand due to rapid development and population growth. The development of new industries, agricultural practices, and processing techniques can produce emerging hazardous wastes that might not be listed in the environmental regulations. Both increasing generation rate and the nature of hazardous wastes are among the major influences shaping the management of hazardous waste, from the formulation of environmental regulations to the implementation of waste management options. A key to effective hazardous waste management at the source is the competency to identify and characterize hazardous waste upon a generation to facilitate the proper handling, treatment, and disposal of the hazardous waste with reference to the relevant regulations. The USEPA, under the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), simplified waste determination by classifying industrial wastes into codes of F, K, P, and U based on the characteristics, sources, industrial processes, or generation rate of the hazardous waste. In Malaysia, hazardous wastes are enlisted as scheduled wastes under the Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations 2005, categorized based on the general characteristics and content of wastes. The waste management hierarchy is a typical principle for formulating a hazardous waste management system and facilitating the selection of waste management options based on the waste policy and programs by the government and industry. The approaches and implementation in several countries on hazardous waste management, including from agricultural sources, are discussed in this chapter.

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Abbreviations

RCRA:

Resource Conservation Recovery Act

HSC:

Health and Safety Code

CCR:

California Code of Regulation

UNEP:

United Nations Environment Program

HHW:

Household Hazardous Waste

EPA:

Environmental Protection Agency

CRT:

Cathode Ray Tubes

CFR:

Code of Federal Regulations

CCP:

Commercial Chemical Product

EQA:

Environmental Quality Act

DoE:

Department of Environment

PCB:

Polychlorinated biphenyls

PCT:

Polychlorinated triphenyl

SW:

Scheduled Waste

WFD:

Waste Framework Directive

WtE:

Waste to Energy

EPR:

Extended Producer Responsibility

TWIR:

Toxic Industrial Waste Regulation

TDI:

Toluene di-isocyanate

MDI:

Methylene di-isocyanate

TEL:

Tetraethyllead

TML:

Tetramethyl lead

PVC:

Polyvinyl Chloride

PCD:

Pollution Control Department

PPP:

Polluter Pay Principle

MWEP:

Ministry of Water and Environmental Protection

EPI:

Environmental Protection Inspectorate

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, Unimas Water Centre, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Sarawak, Malaysia

    Nor Azalina Rosli, Leonard Lim Lik Pueh & Inawati Binti Othman

  2. Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Solid Waste Management Cluster, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

    Hamidi Abdul Aziz

  3. Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Mohd Hafiz Zawawi

  4. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cleveland State University, Strongsville, OH, USA

    Yung-Tse Hung

Authors
  1. Nor Azalina Rosli
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  2. Hamidi Abdul Aziz
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  3. Leonard Lim Lik Pueh
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  4. Inawati Binti Othman
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  5. Mohd Hafiz Zawawi
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  6. Yung-Tse Hung
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nor Azalina Rosli .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Latham, NY, USA

    Lawrence K. Wang

  2. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Latham, NY, USA

    Mu-Hao Sung Wang

  3. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cleveland State University, Strongsville, OH, USA

    Yung-Tse Hung

Glossary

Agriculture waste

Waste that is produced from agricultural operations, including waste from farms, poultry houses, and slaughterhouses

Circular economy

An economic model that is designed based on three driven principles: waste and pollution minimization, an extension of the useful life of products and materials, and regenerating natural systems.

Clean technology

Sustainability-promoting technology that aims to reduce reliance on non-renewable resources

Cleaner production

A preventative measure used in industrial processes to eliminate or reduce pollution and waste at the source by modifying both processes and material usage.

Corrosivity

A property of a material that can rust, decompose, or erode

Cradle to cradle

A sustainable strategy that mimics nature's regenerative cycle in which the end end-of-life disposal step for the product is a recycling process

Cradle to grave

The general waste hierarchy process starts with the extraction and ends with the disposal

End of pipe

The general waste hierarchy process starts with the extraction and ends with the disposal

Gasification

Gasification is a partial oxidation process that involves the conversion of biomass into a gaseous fuel or synthesis gas at elevated temperatures.

Hazardous waste

Waste with potentially hazardous effects on human health and the environment if improperly managed

Healthcare waste

Solid or liquid waste arising from healthcare like hospitals, clinics, drug stores, and biomedical labs can be infectious and genotoxic

Household hazardous waste

Waste that contains potentially hazardous material, such that when we throw it away can contaminate air, water, and soil

Ignitability

A property of waste that can cause fire due to friction or chemical reaction

Incineration

The controlled combustion or heating of solid waste reduces its weight and volume and in some cases to generate energy.

Industrial waste

Waste produced by industrial activity includes any material that is rendered useless during a manufacturing process, such as that of factories, mills, and mining operations.

Infectious waste

Biohazardous or biomedical wastes which carry infection-causing agents that may cause disease in humans and animals

Pyrolysis

The chemical breakdown of a substance by heat in the absence of oxygen yields various hydrocarbon gases and carbon-like residues.

Reactivity

A measure of how much a substance reacts when it is mixed with another substance

Recycling

Process of transforming materials into raw materials for manufacturing new products, which may or may not be similar to the original product

Resource recovery

The process of separating certain materials from waste products to use them again or convert them to new raw materials for other processes.

Reuse

Use an object or resource material for the same or a different purpose without significantly altering the object's structure.

Secure landfill

A facility designed to permanently isolate wastes from the environment by burying them in a landfill with a double liner, an impermeable cover, and leachate and gas collection and treatment.

Sewage sludge

By-products generated during the municipal wastewater and sewage treatment process

Solid waste

Any material that is discarded as useless, unwanted, and abandoned from the human and animal activities

Thermal treatment

Waste treatment technology that involves high temperatures in the processing of the waste feedstock

Toxicity

A property of a material that is poisonous and are likely to leach dangerous concentration of toxic chemical

Waste to energy

A process that is specifically designed to recover energy through the combustion or volume reduction of solid waste

Waste generator

A property owner, a household, organization or business entity, the inhabitants, occupants or employees of which generate waste

Waste management hierarchy

A framework that is designed by ranking the waste management options based on the best outcomes for the environment

Zero discharge

An approach to eliminating discharges of pollutants by industry, government, and other agencies to air, water, and land

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Rosli, N.A., Aziz, H.A., Pueh, L.L.L., Othman, I.B., Zawawi, M.H., Hung, YT. (2024). Management of Various Sources of Hazardous Waste. In: Wang, L.K., Sung Wang, MH., Hung, YT. (eds) Waste Treatment in the Biotechnology, Agricultural and Food Industries. Handbook of Environmental Engineering, vol 27. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44768-6_2

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