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Application of Secondary Flotation-Filtration and Coagulant Recycle for Improvement of a Pulp Mill Primary Waste Treatment Facility

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Waste Treatment in the Biotechnology, Agricultural and Food Industries

Part of the book series: Handbook of Environmental Engineering ((HEE,volume 27))

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Abstract

An Asian pulp mill uses the bleached Kraft pulping process and has three major wastewater streams: (a) alkaline wastewater, FBE; (b) acidic wastewater, FAE; and (c) neutral wastewater, RWE. Its existing primary wastewater treatment (WWT) system cannot meet the government’s effluent discharge limitations on color (100 units), COD (100 mg/L), BOD (100 mg/L), TSS (100 mg/L), and pH (neutral) for ocean disposal. This research has proven that addition of secondary dissolved air flotation-filtration (DAFF) to the existing primary WWT system will allow the pulp mill to meet the current ocean discharge requirements. This publication also introduces a waste sludge recycle system for coagulant recovery at the pulp mill. The recycle system involves the following steps: (a) collecting and purifying the waste sludge from primary sedimentation and/or secondary flotation-filtration, (b) dividing the dried combined sludge into two fractions for aluminum solubilization: one fraction in an acid treatment unit and another fraction in alkaline treatment unit, (c) filtering the inert silt for ultimate disposal, and (d) returning the solubilized chemicals from the acid and alkaline treatment units in proper proportions for reuse as primary coagulants.

The newly developed technologies are designed to provide a cost-effective simultaneous WWT and coagulant recycle. Experimental results tend to suggest that practical designs based on the technologies of secondary DAFF-WWT and coagulant recycle are both technically and economically feasible for improvement of the pulp mill’s existing primary wastewater treatment facility.

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Abbreviations

ADT:

Air dissolving tube

BOD:

Biochemical oxygen demand

CMD:

Cubic meter per day

COD:

Chemical oxygen demand

DAF:

Dissolved air flotation

DAFF:

Dissolved air flotation-filtration

KEC:

Krofta Engineering Corporation

LIWT:

Lenox Institute of Water Technology

MPW:

Municipal potable water

TSS:

Total suspended solids

WWT:

Wastewater treatment

References

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Latham, NY, USA

    Lawrence K. Wang & Mu-Hao Sung Wang

Authors
  1. Lawrence K. Wang
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  2. Mu-Hao Sung Wang
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Correspondence to Lawrence K. Wang .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Latham, NY, USA

    Lawrence K. Wang

  2. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Latham, NY, USA

    Mu-Hao Sung Wang

  3. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cleveland State University, Strongsville, OH, USA

    Yung-Tse Hung

Glossary [17,18,19,20,21]

Clarification

It is a solid-water separation process unit such as (a) sedimentation clarification for settling the solids that have their specific gravity greater than one (heavier than water) or (b) flotation clarification for floating the solids that have their specific gravity less than one (lighter than water). Sometimes, membrane filtration is also considered to be a clarification process in case of the membrane bioreactor process.

Primary clarification

It can be either primary sedimentation clarification, or primary flotation clarification to be used for treatment of preliminary effluent (i.e. raw wastewater just going through a preliminary wastewater unit).

Primary flotation clarification

It is a flotation process to be used in a primary waste treatment stage for removal of mainly floatable total suspended solids, such as oil and grease (O&G), and floc-bubble (s.g. or specific gravity less than one) from wastewater. Partially, COD, BOD, heavy metals, and nutrients are also removed by primary flotation clarification. The flotation process can be either dissolved air flotation or induced air flotation (dispersed air flotation).

Primary sedimentation clarification

It is a sedimentation process to be used in a primary waste treatment stage for removal of mainly settleable total suspended solids (s.g.or specific gravity greater than one) from wastewater. Partially, COD, BOD, heavy metals, and nutrients are also removed by primary sedimentation clarification.

Primary waste treatment facility or plant

It is a wastewater treatment facility or plant consisting of mainly (a) preliminary treatment process units (such as bar screening, fine screening, comminution, grit chamber, equalization, neutralization, pre-aeration, etc.); (b) primary treatment process units (such as chemical feeding, mixing, coagulation/precipitation, primary clarification, etc.); and (c) sludge handling and treatment process units (such as sludge thickening, vacuum filtration, etc.). A primary waste treatment facility or plant removes from the wastewater those pollutants that will either settle out or float.

Primary wastewater treatment

It is a wastewater treatment step or stage involving the use of either primary sedimentation clarification or primary flotation clarification for removal of mainly total suspended solids (TSS), and oil and grease (O&G), and partially chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and nutrients from influent wastewater.

Secondary flotation clarification

It is a flotation process after a primary clarification and a bioreactor (or a physicochemical reactor) to be used in a secondary waste treatment stage for removal of mainly total suspended solids (s.g. less than one due to air entrapment) from bioreactor effluent (or physicochemical reactor effluent). In case the bioreactor is an aeration basin of activated sludge process system, the TSS will be the mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) in the bioreactor effluent. In case a physicochemical reactor is to be used instead of a bioreactor, the TSS to be separated by secondary flotation clarification will be chemical flocs in combination with air bubbles.

Secondary sedimentation clarification

It is a sedimentation process after a primary clarification and a bioreactor (or a physicochemical reactor) to be used in a secondary waste treatment stage for removal of mainly settleable total suspended solids (s.g. greater than one) from bioreactor effluent (or physicochemical reactor effluent).

Secondary wastewater treatment

It is a wastewater treatment step or stage involving the use of either biological reactors and/or physicochemical reactors for removal of mainly dissolved organic solids and some nutrients (such as phosphate and ammonia nitrogen) from the effluent of primary treatment. Additional secondary clarification (secondary sedimentation clarification, or secondary flotation clarification, or membrane filtration) is used for (a) separation of the sludge (biological sludge from the bioreactors, or chemical sludge from physicochemical reactors); (b) recycle of a portion of the sludge to bioreactors or physicochemical reactors; (c) discharge of the separated sludge to a sludge thickener, a sludge dewatering unit, or a sludge digester, or a storage lagoon; (d) discharge of the clarified secondary effluent to a tertiary treatment process unit or a receiving water after disinfection.

Secondary wastewater treatment facility or plant

It is a complete wastewater plant including the treatment steps (or stages) of preliminary wastewater treatment, primary wastewater treatment, secondary wastewater treatment, disinfection, sludge thickening, sludge dewatering, sludge digestion, and ultimate sludge disposal.

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Wang, L.K., Wang, MH.S. (2024). Application of Secondary Flotation-Filtration and Coagulant Recycle for Improvement of a Pulp Mill Primary Waste Treatment Facility. In: Wang, L.K., Sung Wang, MH., Hung, YT. (eds) Waste Treatment in the Biotechnology, Agricultural and Food Industries. Handbook of Environmental Engineering, vol 27. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44768-6_1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44768-6_1

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-44767-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-44768-6

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